Crenshanda Williams v. State ( 2019 )

Opinion issued July 9, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-18-00332-CR
———————————
CRENSHANDA WILLIAMS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the County Criminal Court at Law No. 4
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 2114968
OPINION
Crenshanda Williams was tried by a jury and convicted of one count of
interference with an emergency request for assistance.1 The trial court entered a
judgment of conviction on the jury’s verdict and sentenced Williams to one year in
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE § 42.062(a).
jail, probated for 18 months, and with stipulations that Williams pay a fee to Crime
Stoppers, take a “Thinking for a Change” course, participate in a weekend work
program, and write an apology letter to the City of Houston.
Williams appeals, contending that the trial court erred by denying her
motion for an instructed verdict at the close of the State’s evidence and that the
evidence was insufficient to support her conviction. We affirm.
Background
Williams worked as a “telecommunicator” at the Houston Emergency Center
(“HEC”). C. Breed is a division manager with the HEC. She described the HEC as
“the combined center where police 9-1-1 calls—police calls, fire, and ambulance
calls are processed and dispatched.” In her role, Breed trains telecommunicators,
who are the individuals who receive the 9-1-1 calls from callers.
Telecommunicator Training
Breed helped write the telecommunicator-training curriculum and helps
update it from time to time. Prospective telecommunicators must pass a
psychological exam, pass a drug test, and fill out a lengthy personal-history
questionnaire. Immediately after hire, telecommunicator trainees receive two
weeks of classroom training on local, state, and national policies, then take a Texas
Commission on Law Enforcement licensure course. Then they receive one week of
2
hands-on training with the HEC’s computers and phone systems, supervised by a
certified trainer.
The training includes role-playing through stressful call scenarios. New hires
are evaluated throughout the training for any noncompliance with policies and
procedures. During the telecommunicators’ first year of employment, a supervisor
frequently monitors them.
After successfully completing the training, every new hire and the personnel
who trained him or her must sign a form certifying that the new hire “can do the
job.” Only after certification and licensure do the telecommunicators start taking
calls from the police department’s 10-digit, non-emergency line. Later, they move
to direct training on 9-1-1 calls.
As Breed acknowledged, “It is a very stressful job.” Being a
telecommunicator involves 12- to 16-hour days, unpredictable time off, and
handling inappropriate comments from callers. Breed said that “your whole life is
turned upside down when you become a 9-1-1 telecommunicator” because of how
engrossing it is. She pointed out that telecommunicators who feel overwhelmed are
encouraged to contact the Employee Assistance Program for confidential support.
Procedure When a 9-1-1 Call Comes In
When a 9-1-1 call comes in to the HEC, Breed said that the call systems
automatically route the call “to the [telecommunicator] who has been available to
3
take the call the longest.” According to C. Flores, a supervisor with the HEC and a
former telecommunicator herself, it is possible—and common, during busy night
shifts—for a telecommunicator to get a call immediately after ending another.
Breed testified that telecommunicators may release a call routed to them in
one of three ways: pressing the “F” button on their keyboard, clicking the “release”
icon by using their mouse, or going on “Not Ready” status via a button on the
computer screen. Flores explained that, if a telecommunicator releases a call, the
systems do not reroute it; the caller must call 9-1-1 again.
Breed testified that a telecommunicator’s flagging himself or herself as
“Ready” or “Not Ready” is one of the most important factors in evaluating a
telecommunicator’s job performance. Flagging “Not Ready” takes the
telecommunicator out of the call queue, increasing the number of calls that the
other telecommunicators must answer. Flores said that telecommunicators are
evaluated in part by determining whether they meet at least six hours and 40
minutes of time logged in to work during a standard eight-hour shift. Flores said
that “it is not proper procedure for a [telecommunicator] to put themselves on ‘Not
Ready’ just—just to take a break.”
Flores testified that, when a call is routed to a particular telecommunicator,
he or she must say “Houston 9-1-1. Do you need medical, police, or fire?” within
seconds of picking up the line. If the caller asks for police assistance, the
4
telecommunicator will conduct a “structured interview” using an outline of
questions to ask the caller that are designed to elicit information helpful to the
police. The caller’s location, call-back information, and reason for calling are some
of the primary pieces of information collected in a structured interview. The
telecommunicator then summarizes the information collected in a “call slip,”
which police dispatch uses to send police officers to the location.
