State v. Jose Luis Cortez ( 2017 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-15-00196-CR
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLANT
V.
JOSE LUIS CORTEZ, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 108th District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court No. 68,587-E, Honorable Douglas Woodburn, Presiding
February 3, 2017
OPINION1
Before QUINN, C.J., and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.2
At the suppression hearing, the trooper was asked: “So you’re telling the Court
that because you see a van, it’s clean and it’s got two people in it, that [sic] was
1
The original opinion in this appeal was issued on November 18, 2015. Our decision was then
appealed to the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. The latter found that we did not address every issue
raised and necessary to the final disposition of the appeal as required by Texas Rule of Appellate
Procedure 47.1. State v. Cortez, No. PD-1652-15, 2016 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 1194, at *7-8 (Tex. Crim.
App. Oct. 12, 2016). The issue which we purportedly failed to address concerned Heien v. North
Carolina, 574 U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 530, 190 L. Ed. 2d (2014) and its support for the State’s contention that
the State Trooper involved “having seen Cortez driving, at least on the fog line, reasonably believed that a
violation of TEX. TRANS. CODE § 545.058(a) had occurred and his stopping of Cortez was authorized by
law.” The quoted argument appeared on page 16 of the State’s original appellant’s brief. Thus, the Court
of Criminal Appeals vacated our judgment “and remand[ed] the case for reconsideration in light of Heien.”
Id. Both parties were given leave to brief that issue again. Both did. We now reissue our original
opinion, with modifications, and include a disposition of the Heien issue.
2
Justice Mackey K. Hancock, retired, not participating.
indicators of potential criminal activity for you?” The trooper answered: “Yes, sir, they
are. They - in and of themselves are nothing, but in the total - when you start adding
them all together, they can be.” When two people in a clean car indicate criminal
activity, then the words of John Lennon have come to fruition: “Strange days indeed -
most peculiar, mama.”3
Nonetheless, the foregoing circumstances led the trooper to first follow Cortez’s
minivan down Interstate 40 and then stop him after it may have twice crossed onto but
not over the “fog line” appearing on the right side of the lane.4 Cortez believed that the
stop was illegal. The trial court agreed and granted his motion to suppress evidence.
This decision, according to the State, evinced an abuse of discretion, and the findings of
fact and conclusions of law issued by the trial court to support it allegedly lacked
evidentiary basis. We affirm.
Applicable Law
First, the applicable standard of review is that enunciated in State v. Iduarte, 268
S.W.3d 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). There, we are told that:
When reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. When the
trial court makes explicit fact findings, we determine whether the evidence,
when viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports
those findings. We review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo. We uphold
the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and correct under any
theory of law applicable to the case.
We afford a great deal of deference to a trial judge’s rulings on questions
of historical fact, and also on rulings that both apply the law to facts and
turn on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Nonetheless, mixed
questions of law and fact may be reviewed de novo when they do not
depend on credibility or disputed facts. This case presents mixed
questions of law and fact, and we will therefore review the trial court’s
findings of fact and conclusions of law de novo.
3
From the song “Nobody Told Me.”
4
The solid white line found on the right side of a traffic lane has come to be called the fog line.
2
Id. at 548-49 (citations omitted); accord, Jaganathan v. State, 479 S.W.3d 244, 247-48
(Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (criticizing the intermediate appellate court because it “did not
view the record in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling”).
Second, when a warrantless stop is made, the burden lies with the State to prove
its legitimacy. Grimaldo v. State, 223 S.W.3d 429, 432 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no
pet.). It may fulfill the burden by illustrating that the law enforcement official making the
stop had reasonable suspicion to believe a traffic infraction occurred. See Jaganathan
v. State, 479 S.W.3d at 247 (stating that “[a]n officer may make a warrantless traffic
stop if the ‘reasonable suspicion’ standard is satisfied”). Such suspicion arises when
the officer has “‘specific articulable facts that, when combined with rational inferences
from those facts, would lead him to reasonably suspect that a particular person has
engaged or is (or soon will be) engaging in criminal activity.’” Id., quoting, Abney v.
State, 394 S.W.3d 542, 548 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
Third, and as previously mentioned, the traffic infraction at issue here involved
Cortez supposedly driving on an improved shoulder. Per § 545.058(a) of the Texas
Transportation Code, one operating a motor vehicle “may drive on an improved
shoulder to the right of the main traveled portion of a roadway if that operation is
necessary and may be done safely, but only” under seven enumerated circumstances.
TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.058(a) (West 2011). Those seven circumstances
consist of 1) “to stop, stand, or park,” 2) “to accelerate before entering the main traveled
lane of traffic,” 3) “to decelerate before making a right turn,” 4) “to pass another vehicle
that is slowing or stopped on the main traveled portion of the highway, disabled, or
preparing to make a left turn,” 5) “to allow another vehicle traveling faster to pass,” 6)
“as permitted or required by an official traffic-control device,” or 7) “to avoid a collision.”
3
Id.5 The legislature defined “improved shoulder” to mean “a paved shoulder.” Id. §
541.302(6). It defined “shoulder” to mean that “portion of a highway” 1) “adjacent to the
roadway,” 2) “designed or ordinarily used for parking,” 3) “distinguished from the
roadway by different design, construction, or marking,” and 4) “not intended for normal
vehicular travel.” Id. § 541.302(15). Noticeably absent from both these definitions and
§ 545.058(a) of the Transportation Code is any reference to a solid white line or “fog
line,” though, arguably, the “fog line” may be the “different . . . marking” referred to in §
541.302(15).
Application of Law
Again, the trial court granted Cortez’s motion to suppress and executed written
findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting its decision. Among the findings were
those stating that:
7. [The trooper] began following the Defendant’s vehicle while Defendant’s
vehicle was traveling in an easterly direction in the right hand lane of the
four lane roadway. He then sped up and pulled into the left hand lane as
his vehicle approached the Defendant’s vehicle. As [the trooper’s] vehicle
approached and pulled into the left hand lane, Defendant’s vehicle moved
toward the improved shoulder.
8. A short time later, Defendant’s vehicle moved toward the improved
shoulder a second time as the Defendant’s vehicle exited the Interstate to
the right at a marked exit ramp.
9. [The trooper] stated he stopped Defendant’s vehicle because he
observed [] the Defendant’s vehicle drive on the improved shoulder of the
roadway on the two occasions noted above, each of which event he
believed to constitute violations of state traffic laws.
5
At this point, though, it should be noted that simply driving on an improved shoulder is not prima
facie evidence of a crime. Lothrop v. State, 372 S.W.3d 187, 191 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Indeed, “if an
officer sees a driver driving on an improved shoulder, and it appears that driving on the improved
shoulder was necessary to achieving one of the seven approved purposes, and it is done safely, that
officer does not have reasonable suspicion that an offense occurred.” Id. So, before § 545.058(a) can be
the basis of a traffic stop, the officer must see not only the prospective detainee driving on the shoulder
but also the absence of those circumstances permitting the person to so drive. See id. (concluding that
the State did not satisfy its burden to prove reasonable suspicion since the officer failed to testify that
Lothrop’s attempt to pass a slower moving vehicle appearing in his lane by driving on the improved
shoulder was unsafe or unnecessary).
4
10. During the suppression hearing, an oral and video tape recorded by
equipment maintained in [the trooper’s] patrol vehicle was played. On the
tape, [the trooper] approached the driver’s side of the van and told
Defendant that he stopped the Defendant because he had driven ... “onto
the white line, that little white line.”
11. The video recording played at the hearing clearly demonstrated each
of the two occasions upon which [the trooper] testified he had observed
the Defendant’s vehicle drive upon the improved shoulder. On each
occasion the right rear tire (or its shadow) was observed by the Court to
come in the proximity of and possibly touch the inside portion or more of
the white line delineating the roadway from the improved shoulder
(referred in testimony, and hereinafter, as the “fog line”) but not to extend
past the [] outermost edge of the fog line.
[and]
12. The [S]tate produced no evidence that [the trooper] observed, or
believed he had observed, any portion of the Defendant’s vehicle pass
outside the outermost edge of the fog line.
(Emphasis added). Under the category of conclusions of law, the trial court wrote:
21. The improved shoulder of a state roadway begins at the point of the
fog line which is furthest from the center of the roadway.
22. The Defendant’s vehicle did not cross outside the outermost edge of
the fog line onto the improved shoulder of the roadway. Crossing over the
portion of the fog line nearest the center of the roadway or upon the fog
line is not a violation of Texas traffic law; therefore the vehicle was not
operated on the improved shoulder of the roadway on either occasion
made the basis for the [trooper’s] traffic stop.
