in Re Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., America's Servicing Company, Premiere Asset Services, Langley & Banack, Inc., Robert Carl Jones, and Albert Garcia ( 2009 )

i i i i i i
OPINION
No. 04-09-00216-CV
IN RE WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A., AMERICA’S SERVICING COMPANY,
PREMIERE ASSET SERVICES, LANGLEY & BANACK, INC., Robert Carl JONES,
and Albert GARCIA
Original Mandamus Proceeding1
Opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Sandee Bryan Marion, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: September 23, 2009
PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS CONDITIONALLY GRANTED
Relators Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”), America’s Servicing Company, Premiere
Asset Services, Langley & Banack, Inc., Robert Carl Jones (“Jones”), and Albert Garcia (“Garcia”),
defendants in the underlying proceeding, filed a petition for writ of mandamus seeking to compel
the trial court to vacate the order denying relators’ motions to compel arbitration. We conditionally
grant mandamus relief.
… This proceeding arises out of Cause No. DC-08-01, styled Edward Huerta, et al. v. Wells Fargo Bank, et
1
al., pending in the 229th Judicial District Court, Duval County, Texas, the Honorable Alex W . Gabert presiding.
04-09-00216-CV
BACKGROUND
A. Deed of Trust and Arbitration Agreement
The underlying dispute involves allegations that relators wrongfully foreclosed on Edward
and Margarita Huerta’s (“the Huertas”) property. On December 27, 2000, the Huertas obtained a
home equity loan in the amount of $33,600 from Wells Fargo. The loan was secured by a lien on
property described as 4.867 acres of land with the address of “HC 1 Box 36 Concepcion, TX 78349,"
as evidenced by the Deed of Trust.2 In connection with this loan, the Huertas and Wells Fargo
entered into an arbitration agreement, referenced by and incorporated into the Deed of Trust. The
arbitration agreement provides as follows:
Any party to this Agreement or to any Loan Document may require
that any Dispute be resolved by binding arbitration in accordance with
the terms of this Arbitration Program, administered by the American
Arbitration Association (the “AAA”) . . . and the Federal Arbitration
Act . . . .
A ‘Dispute’ shall include any dispute, claim or controversy of any
kind, whether in contract or in tort, legal or equitable, now existing
or hereafter arising, relating in any way to this Note or Loan
Documents or any related agreement incorporating this Arbitration
Program (the “Documents”), or any past, present, or future loans,
transactions, contracts, agreements, relationships, incidents, or
injuries of any kind whatsoever relating to or involving consumer
lending, business banking, community banking, Private Client
Services, or any successor group or department of Lender. . . .
Arbitration may be demanded at any time, and may be compelled by
summary proceedings in Court.
2
…
It is undisputed that this is not the correct property description. W ells Fargo sought to obtain a lien on the
Huertas’ home; however, according to the parties, the description of the property in the Deed of Trust is not owned by
the Huertas.
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In 2005, the Huertas defaulted on the home equity loan, and eventually filed for bankruptcy.
The Huertas listed 9.95 acres as their homestead property. However, the property identified as the
Huertas’ homestead in the bankruptcy petition was not the same property as the property described
in the Deed of Trust with Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo was listed in the “Schedule D-Creditors Holding
Secured Claims.” The Huertas listed Wells Fargo, with the following description: “Dec. 2000,
supposed home equity loan on homestead property, 9.95 acres and home in Duval County Texas
debtor disputes claim and avers it to be unsecured.” According to the parties, neither the Huertas
nor Wells Fargo ever filed an adversary proceeding related to the Wells Fargo purported lien.3 On
January 11, 2006, the Huertas were discharged under section 727 of Title 11, of the United States
Code.
On May 5, 2006, Wells Fargo, through its counsel Langley & Banack and Jones, sought a
non-judicial foreclosure of the home-equity loan based on the Deed of Trust. The property was
purchased by Wells Fargo at the foreclosure sale. According to the Huertas, Wells Fargo then hired
Garcia to evict the Huertas and remove their belongings from their home. Following the eviction,
on January 3, 2008, the Huertas filed suit against Wells Fargo, Langley & Banack, and other
defendants that are no longer a part of the case. Langley & Banack answered the suit on February
15, 2008, and Wells Fargo answered the suit on April 18, 2008. Then, on June 9, 2008, the Huertas
filed their First Amended Petition, adding America’s Servicing Company, who answered the suit on
October 13, 2008, and Jones, an attorney at Langley & Banack, who answered the suit on July 1,
2008. On October 15, 2008, the Huertas filed their Second Amended Petition, adding Premiere
3
… The record does not include a copy of the W ells Fargo proof of claim.
