Jeffrey Martin Reid v. State ( 2017 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-16-00107-CR
JEFFREY MARTIN REID, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 5th District Court
Cass County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2015F00177
Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Jeffrey Martin Reid, an intellectually disabled man with an IQ in the low-to-mid 60s, was
described by his brother as an “adolescent in a 38-year-old body.” In late 2014, Reid was involved
in an incident in Cass County in which the pants of both six-year-old C.C.1 and Reid were lowered
in the immediate presence of each other, resulting in Reid’s prosecution for indecency with a child
by exposure.
Before trial, in response to motions by both Reid and the State, the trial court entered an
order that Reid be examined by Mitchell H. Dunn, M.D., to determine Reid’s competency to stand
trial and—if Dunn found Reid competent to stand trial—to determine his sanity at the time of the
offense. In response, Dunn issued two reports dated August 4, 2015, one concluding that Reid
was competent to stand trial and the other determining that Reid was sane at the time of the offense.
After the Cass County jury returned a guilty verdict, in a judgment dated June 6, 2016, the trial
court assessed punishment at ten years’ confinement.
On appeal, Reid asserts that the trial court erred in not conducting a formal trial regarding
Reid’s competency to stand trial and in excluding evidence of a fifteen-year-old guardianship and
that the evidence is insufficient to support the guilty verdict and its implied finding that Reid was
sane at the time of the offense.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court because (1) the trial court was within its discretion
in concluding that a competency trial was not required, (2) the trial court was within its discretion
1
To protect the privacy of the minor child, we will refer to the minor child by her initials and to any of her family
members by pseudonyms. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b)(2).
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in excluding evidence of Reid’s guardianship, and (3) sufficient evidence supported the implied
finding that Reid was sane at the time of the offense.
(1) The Trial Court Was Within its Discretion in Concluding that a Competency Trial Was not
Required
Reid asserts that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to conduct a formal trial
regarding Reid’s competency to stand trial.
A criminal defendant who does not possess the mental capacity to understand the
proceedings, to consult with an attorney, and to meaningfully engage with the attorney in the
proceedings is incompetent to stand trial. Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171 (1975). Mental
illness, in and of itself, does not dictate a finding of incompetence. Turner v. State, 422 S.W.3d
676, 691 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Moore v. State, 999 S.W.2d 385, 395 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Nor does low intelligence necessarily indicate incompetence to stand trial. Petetan v. State,
No. AP-77,038, 2017 WL 915530, at *30–32 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 8, 2017); Alvarez v. State,
480 S.W.2d 646, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). But a defendant is incompetent when his or her
mental illness is such that it prevents him or her from having (a) the sufficient present ability to
consult with a lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding or (b) a rational and
factual understanding of the proceedings. Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960); Turner v.
State, 422 S.W.3d at 691; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46B.003(a) (West 2006).
If there is “some evidence from any source” that the defendant is incompetent to stand trial,
a formal competency trial is required. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 46B.004(c) (West
Supp. 2016). We examine the contents of this record to determine if it contains any evidence that
Reid was incompetent to be tried.
3
In his report dated August 4, 2015, Dunn opined that Reid was competent to stand trial.
Dunn based his opinion on (1) a July 28, 2015, interview he conducted with Reid lasting
approximately one hour and forty minutes, (2) a July 29, 2015, telephonic interview he conducted
with Reid’s mother, Janice, lasting twenty minutes, and (3) Reid’s indictment, offense narrative,
and supplemental narrative from the Cass County District Attorney’s Office.
In Dunn’s interview with Reid, Reid claimed to have been diagnosed as bipolar with
schizophrenia, which he described as getting mad sometimes. Reid denied symptoms of mania.
Though Reid claimed to have heard voices, Dunn concluded, based on his interview, that Reid was
not having auditory hallucinations, but that he referred to his thoughts as the “voices” he heard.
Reid has had a mental retardation diagnosis from a young age and has consistently been in special
education classes in school.