Telecommunicators are taught that they must not hang up on a 9-1-1 caller
unless they have asked three times about the caller’s emergency, using a specific
script, and have gotten no response. Even then, the telecommunicator may not
disconnect the line before activating a device to check for the possibility that the
caller is hearing-impaired, and, usually, calling the caller back. The
telecommunicator should not disconnect the line until the caller hangs up.
The HEC’s “VESTA” phone system records data on all calls that a
telecommunicator takes, providing a means for reviewing a specific
telecommunicator’s work for quality control. A quality-control review, according
to Flores, involves listening to the audio of a random selection of a
telecommunicator’s calls “to make sure our procedures are being followed.”
Breed does not know of any HEC telecommunicator ever being charged with
interference with an emergency request for assistance.
5
Williams’s Hiring and Training
Williams’s answers in her new-hire questionnaire indicated that she
understood and accepted the particular difficulties of the job, including working
nights and adjusting to a work schedule requiring some day-sleeping, making
life-or-death decisions, and having her “job performance continuously watched.”
Williams successfully completed all her new-hire training. She obtained her
licensure and did not show any indication that she would not be able to do the job.
Williams’s Work Performance
Flores was Williams’s supervisor for a time. At first, Flores did not notice
any issue with Williams’s performance, but that changed when Flores noticed
some “call-handling issues,” and Williams failed to meet the expected six hours
and 40 minutes of login time “due to excessive breaks or coming back from break
late.” Flores compiled Williams’s login and logout times on a form, showing the
excessive breaks, and presented it to Williams, expressing concern about
Williams’s performance.
Williams failed to meet her hours requirement on one workday. Further
investigation led to Flores’s discovery that Williams had taken several unscheduled
breaks and had placed herself on “Not Ready” status at inappropriate times. Flores
counseled Williams about her having taken excessive breaks.
6
In addition, Flores discovered that Williams had been making calls that
lasted under a few seconds, referred to as “short calls.” According to Flores, some
short calls are “legitimate,” meaning that the telecommunicator’s proper operation
under policies and procedures results in the call being a short one, but “[t]oo many
short calls is an indication that [telecommunicators are] not processing calls.”
Supervisors like Flores look at the number of short calls “to make sure that they’re
not hanging up on people.”
Williams’s performance also caught Flores’s attention on another occasion.
Another telecommunicator placed herself on “Not Ready” status and left her
station to converse with Williams at her station, in violation of HEC policy.
Telecommunicators are not supposed to talk to one another on the call-room floor;
when on break, they are to leave the room entirely. Seeing the conversation, Flores
approached Williams’s station. The other telecommunicator walked away, and
Flores asked Williams if she needed any help. Williams responded that she had
needed the other telecommunicator’s help with a call, so Flores went back to her
own station to review the record of that call. Flores discovered that Williams had
had several short calls in the hour before Williams said that she needed the other
telecommunicator’s help. Later, Flores compiled a report on Williams’s short calls,
using a sampling of calls from five workdays following the incident.
7
The report tallied the number of short calls that Williams had during the
five-day period. Of that number, it tallied the number of instances in which
Williams hung up first. Then, it focused on the number of those hang-up calls that
resulted in return calls to the HEC with someone from the same phone number
calling back and communicating to another telecommunicator a “major event,” like
needing police or fire assistance.
One such “major event” caller called 9-1-1 three times. Twice Williams
hung up the call, and someone from the same number called back shortly
thereafter. The State played the recordings of the three calls for the jury: the first
was silent, and Williams hung up the call without speaking. The second, about
30 seconds later, involved Williams responding with the required opening phrase.
The caller, trying to report a robbery, said the word “robbery,” but Williams then
hung up the call. The third call, about a minute later, was routed to a different
telecommunicator, who completed the caller’s request for emergency assistance.
To Flores, Williams’s termination of a call requesting help due to a robbery “was
significant enough to report up the chain.”