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Asset Services, who answered the suit on December 3, 2008, and Garcia, who answered the suit on
November 5, 2008.4
On January 5, 2009, Wells Fargo, Premiere Asset Services, and America’s Servicing Co.,
jointly filed a no evidence motion for summary judgment on the Huertas’ claims for exemplary or
additional statutory damages. The motion was set to be heard on February 6, 2009. However, on
January 22, 2009, Langley & Banack and Jones filed a motion to compel arbitration. Because of the
motion to compel arbitration, relators asked that the trial court remove the motion for summary
judgment from the trial court’s consideration. Subsequently, Wells Fargo, America’s Servicing
Company, and Premiere Asset Services filed a similar motion to compel arbitration. Finally, on
February 3, 2009, Garcia filed a motion to compel arbitration.
In response to the motions to compel arbitration, the Huertas asserted there was not a valid
and binding arbitration agreement because: (1) the agreement was only between “Wells Fargo Bank
Texas, N.A.” and the Huertas, not any of the actual parties to the lawsuit; (2) the agreement was
discharged by the Huertas’ bankruptcy; (3) the agreement was merged, and therefore, eliminated, by
the foreclosure sale and the substitute trustee’s deed of trust; (4) the Huertas’ minor children were
not bound by the arbitration agreement; and (5) Margarita Huerta, who signed the arbitration
agreement “pro forma” was not bound by the arbitration agreement. In addition, the Huertas argued
their claims did not fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement, and asserted the defense that
relators waived their right to arbitration by substantially invoking the judicial process and by not
requesting arbitration within a “reasonable time.”
4
… The Huertas filed their Third Amended Petition on October 29, 2008 and their Fourth Amended Petition
on January 21, 2009.
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Following a hearing on the motions to compel arbitration on March 2, 2009, the trial court
denied all of the motions to compel arbitration without detailing any explanation in the order. This
petition for writ of mandamus ensued.
ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Relators contend the trial court erred in denying relators’ motions to compel arbitration under
the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). The parties do not dispute that the arbitration agreement
invokes the FAA. Mandamus will issue only to correct a clear abuse of discretion for which the
relator has no adequate remedy at law. In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135 (Tex.
2004) (orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. 1992) (orig. proceeding).
When a motion to compel arbitration under the FAA has been erroneously denied, there is no
adequate remedy at law, and mandamus will issue. In re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774,
780 (Tex. 2006). A party seeking a writ of mandamus to compel arbitration under the FAA must:
(1) establish the existence of a valid arbitration agreement; and (2) show that the claims asserted are
within the scope of the agreement. See In re AdvancePCS Health, L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 607 (Tex.
2005) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam).
B. Validity of the Arbitration Agreement
Whether there is a valid and enforceable agreement to arbitrate is a legal question subject to
de novo review. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003). Although there
is a strong presumption favoring arbitration, that presumption arises only after the party seeking to
compel arbitration proves a valid arbitration agreement exists. Id. Under both the FAA and the
TAA, we apply ordinary state contract law principles in order to decide whether a valid arbitration
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agreement exists. See In re D. Wilson, 196 S.W.3d at 781 (citing First Options of Chi., Inc. v.
Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). Once a valid agreement to arbitrate has been established, a
presumption attaches favoring arbitration and the burden shifts to the party resisting arbitration to
establish a defense to enforcing arbitration. See In re AdvancePCS, 172 S.W.3d at 607; In re
Hartigan, 107 S.W.3d 684, 687-88 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding [mand.
denied]).
Because the trial court did not specify the reason why it denied the motions to compel
arbitration, we must consider all of the Huertas’ arguments made in the trial court asserting there is
not a valid agreement to arbitrate.
1. Do relators have the right to enforce the agreement?
a. Wells Fargo
The first issue before the trial court was whether Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. established it is
Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A., the lender listed on the arbitration agreement. The Huertas argued
in the trial court that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. did not establish it is Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A.
and that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. is not entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement. Although the
Huertas failed to address this issue in this court, we must consider it because it was an issue upon
which the trial court could have based its ruling.
