Mark Odin Chambers v. State ( 2019 )

Opinion filed October 18, 2019
In The
Eleventh Court of Appeals
__________
No. 11-17-00302-CR
__________
MARK ODIN CHAMBERS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 441st District Court
Midland County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. CR 44,980
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The grand jury ultimately returned a four-count reindictment against Mark
Odin Chambers. In Count I, the grand jury charged Appellant with the offense of
continuous sexual abuse of a young child or children. In Counts II, III, and IV, the
grand jury charged Appellant with separate offenses of aggravated sexual assault of
a child younger than fourteen years of age. At a subsequent trial, the jury convicted
Appellant of the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child or children as
charged in Count I of the indictment and of the offense of aggravated sexual assault
of a child younger than fourteen years of age as charged in Count IV of
the indictment. Upon motion of the State, the trial court dismissed the charges in
Counts II and III. The jury assessed Appellant’s punishment at confinement for life
for each offense. The trial court sentenced him accordingly. We modify and affirm.
In his first issue on appeal, Appellant makes an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim. He contends that, during the plea-bargaining process, trial counsel
did not inform him of the full range of punishment applicable to the offenses with
which he was charged. In his second issue on appeal, Appellant maintains that he
was deprived of his rights under the Confrontation Clause of the United States
Constitution when the trial court allowed one of the child victims to testify by closed-
circuit television. Finally, in his third issue on appeal, Appellant asserts that the trial
court erred when it assessed court-appointed attorney’s fees against him.
On appeal, Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to
support his convictions. Therefore, we will not detail the evidence related to the
commission of the offenses.
We will first discuss Appellant’s ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim.
Appellant complains that the first of his four different court-appointed lawyers did
not inform him of the full range of punishment that Appellant would face at trial.
Appellant’s position is that, had he known that the possible minimum sentence he
faced was twenty-five years, he would have accepted a six-year plea bargain that the
State had offered.
The range of punishment for the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a
young child or children is confinement for twenty-five years to ninety-nine years or
life. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(h) (West 2019). A conviction for aggravated
sexual assault of a child under the age of fourteen years is punishable by confinement
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for five years to ninety-nine years or life, and a fine of up to $10,000 may also be
imposed. Id. §§ 12.32, 22.021(e).
In the early stages of this case, the trial court found that Appellant was
indigent, and it appointed an attorney to represent him. As the case progressed,
Appellant went through four different court-appointed lawyers. On appeal, he
complains of the first one only.
At a pretrial hearing on January 14, 2016, Appellant’s trial counsel
acknowledged that the State offered to recommend a sentence of confinement for
ten years in exchange for Appellant’s plea of guilty. Trial counsel informed the trial
court that Appellant would probably want a jury trial.
At another pretrial hearing on February 11, 2016, Appellant’s trial counsel
informed the trial court that the State had offered to reduce the recommendation to
confinement for six years. But he also told the trial court that Appellant had rejected
that offer, as he had the ten-year offer, and that Appellant wanted a jury trial.
Appellant told the trial court that he agreed with trial counsel’s statement.
On March 14, 2016, the State filed its “NOTICE OF STATE’S INTENT
TO ENHANCE PUNISHMENT FOR A FELONY OFFENSE UNDER
SECTION 12.42 PENAL CODE BY PROOF OF TWO PRIOR SEQUENTIAL
FELONY CONVICTIONS.” During another hearing on March 15, 2016, the State
referred to that filing and noted in open court that the minimum possible punishment
would increase to twenty-five years upon conviction. Appellant was present in court
when the State made that statement. At this point, Appellant had not been indicted
for the offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child, and the State had not
specifically withdrawn its offer of six years.
On April 14, 2016, at yet another hearing, the State provided notice that Hood
County officials wanted to charge Appellant with similar offenses to those in this
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case. Hood County had agreed to “12.45 their cases to Midland County” in exchange
for Appellant’s agreement to confinement for fifteen years. The effect would be to
bar prosecution of the Hood County incidents. See id. §12.45. The State made it
clear that, if the case went to trial, twenty-five years’ confinement would be the
minimum punishment that it would seek. Trial counsel informed the trial court that
he had explained that to Appellant. Appellant was present in court when his trial
counsel and the State made the above statements in open court.
