Jose Pedro Gallegos v. State ( 2019 )

Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-18-00806-CR
Jose Pedro GALLEGOS,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 341st Judicial District Court, Webb County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2018-CRC-000955-D3
Honorable Rebecca Ramirez Palomo, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice
Sitting: Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
Irene Rios, Justice
Beth Watkins, Justice
Delivered and Filed: September 11, 2019
AFFIRMED
Jose Pedro Gallegos appeals the trial court’s order denying his pretrial writ of habeas
corpus. Gallegos asserts the trial court erred in denying the writ because the face of the indictment
shows the prosecution is barred by limitations. We affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
On July 25, 2018, an indictment was presented charging Gallegos with three counts of
intoxication manslaughter alleged to have occurred on or about December 12, 2014. On
September 12, 2018, Gallegos filed a pretrial writ of habeas corpus asserting the indictment was
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presented after the three-year statute of limitations for the charged offenses which barred the State
from prosecuting the offenses. On September 24, 2018, the trial court denied the writ. Gallegos
appeals.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A pretrial writ of habeas corpus may be used “to challenge the jurisdiction of the court if
the face of the indictment shows that any prosecution is barred by the statute of limitations.” Ex
parte Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Typically, we review a trial court’s
ruling on a pretrial writ of habeas corpus under an abuse of discretion standard. Ex parte Arango,
518 S.W.3d 916, 923–24 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d). The issue presented
in this appeal, however, is an issue of statutory construction.
“Statutory construction is a question of law, which we review de novo.” Sims v. State, 569
S.W.3d 634, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 2749 (2019). “When construing
statutes, we ‘seek to effectuate the ‘collective’ intent or purpose of the legislators who enacted the
legislation.’” Id. (quoting Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). “We
first look to the statute to determine if its language is plain.” Id. If the language of the statute is
plain, we give effect to that language without resort to extra-textual sources unless the language is
ambiguous or leads to absurd results the legislature could not have possibly intended. Id.; Cary v.
State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 756 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). Therefore, “[o]ur analysis begins with the
plain statutory language read in the context of the statute as a whole.” Phillips v. State, 401 S.W.3d
282, 292 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, pet. ref’d).
DISCUSSION
Gallegos argues intoxication manslaughter is governed by the three-year catch-all
limitations period for “other” felonies contained in article 12.01(7) of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure because intoxication manslaughter is not specifically referenced in the other limitations
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provisions contained in article 12.01(1)-(6). The State responds article 12.01(1)(A) specifically
provides no limitations period applies to the offense of manslaughter, which includes intoxication
manslaughter. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(1)(A) (providing no limitation applies
to “murder and manslaughter”). We agree with the State.
First, we are persuaded by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals’ analysis in Demouchette
v. State, 731 S.W.2d 76 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc). In that case, the appellant asserted “the
trial court erred in overruling his plea in bar of prosecution based on the statute of limitations.” Id.
at 80. Specifically, the appellant argued capital murder was subject to the three-year catch-all
limitations period for felonies because the offense of capital murder “is distinct from murder for
purposes of limitations” and “capital murder appears by name nowhere else in the limitation
statute.” Id. The court rejected the argument, asserting “Capital murder is a species of murder
and as such is provided for by Article 12.01(1).” Id.; see also Thomas v. State, No. AP-77,052,
2018 WL 739093, at *15 n.13 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 7, 2018) (not designated for publication)
(applying holding in Demouchette). Just like “capital murder is a species of murder,” intoxication
manslaughter is a species of manslaughter “and as such is provided for by Article 12.01(1).” See
Demouchette, 731 S.W.2d at 80; cf. Ervin v. State, 991 S.W.2d 804, 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)
(holding “manslaughter and intoxication manslaughter are the same offense for double jeopardy
purposes when they involve the same victim”).
In addition, reading the plain language of article 12.01(1) as a whole, article 12.01(1)(F)
provides that no limitation applies to “an offense involving leaving the scene of an accident under
Section 550.021, Transportation Code, if the accident resulted in the death of a person.” See TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(1)(F). In pertinent part, section 550.021(a) of the Texas
Transportation Code requires an “operator of a vehicle involved in an accident that results or is
reasonably likely to result in injury to or death of a person” to immediately stop the vehicle at the
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scene of the accident and remain at the scene of the accident until the operator gives the
information and renders the aid required by section 550.023 of the Code. TEX. TRANSP. CODE
ANN. §§ 550.021(a), 550.023. If the operator of a vehicle does not comply with the requirements
of section 550.021, and the accident results in the death of a person, the operator commits a felony
of the second degree. Id. § 550.021(c)(1)(A). A person commits the second degree felony offense
of intoxication manslaughter if the person operates a motor vehicle in a public place, is intoxicated,
and causes the death of another by reason of that intoxication. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.08.
The legislature’s inclusion of the offense of leaving the scene of an accident resulting in the death
of a person among the offenses listed in article 12.01(1) further convinces us that the legislature
intended for intoxication manslaughter to be included in article 12.01(1)(A) as a species of
manslaughter.
We acknowledge “statutes of limitation are to be construed liberally in favor of the
defendant.” Gallardo v. State, 768 S.W.2d 875, 880 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1989, pet. ref’d).
However, our primary duty in construing statutes is to effectuate the legislature’s intent. Oliva v.
State, 548 S.W.3d 518, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); Sims, 569 S.W.3d at 640. And, in construing
article 12.01(1)(A), we are bound by its unambiguous plain language when “read in the context of
the statute as a whole.” See Phillips, 401 S.W.3d at 292. Accordingly, we hold intoxication
manslaughter is encompassed within the term manslaughter in article 12.01(1)(A) and is subject
to no limitations period.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s order is affirmed.
Irene Rios, Justice
DO NOT PUBLISH
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