In Dunn’s interview with Reid’s mother, she reported that Reid had been hospitalized three
or four times as a result of threatening to kill himself—though Reid never actually attempted
suicide. According to Reid’s mother, with his IQ scores in the low 60s, Reid had been in special
education classes throughout school. When questioned on Reid’s history of mood instability and
psychosis, she suggested that they were temporary. His moods can change quickly, she noted, but
do not last for weeks on end. She denied auditory hallucinations or any grandiose delusional
beliefs. When excited, she said, Reid hits himself in the head or hits his head against a wall.
Reid reportedly is on Haldol (5 mg, twice daily), lithium carbonate extended release (450
mg, twice daily), Depakote (500 mg, three times per day), Seroquel (300 mg, three times daily),
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synthroid, (0.025 mg, once daily), and Haldol Decanoate (in unknown dosage, every twenty-eight
days).
Dunn did not discover in Reid any grandiose or paranoid delusions or hallucinations. It
did not appear to Dunn that Reid was responding to what he termed “internal stimuli.” Dunn got
no suggestion from Reid that he thought to harm himself or others. By Dunn’s assessment, Reid
was aware of day and date, and his memory appeared to work satisfactorily. Dunn concluded that
Reid was aware of key facts regarding the world around him. Dunn noted nothing suggesting that
Reid had a psychotic illness, a major mood disorder, or an anxiety disorder. Dunn opined that
Reid’s treatments and medications appear to be directed at controlling Reid’s poor frustration
tolerance and inappropriate behaviors.
Though Dunn did not test Reid’s IQ independently, he opined that, if it is in the low 60s as
reported, that constitutes mild intellectual disability. Dunn reports that Reid understands the
charges against him and their consequences and was able to describe events surrounding the
offense. Dunn stated that Reid understood the pleas available to him and the adversarial nature of
his criminal case. Dunn found that Reid responds in an organized and coherent fashion. Dunn
opines that the medications he is on do not appear to be hurting his appearance, behavior, or
demeanor.
Dunn concluded that Reid does not suffer from mental illness but does suffer from mild
mental retardation, also termed mild intellectual disability. In the end, Dunn opined that Reid was
competent to stand trial.
5
Through six pre-trial court appearances, Reid seemed to respond appropriately to questions
from the bench. At the pre-trial setting of August 17, 2015, Reid also responded appropriately,
and, in light of Dunn’s reports opining that Reid was competent to stand trial and was sane at the
time of the offense, both the State’s and Reid’s attorneys indicated that this case should proceed
normally—that is, neither asked that a competency trial be held. The trial court found Reid
competent to stand trial and sane.
Because we identify no evidence in this record that Reid was incompetent to stand trial, we
conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in proceeding with trial on the merits without
a competency trial. See Valdes-Fuerte v. State, 892 S.W.2d 103, 106–07 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
1994, no pet.)
(2) The Trial Court Was Within its Discretion in Excluding Evidence of Reid’s Guardianship
Reid claims that the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded evidence of Reid’s
guardianship. At trial, Reid sought to have admitted into evidence official court records of a
guardianship that was set up for him in 2005 and had been continuously in existence through trial.
On the State’s objection that the records were not relevant to Reid’s insanity defense and that they
would confuse the jury, the records were excluded. While Reid was given an opportunity to make
a formal offer of proof, he made no such offer. The State claims that, therefore, this issue has not
been preserved for our review. We conclude that it was preserved, to an extent.
In Reid’s argument to have the evidence admitted, he offered the following:
Your Honor, Ms. O’Rand, of course, is just a custodian of the records and we’re
offering them to show that there was a guardianship established in 2005, and it’s
remained current through today. And[,] Your Honor, as to the objection, all of
these terms of guardianship, civil commitment, competency[,] and insanity . . .
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overlap. There [are] issues in each one of these proceedings that overlap each other,
and I can go through each of the elements of the guardianship, civil commitment[,]
and competency and insanity, but we believe that it is relevant that he was adjudged
in need of a guardian and has continued to be adjudged in need of [a] guardian in
that he lacks the capacity to perform tasks to take care of himself and/or manage
his property.