23. Texas Transportation Code section 545.058 (5) provides that driving
on the improved shoulder of a roadway is permissible under the
circumstances when and to the extent necessary a driver is being passed
by another vehicle. The first occasion in which the officer testified that the
Defendant drove onto the improved shoulder occurred after the officer’s
vehicle entered the passing lane and accelerated toward the Defendant’s
vehicle; therefore, the Defendant was authorized by statute to drive on the
improved shoulder at such time.
[and]
24. Texas Transportation Code section 545.058 (3) provides that driving
on the improved shoulder of a roadway is permissible when and to the
extent necessary a driver is decelerating or slowing to make a right turn
5
from the roadway. The Defendant was in the process of decelerating and
slowing to make a right turn from the roadway onto the exit ramp when the
second occasion took place; therefore, the Defendant was authorized by
statute to drive on the improved shoulder at such time.
(Emphasis added). The video alluded to in the trial court’s findings appears in the
appellate record.
Upon playing that video, we encountered a rather dark and grainy depiction of
the stop and events leading up to it. They obviously occurred at night, on a dimly lit
Interstate, on its off-ramp and its adjacent access road. And whether the passenger
side tires of the vehicle touched the “fog line” is not easily discerned. No doubt the
vehicle approached the line twice, but its wheels may or may not have crossed onto or
over it, as noted by the trial court in finding that the tires came in “proximity to” and
“possibly touch[ed]” the line.6 Indeed, what could be seen as a possible touching could
well have been nothing more than the shadow of the vehicle moving into the area
thought prohibited by the trooper. The lack of clarity is of import here for it requires us
to defer to the trial court’s interpretation of the events captured in the video.7 See
Velasquez v. State, No. 07-12-00002-CR, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 8246, at *13 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo July 2, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)(stating
that “we give almost total deference to the trial court’s factual determinations unless the
video recording indisputably contradicts the trial court’s findings”).
Yet, if we (like the trial court) also assume arguendo that the fog line was
touched, our job is not over given the tenor of the State’s averment and the trial court’s
response to it. The former argued that the mere encroachment upon the “fog line”
6
Of note is the absence of any express finding that the tires of the vehicle at bar actually touched
the white line or “fog line.” Coming in proximity to and possibly touching does not mean the court found
they touched the line. They may or may not have.
7
That the content of the video weighed heavily in the trial court’s decision cannot be reasonably
disputed. One need only read the transcript of the reporter’s record to realize that.
6
equates driving upon an improved shoulder while the latter concluded that “[c]rossing
over the portion of the fog line nearest the center of the roadway or upon the fog line is
not a violation of Texas traffic law,” that is § 545.058(a). So, what we have before us is
a question that one could liken to splitting hairs, or in this case, a four inch white line;
under § 545.058(a), is one deemed as driving on an improved shoulder by simply
touching the “fog line” or by proceeding beyond it? Obviously, the trial court read the
statute as requiring the driver to proceed beyond or to cross over the line, not merely to
cross onto or touch it. We agree.
Again, the statutes at issue say nothing of a “fog line” or “solid white line.” Those
words appear nowhere in § 541.302 or § 545.058 of the Transportation Code. Instead,
those provisions speak of driving on an “improved shoulder,” “shoulder,” “paved
shoulder,” or a “portion of a highway” “adjacent to the roadway . . . designed and
ordinarily used for parking . . . [while] distinguished from the roadway by different
design, construction, or marking . . . [and] not intended for normal vehicular travel.” Yet,
some four inch line painted on the roadway by someone whom the record fails to
identify is the focal point of not only this case but most every other case involving
§ 545.058(a). See, e.g, State v. Dietiker, 345 S.W.3d 426, 429 (Tex. App.—Waco
2011, no pet.) (noting that the “fog line” was “crossed”); Thomas v. State, 420 S.W.3d
195, 200-201 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.) (noting the same); Tyler v. State, 161
S.W.3d 745, 749-50 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (noting the same).
Nonetheless, all here seem to agree that the “fog line” identifies the boundary
between a lane of traffic and its adjacent shoulder. For purposes of this opinion, we will
join them and also agree that the “fog line” serves as such a boundary. See State v.