That 9-1-1 caller was H. Li. He testified that, on the day he called 9-1-1 to
report a robbery—March 12, 2016—he was returning a DVD to, and buying a
lottery ticket from, a gas station that he had been to many times. When he walked
inside, he saw a robbery taking place: a man was holding a gun and was “trying to
8
push his way into a room inside the counter.” Li ran out of the store, heard five or
six gunshots, and quickly jumped into his car to call 9-1-1. Li feared that property
could be destroyed during the robbery, or, worse, that someone had been shot.
The State played for the jury the recordings of Li’s 9-1-1 calls. When he
called 9-1-1, Li believed that he first “got disconnected.” He remembered that this
happened because “it was very weird to [him] that [he] got disconnected,” but he
didn’t know why. He testified that he was unable “to request assistance” during the
first call because it was disconnected. He said that he called back a couple of
times; that it took him “[a]t least one or two” times to get through; and that,
eventually, someone was able to answer his request. On cross-examination, he
admitted that he was able to make the subsequent calls from his phone, and
eventually request assistance, despite the prior disconnections.
Investigation into Williams’s Actions
Officer D. Vasquez of the Houston Police Department (“HPD”) also
testified. He performs special investigations for the Internal Affairs Division,
including investigating potential criminal misconduct among officers and other
City of Houston workers. He was assigned to the case involving Williams,
described as an investigation into potential “misconduct on the part of a dispatcher
with the” HEC for hanging up on callers.
9
Officer Vasquez interviewed HEC personnel, including Williams, and
reviewed documents. Williams spoke with Officer Vasquez and other members of
HPD voluntarily, and no charges were pending against her at the time. The officers
told Williams that they were looking into some questions raised about calls going
through the HEC and that the HEC had given the officers recordings of these calls
and records relating to them.
Officer Vasquez testified that when he confronted Williams with the
allegations against her, she “admit[ted] to hanging up on callers that were calling
in.” He recounted (i) that she explained her behavior by saying that “she had some
personal issues she was going through” and (ii) that she “use[d] those personal
issues as a justification for her behavior.”
The recording of Williams’s interview with the officers was admitted into
evidence. In the recording, Williams acknowledged that, once a call has been
routed to her, she is the telecommunicator who must deal with that call: the
systems do not allow for that call to be rerouted. The officers also played the
recording of Li’s first 9-1-1 call for Williams during the interview. She responded
by commenting that instances like that of complete silence happen “every now and
then—not frequently.” She went on to explain that, in situations where she answers
a dead line, i.e., the caller has hung up before she can answer, she “call[s] them
back because I don’t know if something happened or if somebody dropped the
10
phone or somebody needs medical, so I call them back.” She further observed that
when someone dials but then hangs up, “you’ve got to call them back.” She
remarked that police often need to be dispatched to dead calls from payphones,
which requires telecommunicators to take the call in the first place: “you still have
to drop a slip because you don’t know if somebody is playing on the phone or if
there is actually something wrong.”
The officers then played the recording of Li’s second call for Williams. On
hearing Li’s abbreviated report of the robbery, she commented that “I don’t know
what happened with the call because she [sic] is talking about a robbery, so
something is definitely—it’s like something in progress. . . . If she’s [sic] saying a
robbery, that’s something serious. With that kind of call, that’s somebody that I
would have called back.”
The officers next showed Williams what they referred to as the results of a
data download from the HEC’s system, which they told Williams showed that she
hung up on 9-1-1 calls at roughly five times the rate of the average
telecommunicator. Williams did not immediately offer an explanation for her
unusually high hang-up rate. A short time later, she told the officers that
I would come to work some days and calls would get hung up on, but,
it’s like, when I’m taking a call and actually talk to some of the
people, you know, I would finish the call. But there’s something going
on around me, and I’m frustrated that the supervisor pissed me off, or
there’s something going on with these extra things that they have us
11
going on, I would hang up on a call before the call actually came
through.
She explained that she would hear the “beep” in her headset indicating that a call
was routed to her, but, before she would hear the caller say anything or have a
conversation with the caller, she would hang up the call. She did this, she said,
“Because I didn’t want to talk.” She volunteered that, instead of hanging up on the
callers, she could have simply been in “Not Ready” status, but she admitted that
she didn’t choose that option because her “Not Ready” time lets her supervisors
“know I’m not taking calls” and because “Not Ready” time “is counted against
me.” She recalled that she hung up on calls “a lot” during a certain two-month
period because that period coincided with a time of personal difficulty for her. Li’s
calls happened during that period.