The Huertas’ Original Petition and all subsequent petitions in the record name Wells Fargo
Bank, N.A. as a defendant and assert that the loan they obtained was from Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
In addition, in a reply to the Huertas’ sur-reply before the trial court regarding the motion to compel
arbitration, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. specifically asserted that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. is the
successor by merger to Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A. Furthermore, Wells Fargo Bank N.A.
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included as an exhibit to the reply a document from the Federal Reserve System National
Information Center and a letter from the Comptroller of the Currency, Administrator of National
Banks, indicating that Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A. was consolidated and the resulting charter is
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. As a result of the foregoing, we conclude that Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.
established that Wells Fargo Bank Texas, N.A. was consolidated and resulted in Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A., and, therefore, has the right to enforce the agreement.
b. Nonsignatories
In addition to arguing Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. was not entitled to enforce the arbitration
agreement, the Huertas claimed that the remaining relators lacked standing to assert any right to
enforce the arbitration agreement. Therefore, we must address whether relators America’s Servicing
Company, Premiere Asset Services, Langley & Banack, Inc., Jones, and Garcia have the right to
enforce the arbitration agreement since they were nonsignatories to the arbitration agreement. In
support of their argument that they are entitled to compel arbitration under the arbitration agreement,
the nonsignatories assert they are agents of a signatory, Wells Fargo Bank.
The burden of establishing the existence of a valid and enforceable arbitration agreement
includes proving that the party seeking to compel arbitration was a party to the agreement or had the
right to enforce the arbitration agreement. In re Merrill Lynch Trust Co., 123 S.W.3d 549, 545-555
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, orig. proceeding), mand. granted, 235 S.W.3d 217 (Tex. 2007)
(orig. proceeding) (per curiam). “Federal courts have recognized six theories, arising out of common
principles of contract and agency law, that may bind nonsignatories to arbitration agreements:
(1) incorporation by reference; (2) assumption; (3) agency; (4) alter ego; (5) equitable estoppel; and
(6) third-party beneficiary.” In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 739 (Tex. 2005).
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The nonsignatories to an arbitration agreement who are agents of a signatory may be able to
invoke an arbitration agreement in some cases. See In re Kaplan Higher Educ. Corp., 235 S.W.3d
206, 209 (Tex. 2007) (holding that “the agents of a signatory may sometimes invoke an arbitration
clause even if they themselves are nonsignatories and a claimant is not suing on the contract.”); In
re Vesta Ins. Group, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 759, 763 (Tex. 2006) (holding that “[w]hen contracting parties
agree to arbitrate all disputes ‘under or with respect to’ a contract . . ., they generally intend to
include disputes about their agents’. . . .”). “The scope of an arbitration agreement may be extended
to claims against agents of the principal when all the agents’ allegedly wrongful acts relate to their
behavior as agents of the principal signatory company, and those acts were within the scope of the
claims covered by the arbitration provisions for which the principal would be liable.” In re Merrill
Lynch, 123 S.W.3d at 556 (citing Pritzker v. Merrill Lynch, Inc., 7 F.3d 1110, 1121 (3d Cir. 1993)).
The Huertas do not appear, in the trial court or in this court, to dispute that all of the
nonsignatory relators were agents of Wells Fargo. To the contrary, the Huertas’ Fourth Amended
Petition indicates that each of the nonsignatory relators were acting as agents of Wells Fargo:
America’s Servicing is the assumed name for Wells Fargo Home
Mortgage, Inc., a California Corporation registered to do business in
Texas. America’s Servicing was specifically authorized by Wells
Fargo to act as its agent in all proceedings and acts against the
Plaintiffs complained of in this lawsuit. . . .
[Langley & Banack] was hired by America’s Servicing and/or Wells
Fargo as its agent or subagent and acted in furtherance of its
principals’ interests. . . .
[Robert Carl Jones] is an employee or representative of Langley &
Banack, Inc., and was directly responsible for the acts of Wells Fargo
and America’s Servicing and the injury of the Plaintiffs. . . .
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Albert Garcia and his agents and his employees invaded the Huertas’
privacy. . . . Wells Fargo Bank and/or Premiere Asset Services
authorized, controlled, directed, participated in, and/or conspired in
these wrongful acts.
Premiere Asset Services an assumed name of Wells Fargo Home
Mortgage, A Division of Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. . . .