Huddleston, 164 S.W.3d 711, 714 n.1 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (suggesting the
7
“fog line” is such a boundary). Being a “boundary,” the line in question can be
construed as showing “where an area ends and another area begins.” Boundary
Definition, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/boundary
(last visited November 17, 2015) (defining “boundary” as “something . . . that shows
where an area ends and another area begins”). That is, on one side lies the lane of
traffic while on the other lies the improved shoulder. And, if the areas lie on either side
of the line then logic suggests that the line must be crossed over before one area has
been left and another entered. Indeed, one does not enter Mexico from Texas until he
crosses the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Nor does one enter Louisiana from
Texas until he crosses the boundary between those two States. While we do not deal
with leaving one State for another here, we do deal with geographic areas separated by
a line. So, our analogy to crossing borders between States is no less apt here. Until a
portion of the vehicle driven by Cortez crossed beyond the “fog line” from the area
known as his lane of traffic to the area known as the improved shoulder, it cannot be
said that he drove on an improved shoulder. We, like the trial court, interpret
§ 545.058(a) as requiring as much. And, again, the trial court determined that the
vehicle never crossed over the line, even if one were to assume that the line was
touched.8
That the State cites to no authority indicating that the “fog line” need only be
touched to give rise to a violation of § 545.058(a) is telling, as is our inability to find any
such authority. Indeed, each opinion we discovered wherein a violation of that statute
8
Contrary to the State’s contention, the trial court did not find via conclusions of law numbers 23
and 24 that Cortez crossed over or beyond the line. Neither contains such language. More importantly,
an attempt to somehow imply such a meaning in them would effectively negate the expressed language
of conclusion number 22 and finding number 11. Both 11 and 23 clearly illustrate that Cortez may have
encroached upon but did not cross beyond the “fog line.” We cannot construe findings to be in conflict
but must reconcile the conflicting findings, and harmonize the judgment with the findings of fact and
conclusions of law upon which it is based. See Morton v. Hung Nguyen, 369 S.W.3d 659, 674 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012), rev’d in part on other grounds, 412 S.W.3d 506 (Tex. 2013)).
8
was found to have legitimized a traffic stop involved the detainee crossing the line, not
simply touching it. See, e.g,. State v. Dietiker, supra. None involved simply touching
the line.
Similarly inconsequential is the State’s allusion to § 541.302(5) of the
Transportation Code as proof that the “fog line” itself constitutes part of the shoulder.
That provision serves to define the words “highway or street” and, in doing so, states
that they mean “the width between the boundary lines of a publically maintained way
any part of which is open to the public for vehicular travel.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.
§ 541.302(5) (West 2011). The State supposes that one of the “boundary lines” must
be the “fog line” to the right of the lane of traffic since it is a boundary. That supposition
cannot withstand reasonable scrutiny, though.
In § 541.302(5), the legislature is speaking about boundary lines of “a publically
maintained way” where “part of which is open to the public for vehicular travel.”
Obviously, an “improved shoulder” is a publically maintained way given that it means “a
paved shoulder.” Id. § 541.302(6). And, if it is paved then someone must have
maintained it at some time. Moreover, one may lawfully engage in “vehicular travel”
upon an improved shoulder, as illustrated by § 545.058(a) itself. Again, the statute’s
language begins with the phrase revealing that “[a]n operator may drive on an improved
shoulder. . . .” Id. § 545.058(a) (emphasis added). If 1) a “highway or street” includes
the area between the boundary lines of a “maintained way” which is “open to the public
for vehicular travel” and 2) the “improved shoulder” not only is maintained but also
subject to being driven upon lawfully by the public, then logically the “improved
shoulder” must be part of the “highway or street.” So, the “fog line” found left of an
9
improved shoulder and well within the “highway or street” cannot be one of the
“boundary lines” of the “highway or street.”
Nor do we find significance in one other argument raised by the State. The
argument of which we speak involves the trooper’s purported mistake in reading
§ 545.058(a) to prohibit, under certain circumstances, a tire of a vehicle from touching
the “fog line” in any minute or incidental way; that, in his estimation, constitutes driving
on the improved shoulder. And because this mistake of law purportedly was
reasonable, a search and seizure based on it would be legitimate. The argument is
founded upon Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 530, 190 L. Ed. 2d
(2014).
