in the Matter of J.L., a Child ( 2015 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-13-00423-CV
IN THE MATTER OF J.L.
On Appeal from the County Court
Deaf Smith County, Texas, Sitting as Juvenile Court
Trial Court No. JU 13H-023, Honorable Tom Simons, Presiding
March 6, 2015
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
Appellant J.L., a juvenile, appeals the disposition order of commitment to the
Texas Juvenile Justice Department in which the trial court found he engaged in
delinquent conduct by committing indecency with a child. Through one issue, he
contends the trial court reversibly erred in its instruction to the jury. We will affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Background
The district attorney’s office filed a petition alleging delinquent conduct against
appellant, a juvenile sixteen years of age, alleging two counts of indecency with a child.1
One count alleged appellant engaged in delinquent conduct by touching the genitals of
the victim. The second alleged appellant engaged in delinquent conduct by causing the
victim to touch appellant’s genitals.
Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s
verdict. We will therefore relate only those facts pertinent to disposition of his appellate
issue.
The victim testified she was twelve years old at the time of the incident. She said
that one evening, she was watching movies at her grandmother’s apartment with her
older half-sister, her brother, and appellant. The victim had not met appellant before
that day. Her half-sister testified she “dated [appellant] for a couple of months.” The
victim said she sat on a couch and appellant “began to scoot next to her” and tried to
kiss her. She told him to stop. Appellant also “tried to put her hand on [appellant’s]
penis” and her hand “barely touched it.” She also testified appellant touched her on her
breasts with his hand over her clothes and touched her genitals. An outcry witness
testified the victim told her appellant took her hand and put it on appellant’s “private.”
Witnesses appearing on behalf of appellant testified to their presence in the room
at the time of the alleged incidents and stated they saw nothing like the victim
described.
1
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11 (West 2009).
2
The jury returned a verdict finding appellant engaged in delinquent conduct by
having the victim touch appellant’s genitals. It failed to find he touched her genitals. The
court then dismissed the jury and heard punishment evidence, after which it ordered
appellant to commitment to the Texas Juvenile Justice Department and ordered that he
register as a sex offender. This appeal followed.
Analysis
In his sole issue on appeal, appellant argues that the language of the jury
charge’s application paragraph could have erroneously allowed the jury to convict him
without finding he possessed the specific intent “to arouse or gratify his sexual desire”
and that error was made worse by the inclusion of the full statutory definitions2 of the
culpable mental states of “knowingly” and “intentionally” in the jury charge’s abstract
provisions. Appellant argues he was egregiously harmed by the error.
An error in the jury charge is generally reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard. Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If we find error,
we must then evaluate the harm. Barrios v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009); Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Appellant was adjudicated delinquent by the finding he committed indecency with
a child by causing the twelve-year-old victim to engage in sexual contact. To constitute
sexual contact under the indecency with a child statute, an act must be committed with
2
The charge’s definition of “intentionally” actually was missing a few words. It read: “A person
acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his conduct when it is his conscious
objective or desire to engage in conduct or cause the result.” Cf. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.03(a) (West
2011). The charge did include the full statutory definition of “knowingly.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §
6.03(b) (West 2011).
3
the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any person. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 21.11 (West 2009).
The abstract portion of the jury charge included language stating: “Our law
provides that a person commits the offense of Indecency with a Child if, with a child
younger than seventeen years of age and not his spouse; whether the child is of the
same or opposite sex, he engages in sexual contact with the child.” The charge defined
“sexual contact” as “any touching, including through the clothing, of any part of the
anus, breast, or genitals of another person with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual
desire of any person.”
The application portion of the jury charge provided: “Now if you find from the
evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the 21st day of July, 2013, the
juvenile, [J.L.] did then and there with intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desires of the
juvenile, intentionally or knowingly cause [victim], a child younger than seventeen (17)
years of age, to engage in sexual contact by causing [victim] to touch the genitals of the
juvenile then you will find the juvenile engaged in Delinquent Conduct as alleged in
Paragraph 2 of the Petition Alleging Delinquent Conduct.”
Appellant begins his analysis with the assertion indecency with a child is a
“nature of conduct” offense rather than a “result of conduct” offense. For that
proposition, he cites Scott v. State, 202 S.W.3d 405 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet.
ref’d); Rodriguez v. State, 24 S.W.3d 499 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2000, pet. ref’d);
and Caballero v. State, 927 S.W.2d 128 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1996, pet. ref’d). Those
cases do not involve an indictment alleging the defendant caused the child victim to
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engage in sexual contact.3 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.11(a)(1) (West 2009); Scott,
202 S.W.3d at 407; Rodriguez, 24 S.W.3d at 501; Caballero, 927 S.W.2d at 130.
Nonetheless, for our present purpose we will assume, without deciding, that appellant is
correct in his characterization of the offense of which he was adjudicated as a nature of
conduct offense. But see Arredondo v. State, No. 05-11-01679-CR, 2013 Tex. App.