Because the parties in this court do not dispute that the nonsignatories were acting as agents of Wells
Fargo and each of their allegedly wrongful acts relate to their behavior as agents of Wells Fargo, we
conclude relators were entitled to enforce the arbitration agreement. Therefore, we hold this was not
a proper ground for the trial court to deny the motions to compel arbitration.
2. Was the arbitration agreement discharged in bankruptcy?
Also before the trial court, was the issue of whether the arbitration agreement was discharged
in bankruptcy. The Huertas contend that after the discharge, the Huertas owned the 9.855 acres as
if they were bona fide purchasers for value. See In re Peebles, 197 B.R. 799, 801 (Bankr. W.D. Pa.
1996) (holding that a bankruptcy trustee has the status of a bona fide purchaser as of the date of
bankruptcy). They further assert that “[b]y operation of federal law, the bankruptcy court’s discharge
order absolved the Huertas from their pre-filing obligations and debts, necessarily including any
obligations under the Arbitration Agreement.” The Huertas assert that Green Tree Servicing, L.L.C.
v. Fisher is on point. See 162 P.3d 944 (Okla. Civ. App. 2007). However, we do not find Green
Tree Servicing persuasive.
Green Tree involved a lawsuit filed by Green Tree Servicing against Fisher to foreclose on
property prior to the conclusion of the bankruptcy proceeding. Id. at 945-46. Fisher counterclaimed,
alleging Green Tree violated the bankruptcy injunction. Id. at 946. Green Tree filed a motion to
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compel arbitration. Id. at 947. The Oklahoma Court of Appeals determined that Fisher’s claims–
that Green Tree attempted to collect money or property that was no longer due or in his possession,
and to make telephone calls prohibited by the Oklahoma act– were not based upon duties imposed
by contract or statute that were brought into play by virtue of the contract. Id. at 948. The court
further held that “Green Tree’s alleged attempt to improperly collect money or property that was no
longer due from Fisher or in his possession occurred after the contractual relationship had been
terminated by discharge in bankruptcy.” Id. The court concluded the arbitration agreement was not
applicable to Fisher’s counterclaim. Id.
Contrary to the Huertas’ arguments in this court, the court in Green Tree did not conclude
the arbitration agreement itself was discharged in bankruptcy, but instead, the court held that the
counterclaim was not a “dispute[], claim[], or controversy[] arising from or relating to [the]
Agreement.” Id. The Huertas provide no additional case law in support of their assertion that the
arbitration agreement was discharged in bankruptcy.
To the contrary, relators argue that an arbitration agreement survives the termination or
repudiation of the contract itself; therefore, even if the Deed of Trust and the purported lien on the
property were terminated, the arbitration agreement survived. See Ambulance Billing Sys., Inc. v.
Gemini Ambulance Servs., Inc., 103 S.W.3d 507, 512-14 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.)
(consolidated interlocutory appeal and orig. proceeding); In re Koch Indus., Inc., 49 S.W.3d 439,
444-45 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, orig. proceeding [mand. denied]); see also Riley Mfg. Co.
v. Anchor Glass Container Corp., 157 F.3d 775, 782 (10th Cir. 1998).
Furthermore, relators contend other courts have held that post-discharge, plaintiffs are still
required to submit claims to arbitration. See MBNA Am. Bank, N.A. v. Hill, 436 F.3d 104, 110 (2d
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Cir. 2006); Bigelow v. Green Tree Fin. Servicing Corp., No. CV-99-6644, 2000 WL 33596476, *6
(E.D. Ca. Nov. 30, 2000). In MBNA, Hill filed for bankruptcy and his debts were discharged in
2003. See MBNA Am. Bank, N.A., 436 F.3d at 106. During the bankruptcy, Hill filed an adversary
proceeding against MBNA, claiming that MBNA violated the automatic stay. Id. MBNA moved to
compel arbitration based on the credit agreement with regard to the consumer loan, but the motion
to compel was denied because the court held that the bankruptcy court was the most appropriate
forum because permitting arbitration would seriously jeopardize the bankruptcy proceeding. Id. at
107. The Second Circuit reversed and compelled arbitration, concluding that since the bankruptcy
had ended, arbitration of the dispute would not jeopardize the bankruptcy proceeding. Id. at 108-09.