The United States Supreme Court, in Heien, reiterated that “searches and
seizures based on mistakes of fact can be reasonable.” Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 536. “An
officer might, for example, stop a motorist for traveling alone in a high-occupancy
vehicle lane, only to discover upon approaching the car that two children are slumped
over asleep in the back seat. The driver has not violated the law, but neither has the
officer violated the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 534. Yet, that was not the issue before
it. Instead, the court was faced with the question of whether “a mistake of law can
nonetheless give rise to the reasonable suspicion necessary to uphold the seizure
under the Fourth Amendment.” Id. It answered “that it can.” Id. It then cautioned that
the “Fourth Amendment tolerates only reasonable mistakes, and those mistakes—
whether of fact or of law—must be objectively reasonable.” Id. at 539 (emphasis in
original). “We do not examine the subjective understanding of the particular officer
involved . . . [a]nd the inquiry is not as forgiving as the one employed in the distinct
context of deciding whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity for a constitutional
10
or statutory violation.”9 Id. “Thus, an officer can gain no Fourth Amendment advantage
through a sloppy study of the laws he is duty-bound to enforce.” Id. at 539-40.
The law at issue in Heien involved the number of operating stop lights or lamps
that a vehicle had to have. The officer thought two were needed and decided to stop
the vehicle in which Heien rode because only one was operative. Debate then arose
about how many were actually needed, and dispute on that matter existed given the
wording of two statutes. One could be read as requiring only one and another could be
read as requiring two. Due to that circumstance, the Supreme Court concluded that it
was “objectively reasonable for an officer in Sergeant Darisse’s position to think that
Heien’s faulty right brake light was a violation of North Carolina law.” Id. at 540.
Here, the trooper’s mistaken interpretation pertained to whether the boundary
between the lane and improved shoulder began at the inside edge of the “fog line.” As
much is exemplified by the following exchange between the trooper and defense
counsel:
Q. So –
A. The lane ends at the inside of that fog line.
Q. I’m sorry?
A. The lane - excuse me - the driving lane ends at that fog line.
Q. Where do you find that definition? If you’re telling the Court that is the law,
where do you find that definition that the driving lane ends at the inside
edge of a fog line?
A. It ends at the fog line.
Q. Where does the shoulder begin?
A. At the fog line.
Q. Which side of the fog line?
A. I say inside; you say outside.
9
As noted by Justice Kagan when concurring in the opinion and judgment of the majority in
Heien, the standard for gaining qualified immunity is much more lax than that establishing a reasonable
mistake of law. Heien v. North Carolina, 574 U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 530, 541, 190 L. Ed. 2d (2014).
11
Q. Do you have any law to support your stop, Officer?
A. Yes, sir, I do.
Q. Okay. What is that law that you’re referring to?
A. The second violation is committed as he’s exiting the roadway and that is
the one I stated to him.
Q. Okay. But, Trooper, I’m talking to you about this one right now.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. What law says where the shoulder begins?
A. There’s not a law - I don’t know, to my knowledge, if there’s a law
that states where the exact lane ends.
Q. Okay. So you’re not aware of a definition that says this is what an
improved shoulder is. Correct?
A. The improved shoulder is the edge of the roadway.
Q. The part that’s on the other side of the line. Right?
A. Not in my interpretation.
(Emphasis added).
In reply to the State’s argument, we first say that the matter was never preserved
below. The State did not claim below that even if touching the line were not a violation
of the statute, the stop remained legitimate because the trooper operated under a
reasonable mistake of law. The latter concept was not mentioned to the trial court.10
This is of import because new grounds supporting an argument rejected by the trial
court may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Hull v. State, 67 S.W.3d 215 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). And, the first time we hear about the trooper operating under a
reasonable mistake of law per Heien is in the appellant’s brief. Such an omission to
preserve cannot be ignored, according to our Court of Criminal Appeals. Wilson v.
State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 473-74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (op. on reh’g) (prohibiting the
10
The State did suggest that a violation need not be proven for there to be justification to detain,
and it offered to provide the court with an opinion supporting that statement. The opinion was State v.
Wise, No. 04-04-00695-CR, 2005 Tex. App. LEXIS 10796 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 26, 2005, no
pet.)(mem. op., not designated for publication), and it did not involve either Heien or a reasonable mistake
of law. Nor could it be interpreted as encompassing that argument since, at the time, our very own Court
of Criminal Appeals had rejected the proposition that a reasonable mistake of law may still justify a
detention. Robinson v. State, 377 S.W.3d 712, 722 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
12
reviewing court from considering a matter that was not preserved for review). And,
being unpreserved, we cannot consider the argument.