G. Jordan, a fraud examiner with the Harris County District Attorney’s
Office, also testified. Jordan compiled and analyzed data provided by the HEC
about the number of 9-1-1 calls lasting fewer than seven seconds handled by the
10 telecommunicators with the greatest number of such calls over the period from
October 2015 to March 2016, inclusively. The analysis focused on calls where the
9-1-1 caller that was hung up on called 9-1-1 back within five minutes. Over the
analyzed period, Williams had significantly more short calls of any duration under
seven seconds than any of the other nine telecommunicators had.
12
Jordan also testified about his analysis of the HEC data concerning the short
calls in which Williams hung up before the caller did. For the period from
September 2014 through most of the month of March 2016, Jordan noted
“jump[s]” in Williams’s short calls in September, October, and November 2015
and in February 2016. He testified that the jumps began after Williams had been at
the job for long enough for her supervisor to confirm that Williams could perform
her job duties without being monitored so closely. Jordan noted that he “saw a
difference between when she was being more closely supervised and later on.”
Trial
Williams was tried by a jury for knowingly preventing or interfering with
Li’s 9-1-1 calls. The indictment described Williams’s alleged act of preventing or
interfering conduct as occurring “by disconnecting the phone call before the caller
reported their emergency.” The trial court denied Williams’s motion for an
instructed verdict, the jury returned a guilty verdict, and the trial court entered
judgment on the verdict.
Discussion
Williams’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is premised on her
contention that the trial court erred in applying Penal Code section 42.062(a) to
actions that she took in connection with her job as a 9-1-1 telecommunicator.
Accordingly, we first address her claim that a telecommunicator cannot knowingly
13
prevent or interfere with a caller’s ability to request assistance, as required to
sustain a conviction under Section 42.062(a), then consider whether sufficient
evidence supports her conviction.
I. Applicable standards of review
A. Statutory interpretation
Statutory construction is a question of law that we review de novo. Yazdchi
v. State, 428 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014); Jimenez v. State, 446
S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). “[W]e are to
construe a statute according to its plain language, unless the language is ambiguous
or the interpretation would lead to absurd results that the legislature could not have
intended.” Tapps v. State, 294 S.W.3d 175, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (quoting
Williams v. State, 253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)). We read the text
of the statute in context, construing it “according to the rules of grammar and
common usage.” TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.011(a); Tapps, 294 S.W.3d at 177. If the
statute is clear and unambiguous, the plain meaning of its words applies. Hines v.
State, 75 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). If, however, the statute is
ambiguous, then a reviewing court may consider extratextual factors in arriving at
a sensible interpretation. See id.
“[W]here application of a statute’s plain language would lead to absurd
consequences that the Legislature could not possibly have intended,” we need not
14
adhere to the statute’s unambiguous language. Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782,
785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (emphasis in original) (citing Faulk v. State, 608
S.W.2d 625, 630 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)); accord State v. Velasquez, 539 S.W.3d
289, 292 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). Further,
If the plain language of a statute would lead to absurd results, or if the
language is not plain but rather ambiguous, then and only then, out of
absolute necessity, is it constitutionally permissible for a court to
consider, in arriving at a sensible interpretation, such extratextual
factors as executive or administrative interpretations of the statute or
legislative history.
Boykin, 818 S.W.2d at 785–86 (emphases in original).
B. Sufficiency of the evidence
A challenge to a trial court’s ruling on a motion for a directed verdict is a
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction. See Canales
v. State, 98 S.W.3d 690, 693 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Briggs v. State, 455 S.W.3d
711, 712 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). Evidence-sufficiency
challenges are reviewed under the standard announced in Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307 (1979). See Lee v. State, 537 S.W.3d 924, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017).