As a result, relators contend this case represents an example of how an arbitration agreement can
survive bankruptcy and still be enforced.5
We find no support for the Huertas’ argument that the arbitration agreement was discharged
in bankruptcy. Therefore, we conclude that this was not a proper ground for the trial court to deny
the motion to compel arbitration. Because we have concluded that the arbitration agreement was not
discharged by bankruptcy, we do not need to reach relators’ additional argument that the Huertas
were required to file an adversary proceeding in order to challenge Wells Fargo’s purported lien.
3. Did the arbitration agreement merge into the trustee’s deed?
Another issue before the trial court was whether the arbitration agreement merged into the
trustee’s deed, and, therefore, is unenforceable. In the trial court and in their response to this court,
the Huertas argue that, assuming the arbitration agreement survived the discharge in bankruptcy, the
5
… Bigelow provides a similar example of when a court has compelled arbitration after a claim arose against
the secured creditor for acts after bankruptcy was filed, but before the debt was discharged. Bigelow, 2000 W L
33596476 at *6.
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arbitration agreement is invalid/unenforceable because the Deed of Trust, that referenced and
incorporated the arbitration agreement, merged into the trustee’s deed following the foreclosure sale.
See Fed. Land Bank of Hous. v. Brooks, 124 S.W.2d 161, 163 (Tex. Civ. App.—Beaumont 1938),
rev’d on other grounds, 143 S.W.2d 928 (Tex. 1940) (holding that in a trespass to try title case, the
deed of trust merged into its title by the deed made to it by its trustee); see also Alvarado v. Bolton,
749 S.W.2d 47, 48 (Tex. 1988) (holding that when a deed is delivered and accepted as performance
of a contract to convey, the contract is merged in the deed). However, we do not find these cases
persuasive because neither of them represent an example of a deed of trust merging into a trustee’s
deed following a foreclosure sale.
We are not aware of any authority, nor do the Huertas cite any authority for the proposition
that an arbitration agreement is invalid or unenforceable because the deed of trust merged into the
trustee’s deed after the foreclosure sale. To the contrary, this court has previously considered a
petition for writ of mandamus that sought to enforce an arbitration agreement after the property
subject to a lien in a deed of trust was foreclosed upon. See In re Centex Home Equity Co., No. 04-
04-00585-CV, 2004 WL 2945702, *4-5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, orig. proceeding) (mem.
op.). The issue before the court in In re Centex was whether Centex had waived arbitration after
waiting fifteen months to compel arbitration. Id. at *4. We acknowledge that in In re Centex the
issue before this court was not whether a deed of trust merged into the trustee’s deed following the
foreclosure, eliminating the agreement to arbitrate. Id. However, In re Centex represents an example
of the enforcement of an arbitration agreement following foreclosure of the property. Id.
Relators contend the arbitration agreement created obligations independent of and collateral
to the Deed of Trust, and therefore, the agreement to arbitrate remained after the foreclosure sale and
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the trustee’s deed.6 We agree. In addition, the arbitration agreement specifically provides that “[t]he
provisions of this Arbitration Program shall survive any termination, amendment, or expiration of
the Documents or relationships of the parties.” Therefore, we find the Huertas’ arguments that the
Deed of Trust merged into the trustee’s deed and extinguished any agreement to arbitrate
unpersuasive. As a result of the foregoing, we conclude this was not a proper ground for the trial
court to deny the motion to compel arbitration.
4. Are the minor children bound by the agreement?
Another issue before the trial court was whether the minor children were bound by the
agreement. The Huertas argued in the trial court that because the minor children’s claims have
nothing to do with a contract, the minor children are not bound by the arbitration agreement. The
Huertas argue their claims all arise because there was no contract on the 9.855 acres and none of
their claims are predicated upon any contractual right or the violation of any contractual duty on the
part of Wells Fargo and/or its agents.
However, “a nonparty may be compelled to arbitrate ‘if it seeks, through the claim, to derive
a direct benefit from the contract containing the arbitration provisions.’” In re Weekley Homes, L.P.,
180 S.W.3d at 131 (internal citations omitted). The Supreme Court went on to explain that:
Under both Texas and federal law, whether a claim seeks a direct
benefit from a contract containing an arbitration clause turns on the
6
… Relators further contend the Huertas’ merger argument is easily disposed of by Stanford Development Corp.
v. Stanford Condominium Owners Ass’n, 285 S.W.3d 45, 51-52 (Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.). In
Stanford, the court of appeals held that the arbitration agreement contained in an earnest money contract did not merge
into the deed. Id. at 52. However, as the Huertas point out, the issue before the court of appeals in Stanford was whether
an arbitration clause in an earnest money contract merged into a deed, not whether an arbitration clause in a deed of trust
merges into a trustee’s deed in a foreclosure context. Id.