Next, and unlike the situation in Heien, the State cites us to no language of a
statute that is ambiguous or otherwise susceptible to differing interpretations. It does
argue that “[e]ither, TEX. TRANS. CODE 541.302(5) (defining a highway as the portion
between the boundary lines) is clear and dispositive of the trooper’s interpretation of the
statute or the law is, as the trial courts seems [sic] to suggest, ambiguous.” But, it does
not explain what in § 541.302(5) is ambiguous. See Liverman v. State, 470 S.W.3d 831,
836 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (stating that an ambiguity exists when statutory language
may be understood by reasonably well-informed persons in two or more different
senses). We are not told how the language of § 541.302(5) can be understood in two or
more different senses. Nor are we told how one of those senses encompasses the
notion that simply touching the white line equals driving on an improved shoulder.
Indeed, the provision actually lacks relevance. The traffic violation at issue
concerns the act of driving upon an “improved shoulder to the right of the main traveled
portion of a roadway.” TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.058(a) (West 2011) (emphasis
added). As discussed above, § 541.302(5) of the same Code defines “highway or
street,” not an “improved shoulder.” As also mentioned before, the phrase “improved
shoulder” means “a paved shoulder,” id. § 541.302(6), while “shoulder” means the
“portion of a highway that is” 1) “adjacent to the roadway,” 2) “designed or ordinarily
used for parking,” 3) “distinguished from the roadway by different design, construction,
or marking,” and 4) “not intended for normal vehicular travel.” Id. § 541.302(15). How
the definition of “shoulder” or “improved shoulder” can be interpreted in differing ways
goes unmentioned by the State. Similarly missing is explanation of how or why those
13
definitions can be read as meaning that one need only touch some part of the “fog line”
to violate § 545.058(a) of the Code. Nor can we find one.
Thirdly, and most telling, is the absence of any judicial authority supporting the
officer’s apparent interpretation of § 545.058(a) as justifying the belief that touching the
line is all that is required. And rather than fill the void, the State endeavors to show why
pre-existing opinions contradicting its position mean nothing. For instance, in State v.
Hanrahan, No. 10-11-00155-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 1271, at *15-18 (Tex. App.—
Waco Feb. 15, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication), whether the
officer was justified in stopping Hanrahan for violating § 545.058(a) was in play. The
trial court viewed the rather unclear video of the incident and said “I couldn’t even tell
[that she] was driving on the shoulder until he [Officer Bell] pointed it out, and her tires
might have—I’m not even sure they crossed all the way across the white line. If that’s
sufficient to call it driving on the shoulder, I don’t know if I have ever driven a car when I
didn’t justify getting stopped.” Id. at *4-5. Despite this evidence that the accused at
least touched the white line with her tires, the trial court nonetheless found that the
accused “did not travel on the improved shoulder of the highway prior to the stop.” Id.
at *6. Upon reviewing the record, the appellate court concluded that the State failed to
present evidence demonstrating that “the trial court abused its discretion in granting
appellee’s motion to suppress.” Id. at *17-18. Yet, here, the State deems the opinion
unworthy of precedential value since it was “unpublished” and “[t]he Tenth Court
affirmed the suppression as a matter of deference to the trial court’s credibility
determination, not on the question of law issue.”11 Needless to say, the portions of
11
We find interesting the State’s intimation that opinions it finds detrimental to its position should
be ignored because they are unpublished, however, unpublished opinions supportive of its position, like
State v. Wise, supra, cited to the trial court, should be considered. And, that seems to be the fallacy of
the unpublished opinion. If founded upon legal authority and is otherwise analytical in the way it
14
Hanrahan we quoted above speak for themselves; the viewing court found that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in granting the motion to suppress despite evidence
that the white line was touched.
The facts and outcome in the “published” opinion of Scardino v. State, 294
S.W.3d 401 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg 2009, no pet.), are more telling. It too
involved the purported violation of § 545.058(a) of the Transportation Code. There, the
DPS trooper actually testified that Scardino “crossed the fog line” once. Id. at 403-404.
Despite this testimony, the appellate court concluded that the trooper never testified that
Scardino “‘drove’ on the shoulder” and then reversed the trial court’s decision to deny
the motion to suppress. Id. at 406. Apparently to that court as well, evidence of the fog
line being traversed or touched is not evidence that the accused drove on the shoulder.