In lieu of a formal offer of proof, we understand this as Reid’s offer that the guardianship
records would show that Reid’s guardianship was established because he needed help taking care
of himself and managing his property.2
To establish a guardianship, a court must find that the proposed ward is “an incapacitated
person.” TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 1101.101(a)(1)(A) (West Supp. 2016). Since Reid is an adult,
categorizing him an “incapacitated person” required a finding that, “because of a physical or
mental condition,” Reid is “substantially unable to: (A) provide food, clothing, or shelter for
himself . . . ; (B) care for [his] own physical health; or (C) manage [his] own financial affairs.”
See TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 1002.017(2) (West 2014); see also In re Guardianship of Hinrichsen,
99 S.W.3d 773, 780 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). We understand Reid to claim
that the guardianship is relevant because it is evidence that, due to his mental disability, he cannot
properly care for himself or his property, if any. Any relationship between such a finding needed
to establish Reid’s guardianship and a finding of Reid’s insanity would be tangential and
speculative at best.
2
To the extent that Reid intended to show anything beyond this from the guardianship records, he preserved nothing
for review. See Mays v. State, 285 S.W.3d 884, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Rhoten v. State, 299 S.W.3d 349, 354
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.).
7
To successfully assert the defense of insanity, a criminal defendant must prove “that, at the
time of the conduct charged, the actor, as a result of severe mental disease or defect, did not know
that his conduct was wrong.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.01(a) (West 2011). We see no
substantial overlap between the proof required for these two findings, in other words, that the
guardianship’s existence in this case had any relevance to the question of Reid’s sanity at the time
of the offense. We also see danger that the jury, presented with the guardianship, could become
confused in evaluating the sanity issue. Therefore, excluding the guardianship records was within
the trial court’s discretion because they were, at best, marginally relevant and could have been
more prejudicial than probative on the issue of Reid’s sanity. See TEX. R. EVID. 403.
The trial court’s evidentiary ruling is reviewed on appeal for an abuse of discretion, which
occurs only if the ruling is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Martinez v. State, 327
S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Green v. State, 934 S.W.2d 92, 104 (Tex. Crim. App.
1996). There was no abuse of discretion here.
We overrule this point of error.
(3) Sufficient Evidence Supported the Implied Finding that Reid Was Sane at the Time of the
Offense
Reid also argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s rejection of
his insanity defense. We disagree.
One cannot be convicted of a criminal offense, if, as a result of severe mental disease or
defect, he or she did not know the conduct was wrong. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.01(a). We
examine the evidence in this record that may bear on the issue of whether Reid knew right from
wrong at the time of the offense.
8
William Lawrence, a deputy sheriff with the Cass County Sheriff’s Office, testified that,
when Reid was initially confronted by Lawrence about the offense, immediately after the offense,
he knew what it was about. Lawrence also stated that Reid threatened to kill his parents and
himself once Lawrence left the Reid house. During this conversation, Reid appeared to Lawrence
to be “somewhat upset, maybe a little angry.” In light of Reid’s suicide threat, an ambulance was
called to get Reid some medical help.
Richard Lewis, who was with the Cass County Sheriff’s Office at the time of the offense,
joined Lawrence at Reid’s house immediately after the offense. Lewis also thought Reid acted
angry. Lewis thought that Reid knew why officers entered the residence and became suicidal and
homicidal. During the interview, Reid remarked to Lewis that Reid wears women’s thong panties
and likes men. Reid showed Lewis a photo on his telephone of a nude female. He also told Lewis
that he watches pornographic material on his Xbox, that he does not want others to see, suggesting
that he knows it is bad material. Lewis reported Reid as appearing coherent and aware of what
was going on. On the way to the ambulance, Reid threatened the family that reported him.
Candida Velasquez, the aunt of the child victim, testified that she saw Reid run away from
the scene of the offense as he pulled up his pants.