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substance of the claim, not artful pleading. Claims must be brought
on the contract (and arbitrated) if liability arises solely from the
contract or must be determined by reference to it.
Id. at 132 (emphasis added).
Relators assert the Huertas’ claims against them are based on relators’ enforcement of the
loan documents, contending that “but for the Loan Documents, there would have been no dispute
and neither the Huertas nor their minor children would have any claims.” Relators further contend
that as the Huertas make it clear in their pleadings, both in the trial court and in this court, the Deed
of Trust between the Huertas and Wells Fargo defines the rights of the parties and, as the Huertas
claim, establishes Wells Fargo had no rights to the property owned by the Huertas.
The Huertas have asserted in the trial court, among other claims, violations of the Texas Debt
Collection Act, trespass, theft, invasion of privacy, wrongful post-foreclosure eviction, and they have
sought declaratory relief. The Huertas’ Fourth Amended Petition specifically requests a declaratory
judgment “that Defendant Wells Fargo has no lien or other rights in and to the 9.855 Acres, and has
no rights to pursue any deficiency against the Plaintiffs for any of the debt discharged in
bankruptcy.”
Because the Huertas’ Fourth Amended Petition specifically requests a declaratory judgment
that Wells Fargo has no lien or other rights to the 9.855 acres, and because the Huertas and the minor
children have asserted other claims which will likely require a determination as to the validity of the
lien by reference to the contract, the minor children’s claims must be sent to arbitration along with
the Huertas’ claims. See In re Weekley Homes, L.P., 180 S.W.3d at 131. As a result, we conclude
that this was not a proper basis to deny the motions to compel arbitration as to the minor children.
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5. Is Margarita Huerta bound by the agreement?
Also before the trial court, was whether Margarita Huerta was bound by the arbitration
agreement because she signed the agreement “pro forma.” The Huertas contend that because
Margarita Huerta signed the deed and the arbitration agreement “pro forma” only, she expressly
reserved her right to challenge the substantive provisions of the agreement. However, we do not
need to reach this issue because just as the minor children are bound by the agreement for the reasons
explained above, so is Margarita Huerta.
C. Are the Huertas’ claims within the scope of the agreement?
Having determined that a valid arbitration agreement exists between the parties, we next
address whether the claims asserted are within the scope of the agreement. See In re AdvancePCS,
172 S.W.3d at 607. As previously mentioned, the arbitration agreement provides that a “dispute”
includes in part, “any dispute, claim or controversy of any kind, whether in contract or in tort, legal
or equitable, now existing or hereafter arising, relating in any way to this Note or Loan Documents
or any related agreement incorporating this Arbitration Program (the “Documents”).”
The Huertas asserted in the trial court and in this court that their claims do not fall within the
scope of the arbitration agreement because the tortious acts of the relators were extraneous to any
note, loan document, or lending function. The Huertas further contend that at the time the tortious
acts occurred, Wells Fargo had no lien rights to the 9.855 acres and “[f]or all practical purposes
Wells Fargo and the Huertas were strangers when Wells Fargo ousted the Huertas from their 9.855
acres.”
On the other hand, relators assert the arbitration agreement specifically requires the Huertas
to submit “any” dispute relating to the note and loan documents and the property located at HC 1
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Box 36, Concepcion, Texas 78349. Therefore, relators contend the scope of the arbitration
agreement would therefore necessarily include: (a) whether the Deed of Trust was invalid; (b)
whether relators violated the debt collection statutes by attempting to collect the debt secured by the
Deed of Trust; and (c) whether Wells Fargo wrongfully evicted the Huertas from the property. In
order to further support their argument that the Huertas’ claims fall within the scope of the
agreement, relators contend the Huertas’ lawsuit centers on the validity of the lien in the Deed of
Trust because the basis of the Huertas’ claims of wrongful collection and eviction are based on the
alleged invalidity of the lien. Relators contend their argument is further supported by the Huertas’
request for a declaratory judgment that Wells Fargo’s purported lien was invalid.