The State left the offer of fifteen years open for one week after the hearing.
Appellant did not accept the offer but, instead, chose to go to trial before a jury upon
his pleas of not guilty.
On appeal, Appellant claims that he would have accepted the State’s offer of
confinement for six years if he had known that the minimum sentence was twenty-
five years. But, he suggests, no one told him about the possible minimum sentence
of twenty-five years that he faced if he went to trial and was found guilty. The record
does not support that position. Appellant was present on at least two occasions when
the State referred to the minimum punishment of twenty-five years. Yet, at a
subsequent status hearing, Appellant rejected the State’s fifteen-year offer, as he had
all other previous offers.
Generally, to determine whether Appellant’s counsel rendered ineffective
assistance, we must first determine whether Appellant has shown that his counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and, if so, then
determine whether there is a reasonable probability that the result would have been
different but for his counsel’s errors. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984); Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 55 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome of the trial. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55.
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The Sixth Amendment right to counsel extends to the plea-bargaining process.
Defendants are “entitled to the effective assistance of competent counsel” at the plea-
bargaining stage. Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 162 (2012) (quoting McMann v.
Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 (1970)).
Allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel must be firmly founded in the
record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Typically, the record
on direct appeal is not sufficient to show that counsel’s representation was so
deficient to overcome the presumption that counsel’s conduct was reasonable and
professional. See Mitchell v. State, 68 S.W.3d 640, 642 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);
Mallett v. State, 65 S.W.3d 59, 64–65 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Further, if an
appellant does not prove one component of the Strickland test, there is no need for
the court to address the other. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
After the trial, Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by
operation of law. The record before us is not sufficient to show that trial counsel’s
representation was deficient to a level that would overcome the presumption that
counsel’s conduct was reasonable and professional. Appellant has not shown that
he was not “properly advised.” The record contains nothing to indicate that trial
counsel ever neglected to discuss relevant possible punishment issues with him,
particularly at or before the time that he rejected the six-year deal in the trial court
or at any other time that the plea offer remained open.
It is important to note that Appellant was present in court when the State
announced the possibility of a minimum period of confinement of twenty-five years.
Trial counsel represented to the trial court that he had gone over that possibility with
Appellant. We find that Appellant has not shown that the performance of his
counsel fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. See Strickland, 466 U.S.
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at 687–88. He has thus failed to meet the first prong of Strickland. We overrule
Appellant’s first issue on appeal.
Next, we will discuss Appellant’s claim in his second issue that the trial court
erred when it allowed L.C., one of the child victims, to testify by closed-circuit
television.
Before the jury was selected, the State proposed that L.C. be allowed to testify
while accompanied by a service dog and while seated on a “nondescript brown sofa”
that would be placed next to the court reporter. The purpose of the special
arrangement was to closely replicate the therapeutic setting that L.C. was
accustomed to when she had discussed the circumstances of the alleged abuse with
her therapist. The trial court granted that motion, and the parties conducted voir dire
examination of the jury panel. The jury was seated on Friday, October 6, 2017. The
trial was to commence on Monday, October 9, 2017.
Before the trial began on Monday, the State filed a motion in which it asked
the trial court to allow L.C. to testify by closed-circuit television rather than as
previously arranged. During a hearing on the motion, the district attorney
represented to the trial court that she and another attorney for the State had taken
L.C. into the courtroom on Saturday before the trial was to begin on Monday. The
district attorney also represented to the trial court that, because of L.C.’s reaction to
that visit to the courtroom, the district attorney contacted L.C.’s therapist that same
day. Later that same day, L.C. talked with her therapist, and around 11:00 p.m. on
Saturday night, the therapist and the district attorney again conferred. The district
attorney represented to the trial court that she did not know that the filing would be
necessary until after that conversation with the therapist. The district attorney
informed the trial court that, the next morning, Sunday, she notified Appellant’s trial
counsel that she would be filing the motion and later sent trial counsel a copy.
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Appellant’s trial counsel agreed that the State had indeed notified him on Sunday,
“probably yesterday before noon.”