Yet, the State minimizes the impact of the opinion by suggesting that the “Court’s
analysis appears to focus on the lack of sustained driving on the shoulder rather than
whether he was on the shoulder at some point.” We have no evidence of sustained
driving on the shoulder by Cortez here, only an instance of possibly touching the fog line
next to the shoulder, but that did not stop either the State or trooper from concluding
that Cortez violated § 545.058(a), despite Scardino having been issued years before the
incident at bar occurred. To paraphrase what mothers often say to their children: “you
can’t have your cake and eat it too.”
Next, and worth reiteration is another observation made earlier. The trial court
did not even find that Cortez’s vehicle touched the “fog line.” It, in effect, hedged its
finding by indicating that while the possibility of a touch may exist, the line was not
_________________________
addresses an issue, there is no legitimate reason to ignore the writing simply because it is labeled
“unpublished” yet easily found on commonly searched websites such as Westlaw and Lexis.
15
crossed in toto. Without such a finding, it matters not whether an officer could
reasonably believe that touching the line was a violation of § 545.058(a).
Placing the actual argument of both the State and officer into perspective further
shows the unreasonableness of their proposition. The statute at issue permits one to
“drive on an improved shoulder” in some situations. So, it purports to regulate the act of
driving on the shoulder. Even if we were to concede that the four inch “fog line”
demarcates the boundary between the shoulder and driving lane, nothing in
§ 545.058(a) is said of driving on the boundary line between the lane and shoulder. We
would have to rewrite the provision to interject that language into it, and such is an
ability denied the judiciary. See Cadena Comercial USA Corp. v. Tex. Alcoholic Bev.
Comm’n, 449 S.W.3d 154, 168 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, pet. granted) (stating that a
court may not rewrite a statute). And, though we may interpret statutes, it would be
asking us to do the unreasonable and impermissible if we were to ignore both the plain
words written by the legislature and intent illustrated by those words. See Note Inv.
Grp., Inc. v. Assocs. First Capital Corp., 476 S.W.3d 463, 476 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
2015, no pet.) (stating that a statute is construed in a manner to effect the legislature’s
intent as evinced by the words written). Both the plain words in and intent of
§ 545.058(a) encompass the act of driving on the improved shoulder under certain
circumstances. A momentary touch of some fraction of a “fog line” or boundary hardly
connotes driving upon either the boundary or the area on the other side of the
boundary. More importantly, the trooper himself, who apparently is charged with
enforcing and undoubtedly trained in enforcing traffic codes, could recall no law
justifying such an interpretation of § 545.058(a) when pressed by defense counsel. As
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said in Heien, the mistake of law must be reasonable. The mistaken interpretation of
§ 545.058(a) offered by the State here falls outside that realm.
Without contrary legal authority to support contrary positions or without ambiguity
in a law causing it to be susceptible to differing interpretations, there is no basis upon
which to invoke Heien and the claim of reasonable mistake of law. The State has
shown us neither. Nor has it attempted to explain how any legal authority supports the
trooper’s notion that the inside of the “fog line” is the boundary between the lane and
shoulder and touching it in any manner violates § 545.058(a). It is not enough to merely
say that the trooper believed that to be the law; this is so because his subjective beliefs
are irrelevant. Heien, 135 S. Ct. at 539 (stating that “[w]e do not examine the subjective
understanding of the particular officer involved”). The position asserted must have
some basis in rationality, even if wrong. That proffered here does not.
In sum, we find reason in the words of the trial court in State v. Tarvin, 972
S.W.2d 910 (Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. ref’d). Driving is an exercise in controlled
weaving. Id. at 911. It is difficult enough to keep a straight path on the many dips,
rises, and other undulations built into our roadways. To adopt the State’s interpretation
of § 545.058(a) and permit a trooper to stop someone for the slightest touch of a “fog
line” while maneuvering over those undulations would push us further into the “strange
days” mentioned earlier. We choose not to do that.
The factual record before us supports the trial court’s finding that the vehicle
Cortez drove failed to cross over the “fog line” onto the improved shoulder.
Furthermore, the trial court’s interpretation of § 545.058(a) comports with ours. Driving
onto an improved shoulder requires something more than driving upon the four inches
of a “fog line,” like Cortez “possibly” may have done here. See Scardino v. State, supra;
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see also State v. Hanrahan, supra; State v. Rothrock, No. 03-09-00491-CR, 2010 Tex.
App. LEXIS 6356 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 5, 2010, no pet.)(mem. op., not designated
for publication). Consequently, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting the
motion to suppress, and we affirm that order.
Brian Quinn
Chief Justice
Publish.
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