Under this standard, evidence is insufficient to support a conviction if, considering
all the record evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, no rational
factfinder could have found that each essential element of the charged offense was
proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Gear v. State,
340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
15
Under this standard, evidence generally is insufficient in any one of four
circumstances: (1) no evidence exists that is probative of an element of the offense
in the record; (2) only a modicum of evidence exists that is probative of an element
of the offense; (3) the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt; or
(4) the alleged acts do not establish the offense charged. See Buentello v. State, 512
S.W.3d 508, 515 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d) (citing Jackson,
443 U.S. at 314, 320; Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 518 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009); Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
An appellate court determines whether the inferences that the jury drew in
convicting “are reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all
the evidence when viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict.” See Hooper
v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 16–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). In viewing the record,
direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally. See id. at 13. Circumstantial
evidence is as probative as direct evidence is in establishing the guilt of an actor,
and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Id. An
appellate court presumes that the jury resolved any conflicting inferences in favor
of the verdict and defers to that resolution. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Clayton
v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). An appellate court also
defers to the jury’s evaluation of the credibility and weight of the evidence. See
Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750.
16
II. Preventing or interfering conduct under Section 42.062(a)
Williams was convicted under Penal Code section 42.062(a), which
provides:
An individual commits an offense if the individual knowingly
prevents or interferes with another individual’s ability to place an
emergency call or to request assistance, including a request for
assistance using an electronic communications device, in an
emergency from a law enforcement agency, medical facility, or other
agency or entity the primary purpose of which is to provide for the
safety of individuals.
Neither the Court of Criminal Appeals nor this court2 has interpreted the
language of Section 42.062(a) in a prosecution of a 9-1-1 telecommunicator. In
addressing an appeal of a conviction under the statute, however, the Second Court
of Appeals concluded that the offense comprises the following elements:
(1) an individual
(2) knowingly
(3) prevents or interferes with
(4) another individual’s
(5) ability . . .3 to request assistance, including a request for assistance
using an electronic communications device,
2
A prior panel of this court applied Section 42.062(a) in Vinson v. State, 266
S.W.3d 65 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Vinson dealt with
a harm analysis of erroneously admitted hearsay testimony and an appellant
who had punched the victim while the victim tried to call 9-1-1 and who had
pulled the phone from the victim’s hands. See id. at 69–70. Vinson is
therefore procedurally and factually distinguishable and does not offer
guidance on the issues Williams raises here.
3
The statute says “another individual’s ability to place an emergency call or
to request assistance, . . . ” but we omit “to place an emergency call” from
our analysis because the charging instrument here omitted it. See Thomas v.
State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (instructing that
17
(6) in an emergency
(7) from a law enforcement agency[, medical facility, or other agency
or entity the primary purpose of which is to provide for the safety of
individuals].
Schumm v. State, 481 S.W.3d 398, 399–400 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2015, no
pet.) (line-spacing added).
Penal Code section 6.03(b) provides that a person acts “knowingly”
with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances
surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct
or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly . . . with
respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct is
reasonably certain to cause the result.
In determining whether a defendant acted knowingly, the jury may consider the
defendant’s acts, words, and conduct; the circumstantial evidence surrounding the
incident; and the method that the defendant used to commit the crime. See Laster,
275 S.W.3d at 524; Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 487 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995);
Ramirez v. State, 229 S.W.3d 725, 729 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.).
The jury may rely on its collective common sense for this determination. See
Ramirez, 229 S.W.3d at 729; Rodriguez v. State, 90 S.W.3d 340, 355 (Tex. App.—
El Paso 2001, pet. ref’d).
The Penal Code does not define “prevent,” “interfere,” or their variants.
When words are not defined in a statute, they are ordinarily given their plain
evidence-sufficiency determinations are made according to the statutory
elements of the offense charged “and those elements as modified by the
indictment” or other charging instrument).
18
meaning unless the statute clearly shows that they were used in some other sense.
See Daniels v. State, 754 S.W.2d 214, 219 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). If the meaning
of the statutory text should have been plain to the legislators who voted on it, then
we ordinarily give effect to that plain meaning. State v. Robinson, 498 S.W.3d 914,
920 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). The Court of Criminal Appeals has considered a
relevant variant of “interfere” only in Hines. See 75 S.W.3d at 447. The court of
appeals had interpreted the statutory term “interfere substantially” as requiring
“more than temporary confinement or slight movement which is part and parcel of
the commission or attempted commission of another substantive criminal offense.”