We agree with relators that the Huertas’ claims fall within the scope of the arbitration
agreement. The Huertas seek a declaratory judgment that the purported lien is invalid, which is a
claim that clearly “relates . . . to the Note or Loan Documents.” Based on the foregoing, we conclude
that because the Huertas’ claims fall within the scope of the arbitration agreement, this was not an
appropriate basis for the trial court to deny the motions to compel arbitration.
D. Did relators waive their right to arbitration?
Next we turn to whether relators waived their right to arbitration. A party waives arbitration
by substantially invoking the judicial process to the other party’s detriment. Perry Homes v. Cull,
258 S.W.3d 580, 589-90 (Tex. 2008). “Due to the strong presumption against waiver of arbitration,
this hurdle is a high one.” Id. at 590. Up until Perry, the Texas Supreme Court had never found
such a waiver. Id. The Court took the federal court approach to waiver by adopting the “totality of
the circumstances” analysis. Id. at 590-91. The Court acknowledged that like federal courts, this
Court has considered factors such as:
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(1) when the movant knew of the arbitration clause;
(2) how much discovery has been conducted;
(3) who initiated the discovery;
(4) whether it related to the merits rather than arbitrability or
standing;
(5) how much of it would be useful in arbitration; and
(6) whether the movant sought judgment on the merits.
Id. at 591-92.
The Court further held that “a party who enjoys substantial direct benefits by gaining an
advantage in the pretrial litigation process should be barred from turning around and seeking
arbitration with the spoils.” Id. at 593. The Court concluded that “in close cases, the ‘strong
presumption against waiver’ should govern.” Id. (quoting In re D. Wilson, 196 S.W.3d at 783).
Whether a party has waived its right to arbitration is a question of law that we review de
novo, giving no deference to the trial court’s ruling. Id. at 598.
1. Substantial Invocation of the Judicial Process:
The Huertas treat all relators as one and contend relators waived their right to arbitration
because the following has taken place: (1) extensive discovery has been conducted; (2) relators
presumably knew all along there was an arbitration agreement; (3) an oral deposition was noticed;
(4) a motion for summary judgment was filed by Wells Fargo, Premiere Asset Services, and
America’s Servicing Co.; (5) a cross-claim was filed by Garcia against Wells Fargo and Premiere
Asset Services; (6) relators participated in six depositions; (7) the Huertas’ have incurred
approximately $200,000 in attorneys’ fees; and (8) relators agreed to a docket control order and did
not oppose a trial setting.
In their response to the petition for writ of mandamus, the Huertas provide a summary of all
of the written discovery in the case. However, a significant amount of that discovery was conducted
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by the Huertas themselves. As the Supreme Court pointed out in Perry when comparing the case
to Vesta, “while the party opposing arbitration in Vesta allegedly incurred more than $200,000 in
expenses, most of that was incurred in getting discovery rather than providing it; a party who
requests lots of discovery is not prejudiced by getting it and taking it to arbitration in the same way
that a party who produces lots of discovery outside the stricter discovery limits in arbitration. Perry,
258 S.W.3d at 598 (citing In re Vesta Ins. Group, Inc., 192 S.W.3d 759, 764 (Tex. 2006)).
We analyze each individual relator’s acts based on the totality of the circumstances to
determine whether they waived their right to arbitration by substantially invoking the judicial
process. It is clear from the record that relators Premiere Asset Services, America’s Servicing
Company, and Garcia did not waive their right to compel arbitration. Premiere Asset Services did
not file an answer to the suit until December of 2008; America’s Servicing Company did not file an
answer to the suit until October of 2008; and Garcia did not file an answer to the suit until November
of 2008. Shortly after the first motion to compel arbitration was filed by Langley & Banack, Inc. and
Jones,Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., America’s Servicing Company, and Premiere Asset Services filed
a joint motion to compel arbitration on January 30, 2009. Garcia filed a similar motion to compel
arbitration on February 3, 2009. In addition, according to the parties, Premiere Asset Services has
only propounded requests for disclosure on the Huertas, filed a motion for summary judgment jointly
with Wells Fargo and America’s Servicing Company, agreed to a docket control order, and did not
oppose a trial setting. America’s Servicing Company’s only participation in the lawsuit is filing a
joint motion for summary judgment along with Wells Fargo and Premiere Asset Services, agreeing
to a docket control order, and not opposing a trial setting. Garcia has only filed a cross-claim against
Wells Fargo and Premiere Asset Services, agreed to a docket control order, and did not oppose a trial
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setting. As a result of the foregoing limited activities of the parties, we conclude the Huertas did not
establish that Premiere Asset Services, America’s Servicing Company, and Garcia waived their right
to arbitration by substantially invoking the judicial process.