LEXIS 8683, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 12, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (noting only mental state expressly required by the statute appears to
require actor’s intent be directed to result of the conduct). And for our present purpose
we will assume, without deciding, that he is correct also that the trial court’s inclusion of
the complained-of terms in the application paragraph, and its use of the complete
statutory definitions of the mental states “intentionally” and “knowingly,” were error.
See, e.g., Bazanes v. State, 310 S.W.3d 32, 37 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. ref’d)
(finding error in similar charge).
Turning to the issue of harm, because appellant did not object to the charge, we
must decide whether the error was so egregious and created such harm that the
appellant did not have a fair and impartial trial—in short, that "egregious harm" has
occurred. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on
reh’g). See also TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.19 (West 2006); Allen v. State, 253
S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Egregious harm is a difficult standard to
prove, and such a determination must be made on a case-by-case basis. Taylor v.
State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). Egregious error affects the very
3
The statutory language criminalizing the conduct of one who “causes the child to engage in
th
sexual contact” under Penal Code section 21.11(a) was added in 2001. Acts 2001, 77 Leg., ch. 739, §
2.
5
basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a
defensive theory. Id. at 490. To determine if appellant suffered egregious harm, we
consider (1) the entire charge; (2) the state of the evidence, including contested issues;
(3) arguments of counsel; and (4) any other relevant information. Vega v. State, 394
S.W.3d 514, 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
As did the courts in Bazanes, 310 S.W.3d at 38 and Rodriguez, 24 S.W.3d at
503,4 we find the record does not reflect egregious harm from the asserted errors,
including the use of overly-broad definitions of the terms “intentionally” and “knowingly.”
Our first consideration in determining harm is that of the state of the charge as a
whole. The abstract portion of the charge accurately stated the substantive law on the
offense of indecency with a child as it applied in this case. While the charge contained
definitions of “intentionally” and “knowingly,” it also included the definition of “sexual
contact” containing the mens rea required by the statute. As such, the instructions
informed the jury of what the State was required to prove regarding appellant’s culpable
mental state. Bazanes, 310 S.W.3d at 37. Also, the charge included the instructions,
“Unless you find the alleged crime in Paragraph 2 of the Petition was committed by the
juvenile beyond a reasonable doubt, then you will find the juvenile was not engaged in
Delinquent Conduct” and the charge accurately set forth the remaining applicable law.
Considering the charge as a whole, appellant’s asserted errors appear less than
egregiously harmful.
4
Similarly, the court in Caballero, 927 S.W.2d at 131, found no harm in an objected-to charge
containing result-oriented definitions, and the court in Arredondo, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 8683 at *6-7,
found no egregious harm from similar definitions in the charge.
6
Second, we look to the state of the evidence and the contested issues. Here, the
credibility of the victim, not appellant’s state of mind, was the primary dispute. Appellant
adopted a defensive theory asserting the sexual contact never happened and the
victim’s story was fabricated in retaliation against him by the victim’s sister, appellant’s
former girlfriend. There was no contention here that sexual contact was inadvertent.
See, e.g., Bazanes, 310 S.W.3d at 35. The jury, if it believed the victim’s testimony,
could have inferred appellant possessed the requisite intent to arouse or gratify his
sexual desire from the actions to which the victim testified. The jury had before it also
the contrasting testimony of other people in the room when the incident allegedly
occurred. Appellant’s defense was not vitally affected by the charge given to the jury.
We find the state of the evidence and contested issues at trial weigh in favor of less
than egregious harm to appellant.
Third, we consider argument of counsel. The record shows the State in its
argument specifically pointed out the prosecutor had asked the victim to describe “what
[appellant’s] penis felt like because that’s one of the things we have to prove is that
there was an arousal or for gratification of a sexual desire.” This statement focused the
jury’s attention on the specific intent required by the statute. Counsel for appellant
focused his argument on the testimony of the defense witnesses who told the jury they
did not see or hear anything on the night in question. Appellant’s culpable mental state
was not mentioned. Rather, counsel reiterated his theory that despite the victim’s
allegations, “that doesn’t mean that [J.L.] did anything.” Accordingly, we find this factor
also weighs in favor of finding no egregious harm to appellant.
7
Lastly, we look at any other information that may be relevant to our determination
of harm. Appellant points to the punishment assessed against him as evidence of
egregious harm. He contends the sentence that he be “placed in a locked juvenile
facility with a requirement to register as a ‘sex offender’” is a serious deprivation of
rights and shows actual harm. We agree that in addressing other relevant information,
we may consider the severity of the punishment assessed, which may indicate
egregious harm in some situations. See, e.g., Martinez v. State, 313 S.W.3d 358, 369
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref'd), (citing Bolden v. State, 73 S.W.3d 428,
432 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref'd)). But, we cannot agree the record
here reflects a connection between the alleged errors in the charge to the jury and his
disposition by the court. Because it was the court who determined appellant’s
disposition, not the jury, the disposition is not an indication of egregious harm from
charge error in this case.
Conclusion
In light of our review of the Almanza factors under the requisite standard, we
cannot conclude that the error, if any, in the jury charge caused appellant egregious
harm. We overrule appellant's sole issue on appeal, and affirm the order of the trial
court.
James T. Campbell
Justice
8