Also, at the Monday morning hearing on the State’s motion to allow L.C. to
testify by closed-circuit television, the State presented testimony from L.C.’s
therapist, Heather Brogan-McCarty. McCarty told the trial court that she talked with
L.C. after L.C. visited the courthouse on Saturday. She testified that L.C. was
terrified of being around Appellant and that L.C. was shocked to find out that the
layout of the courtroom was such that she would be able to see Appellant when she
testified. McCarty also testified that she believed that L.C. would “shut down and
immobilize” if L.C. were required to testify in the courtroom. In addition, she
believed that L.C. would “suffer undue psychological harm by having to testify in
the courtroom.”
After the hearing, the trial court ruled that L.C. could testify via closed-circuit
television. The trial court specifically found that to have L.C. testify by conventional
means would present a “serious threat of emotional distress” to L.C., “more than
mere nervousness or some reluctance to testify.”
Appellant then filed “DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR MISTRIAL AND
MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL” in connection with the issue of the trial court’s ruling
on L.C.’s being allowed to testify by closed-circuit television; the motion included
various other matters not pertinent to this appeal. As we have noted, the trial court
denied that part of the motion that dealt with L.C.’s testimony and allowed L.C. to
testify by closed-circuit television.
We take Appellant’s argument in his second issue on appeal to be that he
received inadequate notice of the State’s motion to allow L.C. to testify by closed-
circuit television and that the inadequate notice, because it came after the jury had
already been chosen, prevented him from questioning the potential jurors on the
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issue of testimony by closed-circuit television. Therefore, he maintains, he was
deprived of his due process rights and rights under the Confrontation Clause of the
United States Constitution. Importantly, Appellant does not argue that he was
deprived of any constitutional right to be tried by an impartial jury.
Instead, Appellant argues: “[B]asic principles of due process and the Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution’s Confrontation Clause require notice,
and . . . in this cause, the State’s request came as a surprise.” Appellant also
maintains that “Article 38.074 expressly indicates that the trial court must consider
not only the interests of the child, but the rights of the defendant, which in this cause
would be the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
as well as due process considerations.”
Appellant has cited no authority in support of his due process claims insofar
as they relate to his Confrontation Clause claim, and those arguments are waived.
TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). However, even if we were to consider Appellant’s argument
as to the inadequacy of notice and “surprise,” then, based upon the circumstances
that we have outlined, we hold that the State provided notice as soon as practicable
and that the notice was reasonable under the totality of the circumstances and facts.
Foster v. State, No. 09-18-00252-CR, 2019 WL 3308959, at *7 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont July 24, 2019, no pet. h.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
There is yet another reason why Appellant cannot prevail on the due process
issue—the record would not support a finding of harm, even if error were shown. In
the motion for mistrial and new trial that Appellant filed during the trial, Appellant
presented the trial court with the names of specific jury panel members who he
claims would have been struck for cause. He also presented the trial court with
specific questions that he would have asked the panel members if he had known
about the closed-circuit testimony before voir dire. However, the record lacks any
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testimony to show what the answers to those proposed questions would have been
or to show that he was forced to go to trial with a less-than-impartial jury.
After his trial, Appellant filed a general “in the interests of justice” motion for
new trial. That motion was overruled by operation of law, and no evidence was
presented on the motion. Appellant was entitled to be tried by a lawfully constituted
jury, one that was impartial; there is nothing in this record to show that “the jurors
were anything but impartial,” and there is no harm shown. See Gamboa v. State,
296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); see also Jones v. State, 982 S.W.2d
386, 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
We will next consider that portion of Appellant’s second issue on appeal in
which he addresses his right under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution to be confronted with the witnesses against him. He maintains that the
trial court’s allowing L.C. to testify by closed-circuit television violated his rights
under the Confrontation Clause. The Confrontation Clause, contained in the Sixth
Amendment to the United States Constitution, provides in part that, “in all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses
against him.” U.S. CONST. amend. VI.
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure contains provisions for alternative
means to present the testimony of certain child witnesses who would be unable to
testify in the presence of the defendant about an enumerated offense. Closed-circuit
television is one of those alternative means. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 38.071 (West Supp. 2018). Aggravated sexual assault of a child and continuous
sexual abuse of a young child or children are two of the enumerated offenses. Id.