We now turn to whether the remaining relators Wells Fargo, Langley & Banack, Inc., and
Jones waived their right to arbitration. Langley & Banack was the first defendant sued, and it
answered on February 15, 2008 and filed its motion to compel arbitration on January 22, 2009; Wells
Fargo answered the suit on April 18, 2008, and filed its motion to compel arbitration on January 30,
2009; and, Jones answered the suit on July 1, 2008, and filed his motion to compel arbitration jointly
with Langley & Banack, Inc.
Wells Fargo has propounded the following discovery and motion: (1) requests for disclosure
propounded on Edward Huerta, Margarita Huerta, and the three minor children; (2) first set of
requests for production propounded on Edward Huerta and Margarita Huerta, individually; (3) first
set of interrogatories propounded on Edward Huerta and Margarita Huerta, individually; (4)
depositions on written questions propounded to a number of third parties; and (5) motion for
summary judgment jointly with Premiere Asset Services and America’s Servicing Company
regarding exemplary damages. According to the record, Langley & Banack has only propounded
basic discovery requests on the Huertas. As to Jones, there is nothing in the record indicating that
he has conducted any discovery individually.
In Vesta, the Supreme Court held that incurring more than $200,000 in expenses and fees,
propounding standard requests for disclosure, noticing a total of four depositions, and each defendant
propounding requests for production, fell short of overcoming the presumption against waiver of a
right compel arbitration. See In re Vesta, 192 S.W.3d at 764. Unlike the situation in Perry when
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the Texas Supreme Court determined there was waiver, the case at hand is not one in which the
parties have waited until the eve of trial after all or the majority of the discovery has been completed.
Perry, 258 S.W.3d at 595-596. The parties have indicated that the trial is not until October 2009, and
there is remaining discovery that needs to be conducted, including deposing the Huertas. As a result,
we conclude that Wells Fargo, Langley & Banack, and Jones have not substantially invoked the
judicial process to the extent that it overcomes the presumption against waiver of the right to compel
arbitration.
Because we have found that the Huertas did not meet their burden of proving relators
substantially invoked the judicial process, we do not need to consider whether the Huertas were
prejudiced. As a result, we conclude that waiver of the right to arbitration was not a proper basis
for the trial court to deny the motions to compel arbitration.
E. Failure to Exercise Right to Arbitration Within a “Reasonable Time”
The final issue before the trial court was whether relators were required to make a showing
that they exercised their contractual right to arbitration within a “reasonable time” as required by the
arbitration agreement. The Huertas rely on the following provision in the arbitration agreement to
support their contention that the arbitration agreement requires relators to demand arbitration at a
reasonable time:
Abritrators; Preservation of Remedies. . . .The involvement of any
party in judicial or other proceedings as plaintiff or in any other
capacity shall not impair such party’s right to demand arbitration at
any reasonable time.
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The Huertas further assert that the burden of establishing compliance with the requirement that
arbitration be demanded within a “reasonable time” is on the relators and is a condition precedent
to seeking to compel arbitration.
We conclude that rather than a condition precedent that must be met prior to seeking to
compel arbitration, the language relied upon by the Huertas preserves a party’s remedies by
providing in part that participation in judicial proceedings will not impair that party’s right to
demand arbitration at any reasonable time. In addition, the arbitration agreement clearly indicates
in the section entitled “Agreement For Binding Arbitration,” that “[a]rbitration may be demanded
at any time, and may be compelled by summary proceedings in Court.” We conclude this was not
a proper basis for the trial court to deny the motions to compel arbitration.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we conclude the trial court clearly abused its discretion in denying
relators’ motions to compel arbitration. Accordingly, we conditionally grant the petition for writ
of mandamus. The writ will issue only if the trial court fails to within 10 days (1) withdraw its
March 27, 2009 order denying relators’ motions to compel arbitration, and (2) issue an order staying
the underlying cause pending arbitration of the case. In addition, the stay imposed by this court’s
order of April 16, 2009 is lifted.
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
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