State v. Timothy Eugene Schmidt ( 2008 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 2-07-335-CR
THE STATE OF TEXAS APPELLANT
V.
TIMOTHY EUGENE SCHMIDT APPELLEE
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FROM COUNTY CRIMINAL COURT NO. 5 OF DENTON COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
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I. INTRODUCTION
Appellee Timothy Eugene Schmidt was arrested and charged with driving
while intoxicated. Schmidt filed a motion to suppress evidence seized without
a search warrant, arguing that the arresting officer did not have reasonable
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… See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
suspicion to initiate the traffic stop. The trial court granted the motion to
suppress, and the State appeals that determination. We will affirm.
II. B ACKGROUND
At approximately ten o’clock one night, Officer Keith Burris received a
dispatch call, informing him that two callers reported a reckless, possibly
intoxicated driver near Trophy Club Drive and Marshall Creek Road. The callers
told dispatch that the vehicle was a white Chevrolet truck with license plate
number 90BVVZ and that it had turned right onto Marshall Creek Road. Officer
Burris drove in that direction, turned right onto Marshall Creek Road, and saw
a truck substantially matching the description given by the dispatcher; the
actual license plate number of the truck was 90BVV2.
As Officer Burris approached the truck, he observed it make a U-turn in
the cul-de-sac at the gate entrance to Marshall Creek Park, which had been
closed since six o’clock that evening. The officer saw the truck stop in the cul-
de-sac for five or six seconds before continuing down the road. Officer Burris
followed the truck westbound on Marshall Creek Road and noted that the driver
drove at a “slow pace.” Officer Burris testified that the speed limit on Marshall
Creek Road is thirty miles per hour and that the truck was traveling at
approximately fifteen miles per hour. Officer Burris saw the driver brake once
or twice and “move to the right and the left of the lanes.” After following the
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truck for approximately 500 feet, Officer Burris activated his emergency lights
and initiated the traffic stop. He arrested Schmidt, the driver of the truck, for
driving while intoxicated.
Schmidt filed a motion to suppress, complaining that the information
provided by the callers and Officer Burris’s observations were insufficient to rise
to the level of reasonable suspicion to justify the traffic stop. At the
suppression hearing, Officer Burris testified that he has been a police officer
with the City of Trophy Club since 2004 and is trained to detect intoxication.
He testified that he stopped Schmidt for suspicion of driving while intoxicated
based on the dispatch call and his observations, including Schmidt’s making a
U-turn in the cul-de-sac at an entrance to a closed park, driving at a very slow
pace, braking multiple times, and moving to the right and left of the lanes. In
addition to Officer Burris’s testimony, the State played a videotape of the
encounter from a video recorder that was mounted in Officer Burris’s car.
Based on Officer Burris’s testimony and a review of the video, the trial court
granted Schmidt’s motion to suppress. The trial court did not file, and neither
party requested, findings of fact and conclusions of law. The State then filed
this appeal.
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III. M OTION TO S UPPRESS
In its sole point, the State complains that the trial court improperly
granted Schmidt’s motion to suppress. Specifically, the State argues that the
trial court applied the “as consistent with innocent activity as with criminal
activity” standard instead of making a determination under the totality of the
circumstances test. The State contends that under the totality of the
circumstances test, the evidence, including the dispatch call as well as Officer
Burris’s training and observations, supports the conclusion that Officer Burris
had reasonable suspicion to initiate the investigative detention.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under
a bifurcated standard of review. Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). In reviewing the trial court’s decision, we do not engage in our own
factual review. Romero v. State, 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App.
1990); Best v. State, 118 S.W.3d 857, 861 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no
pet.). The trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Wiede v. State, 214
S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853,
855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000), modified on other grounds by State v. Cullen, 195
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S.W.3d 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Therefore, we give almost total
deference to the trial court’s rulings on (1) questions of historical fact, even if
the trial court’s determination of those facts was not based on an evaluation of
credibility and demeanor, and (2) application-of-law-to-fact questions that turn
on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673;
Montanez v. State, 195 S.W.3d 101, 108–09 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006);
Johnson v. State, 68 S.W.3d 644, 652–53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). But when
application-of-law-to-fact questions do not turn on the credibility and demeanor
of the witnesses, we review the trial court’s rulings on those questions de
novo. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673; Estrada v. State, 154 S.W.3d 604, 607
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Johnson, 68 S.W.3d at 652–53.
Stated another way, when reviewing the trial court’s ruling on a motion
to suppress, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling. Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). When the record is silent on the reasons for the trial
court’s ruling, or when there are no explicit fact findings and neither party
timely requested findings and conclusions from the trial court, we imply the
necessary fact findings that would support the trial court’s ruling if the
evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, supports
those findings. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 819; see Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673;
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Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 25. We then review the trial court’s legal ruling de novo
unless the implied fact findings supported by the record are also dispositive of
the legal ruling. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 819.
We must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the record and
correct under any theory of law applicable to the case even if the trial court
gave the wrong reason for its ruling. State v. Stevens, 235 S.W.3d 736, 740
(Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Armendariz v. State, 123 S.W.3d 401, 404 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 974 (2004).
B. Reasonable Suspicion
A detention, as opposed to an arrest, may be justified on less than
probable cause if a person is reasonably suspected of criminal activity based on
specific, articulable facts. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 22, 88 S. Ct. 1868,
1880 (1968); Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d 323, 328 (Tex. Crim. App.
2000). An officer conducts a lawful temporary detention when he or she has
reasonable suspicion to believe that an individual is violating the law. Ford v.