Article 38.074 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure also contains
provisions that pertain to the testimony of a child in a criminal case. Id. art. 38.074.
Article 38.074, section 3(d) provides that a “court may set any other conditions and
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limitations on the taking of the testimony of a child that it finds just and appropriate,
considering the interests of the child, the rights of the defendant, and any other
relevant factors.” Id. art. 38.074, § 3(d). The State’s use of closed-circuit testimony
in such cases arises from the fact that the State has a legitimate interest in the
protection of child witnesses from the trauma of having to testify in certain kinds of
cases. Marx v. State, 953 S.W.2d 321, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Gonzales v.
State, 818 S.W.2d 756 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
Under both Craig and Gonzales, before the trial court can admit closed-circuit
testimony, it must find, after a hearing and from the evidence, that “(1) the procedure
is necessary to protect the welfare of the particular child witness who seeks to testify;
(2) the child witness would be traumatized, not by the courtroom generally, but by
the presence of the defendant; and (3) the emotional distress suffered by the child
witness in the presence of the defendant is not de minimis (‘more than mere
nervousness or excitement or some reluctance to testify’).” Marx, 953 S.W.2d at
327 (quoting Gonzales, 818 S.W.2d at 765, which quotes Maryland v. Craig, 497
U.S. 836, 855–56 (1990)); see also Hightower v. State, 822 S.W.2d 48, 51 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1991). When a trial court makes these specific findings from the
evidence, as the trial court essentially did on the record here, then “the Confrontation
Clause does not prohibit the use of a procedure that, despite the absence of face-to-
face confrontation, ensures the reliability of the evidence by subjecting it to rigorous
adversarial testing and thereby preserves the essence of effective confrontation.”
Hightower, 822 S.W.2d at 51 (quoting Craig, 497 U.S. at 857).
We review a trial court’s decision to allow closed-circuit testimony for an
abuse of discretion. Marx, 953 S.W.2d at 328. At the hearing on the State’s motion
to allow closed-circuit testimony, L.C.’s therapist testified that L.C. was “terrified
to see [Appellant],” that L.C. felt “very unsafe,” that L.C. would “shut down and
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immobilize” if she had to testify in front of Appellant, and that she believed that L.C.
would “suffer undue psychological harm” if she had to testify in the courtroom. We
hold that this evidence supports the trial court’s findings. We find no violation of
Appellant’s rights under the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause. The trial
court did not abuse its discretion when it allowed L.C. to testify by closed-circuit
television. See Aviles v. State, No. 11-01-00243-CR, 2002 WL 32344503, at *5
(Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 15, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication)
(holding that trial court complied with Craig’s necessity findings and that use of
closed-circuit television for testimony was acceptable).
We have considered all the arguments raised by Appellant in his second issue
on appeal. We overrule the issue.
In Appellant’s third issue on appeal, he argues that, because the trial court had
found him to be indigent, it was improper for the trial court to assess court-appointed
attorney’s fees against him. The State agrees with Appellant. In its judgment on
each count, the trial court ordered Appellant to pay “all costs” in the proceeding,
which included $15,676.85 in attorney’s fees.
When a trial court has found that a defendant is indigent, he is presumed to
remain indigent for the remainder of the proceedings unless there has been a material
change in the defendant’s financial circumstances. CRIM. PROC. art. 26.04(p).
Except upon evidence that there has been a material change since the indigency
finding and that a defendant is no longer indigent, the trial court may not assess
court-appointed attorney’s fees against a defendant. Cates v. State, 402 S.W.3d 250,
251–52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). There is no suggestion in the record that the trial
court found any material change in Appellant’s financial circumstances. We sustain
Appellant’s third issue and modify the trial court’s judgments and the bill of costs to
delete the assessment of attorney’s fees.
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As modified, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
JIM R. WRIGHT
SENIOR CHIEF JUSTICE
October 18, 2019
Do not publish. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Panel consists of: Bailey, C.J,
Stretcher, J., and Wright, S.C.J. 1
Willson, J., not participating.
1
Jim R. Wright, Senior Chief Justice (Retired), Court of Appeals, 11th District of Texas at Eastland,
sitting by assignment.
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