Hines v. State, 40 S.W.3d 705, 713–14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001),
rev’d, 75 S.W.3d 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Before the Court of Criminal
Appeals, the defendant argued that “interfere substantially” must include the court
of appeals’ qualifiers on top of the phrase’s common meaning in order to avoid
absurd results. See Hines, 75 S.W.3d at 446–48. The Court held that “interfere
substantially,” as it relates to restraining a victim’s liberty for purposes of proving
an aggravated kidnapping, is unambiguous and is a phrase “that in its common use
does not generally have such an involved, complicated meaning as to require a
defining thereof.” Hines, 75 S.W.3d at 447.
“Courts may consult standard dictionaries in determining the fair, objective
meaning of undefined statutory terms.” Lang v. State, 561 S.W.3d 174, 180 (Tex.
19
Crim. App. 2018). Black’s Law Dictionary defines “interference” as, among other
meanings not relevant here, “[a]n obstruction or hindrance” and identifies its verb
form as “interfere.” Interference, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014).
Consistent with common usage then, to “interfere” may be reasonably understood
to mean “to obstruct or hinder.”
The Second Court of Appeals applied the definition of “prevent” that is “[t]o
hinder or impede” in addressing a conviction for resisting arrest. See Clement v.
State, 248 S.W.3d 791, 802 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.) (quoting
Prevent, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004)); accord Prevent, BLACK’S
LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014) (“To stop from happening; to hinder or
impede.”). Accordingly, to “prevent” may be reasonably understood to mean “to
hinder or impede.”
III. The evidence was sufficient to establish that Williams knowingly
prevented or interfered with Li’s ability to request assistance.
In challenging her conviction under Section 42.062(a), Williams does not
contest the sufficiency of the evidence that she is an individual, that Li is another
individual, that Li called 9-1-1 to request assistance with an emergency, or that the
HEC is an agency or entity whose primary purpose is to provide for the safety of
individuals. Williams does, however, challenge the sufficiency of the evidence that
she knowingly prevented or interfered with Li’s ability to request assistance. We
address these elements, each in turn.
20
A. “Prevents or interferes with”
Williams argues that the statute was not intended to encompass
telecommunicators but was instead intended to focus on “protect[ing] against
angry boyfriends smashing the phone or grabbing the phone from someone’s
hand.” According to her, either smashing or grabbing a phone involves conduct
that physically affects the caller’s phone and is done while with or near the caller.
She claims that these acts constitute prevention or interference with a phone call.
By contrast, she asserts, her hanging up on calls to the HEC do not affect physical
components and therefore cannot be acts of prevention or interference. In other
words, for purposes of Section 42.062(a), Williams distinguishes “a private citizen
who physically interferes with another person’s ability to place a call to 9-1-1”
from “a public servant’s failure to perform her job duties.”
Williams claims that, because she “was not physically present,” she “had no
way of preventing [Li] from making the call.” She also says that she “dropped the
call” both times “in accordance with her training” and that telecommunicators “are
following policy when they reject a call they are not prepared to accept.” She notes
that she “did not shut down the operating system.”
To support her position, Williams points to Breed’s testimony that she
knows of no HEC telecommunicator ever having been charged under Section
42.062(a). HEC telecommunicator training addresses potential civil liability or
21
administrative reprimand for any work deficiencies but not potential criminal
liability. According to Williams, the HEC had no “reason to offer an instruction on
criminal liability for poor job performance because poor job performance did not
violate any criminal statute.”
Finally, Williams claims that the fault for any delay in responding to Li’s
call for emergency assistance belongs to the HEC systems, not to her. Each time
Li’s calls were dropped, the systems disconnected them instead of rerouting them
to another telecommunicator. The systems’ deficiencies absolve her of criminal
liability, Williams contends, because they do not “properly deal with” a
telecommunicator-dropped call.
Under the unambiguous language of Section 42.062(a), “prevents or
interferes with” means “hinders, impedes, or obstructs.” Contrary to Williams’s
proffered interpretation, the statute does not require physical interference, nor does
it allow Williams to deflect blame on the computer and phone systems when she
was trained on them and thus was aware of their limitations.
The evidence was sufficient to allow the jury rationally to find that Williams
hindered, impeded, or obstructed Li’s ability to request emergency assistance.