Fabian Vasquez, a minor cousin to the victim, testified that he saw the victim with her
shorts and underwear pulled down and Reid standing in her presence. Fabian stated that he clapped
his hands behind Reid’s head, at which time Reid ran home.
Brodie Sproles, who at the time of the offense was a paramedic for Champion Emergency
Medical Service, testified that, in the immediate aftermath of the offense, he was part of a team
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dispatched to the scene, where they picked Reid up. According to Sproles, Reid was able to give
them a good medical history and the medications he was on, was coherent and conversed in a
regular fashion, and appeared to be in control of his mental faculties at the time. As the ambulance
pulled out, Sproles witnessed Reid focusing on a man—apparently his neighbor whose family had
reported the offense—standing near where the offense occurred, toward whom Reid displayed
agitation, pointed, and said, “I’ll f***ing kill that man.” During the ride with Sproles, Reid
received a cell phone call. After hanging up on the call, Reid told Sproles, “He’s mad at me
because I f***ed his daughter.” Reid mentioned that this daughter was six or seven years old.
Reid recounted to Sproles an explicitly detailed story about an alleged sexual encounter in which
the young girl invited Reid to have intercourse with her, which invitation Reid refused. To Sproles,
Reid seemed to be proud of that. In Sproles opinion, that was why the man from across the street
was mad at him and why Reid was threatening suicide.
The child victim in this case—eight years old at time of trial—testified that the event that
interrupted the offense was Fabian coming up behind Reid and tapping him on the shoulder, at
which time Reid ran inside his house.
Stephanie Williams, Program Director with Daybreak Community Services, testified at the
request of Reid that, shortly before trial, Reid moved into their Miramar home in DeSoto, Texas,
which receives payment from Medicaid for clients with IQs of less than 75. Williams reported
that Reid’s IQ test yielded a 65 IQ. According to Williams, the residents of the Miramar home are
“not always” able to know right from wrong or to conform their behavior, that Reid has had some
behavioral issues in the home, and that those seem to be behavioral issues, not mental deficiencies.
10
Satish Narayan, a psychiatrist from Plano, Texas, testified at Reid’s request that he
examined Reid as a result of a civil commitment proceeding. Narayan wrote the report that was
admitted as Exhibit 3. Per Narayan’s notes from a prior examination of Reid, conducted January 1,
2015, Reid’s Depakote level was a relatively toxic 844, potentially affecting his cognitive abilities.
Narayan’s January 2015 examination of Reid was not conducted for the purpose of determining
his sanity at the time of the offense. Narayan’s mental status evaluation did note that Reid
exhibited distress over the offense in question, in that he stated, “I f***ed her up.” Per Narayan,
Reid held his head in his hands and expressed some guilt and shame surrounding the event.
Narayan admitted that one might think that such behavior indicated Reid knew right from wrong,
but noted that such was not the purpose of that evaluation. Narayan’s evaluation was done quickly,
whereas, if Reid were being evaluated to determine whether there was a diagnosis of a particular
mental illness, that would be done over a lengthy period of time.
Reid’s mother, Janice, testified that Reid got scared when he saw officers in the Reid home
immediately after the offense. He got defensive quickly and threatened to kill himself. According
to Janice, for some things, Reid does know right from wrong; he may know something is wrong,
but will do it anyway. Janice stated that, if Reid went to the store to buy some sweet rolls, he
would know that he needed to pay for them.
Jason Reid, Reid’s brother, testified that Reid is about a twelve- or thirteen-year-old child
in a thirty-seven-year-old body. Jason stated that Reid sometimes knows right from wrong, but
that he does not know what he is saying. Jason agreed that, if Reid were to go to the store to buy
something, he would know he needed to pay for it.
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From the above, there is ample evidence that Reid knew right from wrong at the time of
the offense. The jury had legally sufficient evidence to support its finding that Reid was guilty of
the offense.
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: March 16, 2017
Date Decided: April 21, 2017
Do Not Publish
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