State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Reasonable suspicion
exists when, based on the totality of the circumstances, the officer has
specific, articulable facts that when combined with rational inferences from
those facts, would lead him to reasonably conclude that a particular person is,
has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity. Id. at 492–93. This is
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an objective standard that disregards any subjective intent of the officer making
the stop and looks solely to whether an objective basis for the stop exists. Id.
at 492. We look only at those facts known to the officer at the inception of
the stop. State v. Griffey, 241 S.W.3d 700, 704 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet
ref’d).
While an anonymous tip will justify the initiation of a police investigation
in most situations, it alone will rarely establish the level of suspicion required
to justify a detention. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325, 329, 110 S. Ct. 2412,
2415–16 (1990); Davis v. State, 989 S.W.2d 859, 863–64 (Tex. App.—Austin
1999, pet. ref’d). As the Austin Court of Appeals has explained,
To justify a police officer's conclusion that a crime has been or is
being committed, the officer generally cannot rely alone on a police
broadcast of an anonymous phone call to establish probable cause
or reasonable suspicion.
....
An officer's prior knowledge, his experience, and his
corroboration of the details of the tip may be considered in giving
the anonymous tip the weight it deserves. Mere corroboration of
details, however, that are easily obtainable at the time the
information is provided will not support a finding of probable cause
nor furnish the basis for reasonable suspicion.
Davis, 989 S.W.2d at 863–64 (citations omitted).
Here, the callers were anonymous at the relevant point in time—when
Officer Burris stopped Schmidt. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S. Ct. at 1880;
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Hawes v. State, 125 S.W.3d 535, 538 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002,
no pet.); Stewart v. State, 22 S.W.3d 646, 650 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet.
ref’d). At that time, Officer Burris knew only that two individuals reported a
reckless, possibly intoxicated driver of a white Chevy pickup truck, license plate
90BVVZ, turning right onto Marshall Creek Road. 2 He did not know whether
dispatch knew or could obtain the callers’ identities, and the callers did not
follow Schmidt or remain in the area to make sure the officer detained the
correct vehicle. See Swaffar v. State, 258 S.W.3d 254, 259 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2008, pet. filed); cf. Brother v. State, 166 S.W.3d 255, 258–59 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005) (noting, in upholding stop, that tipster followed behind the
suspect with her emergency lights on, which assisted the officer in identifying
the proper vehicle), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 1150; Pipkin v. State, 114 S.W.3d
649, 654 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (upholding stop based on tip
when tipster made himself accountable for his intervention by providing his
2
… Officer Burris testified that two witnesses reported the reckless
driving, but on cross-examination, Officer Burris stated that he believed that the
two witnesses were husband and wife and that he did not write down in his
report whether there were in fact two separate calls. The testimony is
somewhat equivocal on this issue as to whether there were two witnesses and
two calls or merely two witnesses and only one call on behalf of both
witnesses. We must assume that the trial court resolved this conflict in favor
of the ruling. See Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818.
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contact information to the dispatcher); State v. Stolte, 991 S.W.2d 336,
342–43 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.) (upholding stop based on tip
when the officer knew that he could learn the identity of the tipster who had
called in the tip).
Officer Burris corroborated the easily obtainable facts given by the
callers—the description of the vehicle and its location. He further witnessed
Schmidt make a legal U-turn at the gate entrance to Marshall Creek Park, stop
for a few seconds before continuing down Marshall Creek Road, drive fifteen
miles per hour below the stated speed limit, brake once or twice, and move to
the right and left of the lane. Officer Burris did not witness Schmidt commit
any traffic violations.
The video of the encounter, which was played at the supression hearing,
reveals that Schmidt’s truck drifted slightly to the right of the road and then
back left. Overall, the video lacks evidence that Schmidt’s truck was weaving
across the road, and we must assume that the trial court made this factual
determination in favor of the ruling. See Wiede, 214 S.W.3d at 24; Kelly, 204
S.W.3d at 818. The video clearly shows that Schmidt braked once during the
middle of the recording and once right before Officer Burris activated his
emergency lights. Schmidt’s trial counsel argued that Schmidt used the brakes
to navigate the rough, “broken up pavement.” Officer Burris agreed on cross-
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examination that, when carefully looking at the video, the road “was torn up”
in front of the truck when Schmidt braked. Officer Burris also agreed that it is
prudent in most cases to slow down on rough road. The officer testified that
Marshall Creek Road is an undivided, unlit road with potholes, unimproved
sides, and no shoulder or fog lines.
Applying the required deferential standard of review to the record before
us, the trial court reasonably could have determined that Officer Burris failed to
point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warranted his stop of Schmidt. See,
e.g., Stewart, 22 S.W.3d at 649 (holding that officer’s corroboration that two
individuals occupied a green Camaro did not give officer basis for crediting
informer’s accusation that driver was intoxicated); Davis, 989 S.W.2d at 864
(“Giving the anonymous tip a common sense reading and considering it in the
most favorable light, we do not find any corroboration of details linking
appellant . . . to the criminal activity alleged.”). The trial court reasonably could
have determined that Schmidt’s making a legal U-turn at the gated entrance to
a closed park, driving at slow speeds, and braking twice on a narrow, unlit
“back road” did not constitute activity out of the ordinary related to a crime and
did not sufficiently corroborate the anonymous tip. Accordingly, taking all of
the factors into consideration, and viewing all the evidence in favor of the trial
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court’s ruling, we hold that the trial court did not err by suppressing the
evidence. See Wiede, 214 S.W .3d at 24; Kelly, 204 S.W.3d at 818. We
overrule the State’s sole point.
IV. C ONCLUSION
Having overruled the State’s sole point, we affirm the trial court’s order
granting Schmidt’s motion to suppress.
SUE WALKER
JUSTICE
PANEL: CAYCE, C.J.; HOLMAN and WALKER, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: October 16, 2008
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