Williams dropped Li’s two 9-1-1 calls while he was trying to report a robbery in
progress. Williams hung up the second call even though Li uttered the word
“robbery.” The HEC’s systems routed Li’s calls to her, and she—not Li—hung up
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on both calls. Williams hindered, impeded, or obstructed Li’s attempt to request
assistance during each of the two calls when she ended them. Li had to call a third
time and reach a different telecommunicator before he could communicate the
necessary information about the robbery.
After the police confronted Williams both with recordings of the two calls
and with her short-call volume, she admitted that she hung up on callers at times
because of her own anger or frustration. Williams also admitted to the officers that
she would receive notification that a call was routed to her, but, without speaking
or listening for the caller to speak, she would hang up the call. The evidence
supports the reasonable inference that Williams hung up on Li’s two calls for the
same reasons.
Williams’s proposed limits on the meaning of “prevents or interferes with”
fail because they are not anchored in the statute’s use of those words or their
common meanings. Section 42.062(a) does not require the defendant’s physical
presence near the caller, nor does it require that the preventing or interfering
conduct physically affect the caller’s phone. Those circumstances may commonly
arise in Section 42.062(a) prosecutions, but the common meanings of “prevents or
interferes with” do not require them.
We decline Williams’s invitation to limit Section 42.062(a)’s application in
the way she proposes. In Hines, the Court reversed a judgment that imposed
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temporal and physical limits on the statutory term “interfere substantially,”
concluding that its common meaning did not include them. See 75 S.W.3d at 446
(quoting, and rejecting, 40 S.W.3d at 713–14). In keeping with Hines, we conclude
that Section 42.062(a) does not require physical interference to prove that a person
prevented or interfered with another’s ability to call for emergency assistance.
Williams refers to her telecommunicator training as support for her position
that telecommunicators are not preventing or interfering with 9-1-1 calls when they
hang them up, but she does not point to anything specific in the record. In her
testimony, Breed described the methods a telecommunicator may use to drop a
call, but these methods do not address when a telecommunicator should drop a call.
And although Williams may be correct that few, if any, other telecommunicators
have been prosecuted under Section 42.062(a), this observation does not affect
whether the statute’s plain language encompasses her conduct.
The State points out that Williams’s proposed physical-interference
requirement would immunize from conviction people who cut the phone lines to a
home or business to prevent another from using a landline to call 9-1-1, those who
install a secret call-blocking app that prevents initiation of 9-1-1 calls from their
significant other’s smartphone, or those who remotely disable their significant
other’s phone during a 9-1-1 call. Each of these hypotheticals lacks the immediate
physical interference that is also absent from this case. But immunizing those who
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engage in the conduct described in these hypotheticals is more likely to yield an
absurd result than finding Williams guilty under the statute is, when the plain
language of the statute encompasses those examples of conduct.
Williams replies (1) that “applying this statute to the very public servants
whose job performance puts them at risk of violating a criminal statute is an absurd
result” and (2) that, if the HEC’s systems “fail[] to function in the most efficient
manner, as here, it would be absurd to hold the individual operator criminally
liable for the consequences of” the systems’ failure.
The first argument misses the mark. Williams’s conduct was not merely
deficient job performance; it was deficient job performance that hindered or
obstructed Li’s attempt to request emergency assistance because of a robbery.
Public servants are generally not immune from criminal liability by dint of their
office or employment: several penal statutes specifically target public servants
when they act in furtherance of, or under color of, their office or employment. See,
e.g., TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 39.01–.07 (defining offenses that constitute abuse of
office); State v. Edmond, 933 S.W.2d 120, 124–27 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)
(applying official-oppression penal statute so as to avoid constitutional and
absurdity problems).
Williams’s second argument describes a scenario that this case does not
present. Nothing in the record suggests that a flaw in the HEC’s systems caused
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Li’s two calls to disconnect. The record shows only that Williams ended the calls.
The fact that the system does not automatically reroute calls when a
telecommunicator disconnects them does not affect our analysis because, by that
point, Williams had already completed the preventing or interfering conduct.
We therefore hold that the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding
on the “prevents or interferes with” element and that application of the common
meaning of those words did not lead to an absurd result in this case.
B. “Knowingly”
Williams also disputes that she acted knowingly in preventing or interfering
with Li’s requests for emergency assistance. She argues that she “was unprepared
to take the call and so she dropped it allowing [Li] to call again and another
emergency operator to assist him.” Pointing to other operators with high numbers
of dropped short calls, Williams also argues that “[t]he operators do not
intentionally and knowingly interfere with the caller’s ability to call 9-1-1 every
time they drop a call.” If dropping a call constitutes a knowing interference with a
caller’s ability to request assistance, she claims, all of the telecommunicators
would be subject to “criminal liability on a daily basis for doing their job as
instructed” because any telecommunicator can become unable to perform his or her
job duties at any time.
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Williams’s arguments misapprehend the level of intent required for
conviction under the statute. “A person acts knowingly . . . with respect to the
nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is
aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist.” TEX. PENAL
CODE § 6.03(b).
Several statements made during Williams’s police interview are probative of
her knowing intent. First, she acknowledged that once a call has been routed to her,
the HEC’s systems do not reroute it to another telecommunicator—she alone must
deal with that call. After listening to the recording of Li’s first call, she explained
that, in situations where the caller has hung up before she can answer, she “call[s]
them back because I don’t know if something happened or if somebody dropped
the phone or somebody needs medical, so I call them back.” She further explained
that when a caller hangs up, “you’ve got to call them back.” She went on to say
that when calls come in from payphones, telecommunicators must take information
from a caller and record the payphone’s location on a call slip so that police can be
dispatched, explaining that “you still have to drop a slip because you don’t know if
somebody is playing on the phone or if there is actually something wrong.” On
hearing the recording of Li’s second call, Williams remarked, “I don’t know what
happened with the call because she [sic] is talking about a robbery, . . . it’s like
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something in progress. . . . If she’s [sic] saying a robbery, that’s something serious.
With that kind of call, that’s somebody that I would have called back.”4
Finally, after explaining to police that she hung up on calls for a time
because of difficult circumstances in her life, she confirmed that she did so
“because I didn’t want to talk.” She volunteered that, instead of hanging up on
calls, she could have been in “Not Ready” status, but she did not choose that option
because “Not Ready” status alerts her supervisors that she is “not taking calls” and
“is counted against” her. She recalled that she hung up calls “a lot” during a
two-month period that coincided with a time of personal difficulty. She admitted
that Li’s calls happened during that period.
We conclude from this evidence, in addition to that recounted above under
the “prevents or interferes with” element, that the jury could rationally have found
that by hanging up on Li’s calls despite this knowledge, Williams knowingly
engaged in the preventing or interfering conduct.
4
At oral argument, Williams’s counsel also suggested that the statute’s
“knowing” mental state attaches to the defendant’s awareness of the
emergency giving rise to the 9-1-1 call—that the State must prove that
Williams knew of the character of Li’s emergency. Williams did not brief
that argument, so we do not analyze it, but we note that Williams ended Li’s
second call after hearing him say “robbery” and that, when confronted with
the recording of that call in her interview with police, she volunteered that a
caller reporting a robbery is one who she would call back if the call were
disconnected.
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C. “Ability . . . to request assistance”
Williams contends that the evidence is insufficient to establish that her
actions prevented or interfered with Li’s “ability . . . to request assistance.” She
argues that “Li was able to and indeed did, successfully call 9-1-1. Ms. Williams
was not physically present and had no way of preventing him from making the
call.” As to dropped calls more generally, she says that even when
telecommunicators intentionally drop a call, “nothing prevents the caller from
calling back.” Therefore, though “Williams may have knowingly dropped many
calls, and may have knowingly dropped the call alleged in this case, . . . she did not
prevent the caller here, nor any other dropped caller, from contacting 9-1-1 for
emergency assistance.” Li “was able to place three calls to 9-1-1.”
Contrary to Williams’s position, Section 42.062(a) does not require the State
to prove a complete and indefinite foreclosure of the victim’s ability to request
assistance. Li testified that, when he first called 9-1-1, he “got disconnected,” and
“it was very weird to [him] that [he] got disconnected,” but he did not know why it
had happened. He was unable “to request assistance” during the first call because it
disconnected. It took him “[a]t least one or two” times to get through, and,
eventually, someone was able to respond to his request. We hold that the evidence
is sufficient for the jury rationally to find that Williams’s actions prevented or
interfered with Li’s ability to request assistance.
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Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Gordon Goodman
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Goodman and Countiss.
Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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