in the Matter of S.P. ( 2014 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-14-00209-CV
NO. 02-14-00210-CV
IN THE MATTER OF S.P.
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FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF WICHITA COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NOS. 38616-L, 38620-L-D
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OPINION
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In one issue in each cause, Appellant S.P. contends that the evidence is
legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s temporary health
commitment order and subsequent order authorizing psychoactive medication.
Because we hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support
both orders, we affirm both orders.
Statement of Facts
In June 2014, Appellant was admitted to North Texas State Hospital (the
hospital) after she was found lying naked on the floor of her home; all utilities in
the home had been turned off. She had previously been diagnosed with bipolar
disorder and had been a patient at the hospital on and off since she was a
teenager. The testifying physician’s (the physician’s) preliminary diagnosis was
schizoaffective disorder, but the physician explained that the two diagnoses are
very similar and that after she gained access to more records and background
information, she believed that the historical diagnosis of bipolar disorder was the
correct diagnosis.
According to the physician, after Appellant’s admission to the hospital, she
had
[n]o sleep; she[ was] up pretty much all night every night, dancing
and singing. She[ was] nonsensical; when she sp[oke] she[ was] not
coherent. She [did not] give any kind of logical explanation of why
she [thought] she[ was in the hospital] or even where she [was]. So
[the hospital personnel could not] really make any heads or tails of
what she[ was] saying.
Appellant also did not appear to process information.
The physician testified that the doctor who had admitted Appellant to the
hospital had prescribed lithium, risperdal, and klonopin, as well as therapy, but
Appellant refused to cooperate, so the treatment was discontinued. The
physician requested the trial court to order antipsychotics, mood stabilizers,
sedatives, and possibly antidepressants.
The physician believed that with medication, Appellant would begin
sleeping through the night, have normal sleep and wake cycles, be able to
communicate with others, be more coherent and logical, and eventually function
2
in an outpatient setting. But the physician believed that without medication,
Appellant would probably continue in her current state until her body became
exhausted. The physician testified that the benefits and side effects of the
medications had been explained to Appellant, and the physician also testified
about the side effects psychoactive medications could cause:
The antipsychotic medications can cause tremors or muscle
stiffness. The mood stabilizer, Lithium, has very few side effects, but
some people do get tremors, or dry mouth, or excess urination. And
the sedative hypnotics can be oversedating, so somebody would be
sleeping when you want them to be awake. Those are probably the
major side effects.
The physician nevertheless believed that the benefits of the medication
outweighed the potential side effects and believed that ordering medication
would be in Appellant’s best interest. The physician believed that no alternative
would likely produce the same results and no less intrusive treatment would likely
secure Appellant’s agreement to take the psychoactive medications.
The physician also testified that Appellant lacked the capacity to make a
decision regarding the administration of medication because there was no
evidence that she understood or processed what she heard, and she was
incoherent. Even on the day of the hearing, Appellant’s counsel told the trial
court that when asked whether she wanted to appear at the hearing, Appellant
would just “look at [the person] and smile and start singing.” The physician
testified that she believed that treatment with medication would improve
Appellant’s quality of life.
3
The trial court mistakenly named the admitting doctor and not the
physician as the testifying expert in the “Notification of Court’s Determination.”
Standard of Review
Clear and convincing evidence must support temporary commitment
orders and orders authorizing medication. 1 Clear and convincing evidence is that
measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm
belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. 2
This intermediate standard of proof falls between the preponderance standard of
proof in most civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt standard of proof in
most criminal proceedings. 3 While the proof must be of a heavier weight than
merely the greater weight of the credible evidence, there is no requirement that
the evidence be unequivocal or undisputed. 4
In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency, we must determine
whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief
1
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.034(a) (West Supp. 2014),
§ .106(a-1) (West 2010); In re P.E.J., Nos. 02-13-00099-CV, 02-13-00100-CV,
2013 WL 4121081, at *1, *6 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 15, 2013, no pet.)
(mem. op.).
2
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.001(2) (West 2008); Tex. Fam.
Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2008); U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d 118,
137 (Tex. 2012); State v. K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d 16, 20 (Tex. 2010).
3
In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847 (Tex. 1980); State v. Addington, 588
S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).
4
Addington, 588 S.W.2d at 570.
4
or conviction that its finding was true. 5 We review all the evidence in the light
most favorable to the finding. 6 We resolve any disputed facts in favor of the
finding if a reasonable factfinder could have done so. 7 We disregard all evidence
that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved. 8 We consider undisputed
evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. 9 That is, we consider evidence
favorable to the finding if a reasonable factfinder could, and we disregard
contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. 10 The factfinder, not
this court, is the sole judge of the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses. 11
In evaluating the evidence for factual sufficiency, we determine whether,
on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief
that its finding was true. 12 If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence
that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so
significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or
5
K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v.
Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 248 (Tex. 2008) cert. denied, 290 S.W.3d 873 (2009).
6
Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d at 138; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
7
K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
8
Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
9
Id.; City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 817 (Tex. 2005).
10
See K.E.W., 315 S.W.3d at 20; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
11
In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009).
12
In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006).
5
conviction in the truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient. 13
We must not supplant the trial court’s judgment with our own. 14 The factfinder is
the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their
testimony. 15
Temporary Commitment Order
Section 574.034 governs orders for temporary mental health services and
provides,
(a) The judge may order a proposed patient to receive court-
ordered temporary inpatient mental health services only if the
judge or jury finds, from clear and convincing evidence, that:
(1) the proposed patient is mentally ill; and
(2) as a result of that mental illness the proposed patient:
(A) is likely to cause serious harm to himself;
(B) is likely to cause serious harm to others; or
(C) is:
(i) suffering severe and abnormal mental,
emotional, or physical distress;
(ii) experiencing substantial mental or physical
deterioration of the proposed patient’s
ability to function independently, which is
exhibited by the proposed patient’s inability,
except for reasons of indigence, to provide
13
Id.
14
Id.; see also Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 314 (Tex. 2006).
15
H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 109; Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116
S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003).
6
for the proposed patient’s basic needs,
including food, clothing, health, or safety;
and
(iii) unable to make a rational and informed
decision as to whether or not to submit to
treatment.
....
(c) If the judge or jury finds that the proposed patient meets the
commitment criteria prescribed by Subsection (a), the judge or
jury must specify which criterion listed in Subsection (a)(2)
forms the basis for the decision.
(d) To be clear and convincing under Subsection (a), the
evidence must include expert testimony and, unless waived,
evidence of a recent overt act or a continuing pattern of
behavior that tends to confirm:
(1) the likelihood of serious harm to the proposed patient or
others; or
(2) the proposed patient’s distress and the deterioration of
the proposed patient’s ability to function.
....
(g) An order for temporary inpatient or outpatient mental health
services shall state that treatment is authorized for not longer
than 90 days. The order may not specify a shorter period. 16
In its order committing Appellant to the hospital for no more than ninety
days, the trial court found that
[Appellant] is mentally ill and that as result of that mental
illness[, Appellant] will[,] if not treated[,] continue to suffer severe and
abnormal mental[,] emotional[,] or physical distress and will continue
to experience deterioration of [her] ability to function
independently[,] which is exhibited by [her] inability except for
16
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.034 (West Supp. 2014).
7
reasons of indigence to provide for [her] basic needs including
food[,] clothing[,] health[,] or safety; and is unable to make a rational
and informed decision as to whether or not to submit to treatment.
Appellant contends that there is no or insufficient evidence of “a recent
overt act or continuing pattern of behavior that tended to confirm a deterioration
of [her] ability to function.” We disagree. Taken together, Appellant’s inability
before her admission to the hospital to ensure that she had utilities in the Texas
summer, her not sleeping, her dancing and singing “all night[,] every night,” her
inability to process or communicate in the approximately two weeks between her
admission to the hospital and the hearing, and the physician’s testimony that
Appellant’s behaviors left unchecked would exhaust her body amount to
evidence from which the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or
conviction that she exhibited “a continuing pattern of behavior that tended to
confirm . . . [a] deterioration of [Appellant’s] ability to function,” 17 whether we view
all the evidence in a light favorable to the finding or with due deference to the trial
judge. 18 We therefore hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to
support the temporary commitment order, and we overrule Appellant’s sole issue
challenging that order.
17
See id. § 574.034(d)(2).
18
See Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d at 138; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248; H.R.M.,
209 S.W.3d at 108.
8
Order Authorizing Medication
Section 574.106(a) of the health and safety code provides in relevant part
that the trial “court may issue an order authorizing the administration of one or
more classes of psychoactive medication to a patient who . . . is under a court
order to receive inpatient mental health services.” 19 Subsection (a-1) provides in
relevant part that to issue such an order, the trial court must “find[] by clear and
convincing evidence after the hearing . . . that the patient lacks the capacity to
make a decision regarding the administration of the proposed medication and
[that] treatment with the proposed medication is in the best interest of the
patient.” 20 Subsection (b) provides that in determining the patient’s best interest,
the trial court shall consider:
(1) the patient’s expressed preferences regarding treatment with
psychoactive medication;
(2) the patient’s religious beliefs;
(3) the risks and benefits, from the perspective of the patient, of
taking psychoactive medication;
(4) the consequences to the patient if the psychoactive
medication is not administered;
(5) the prognosis for the patient if the patient is treated with
psychoactive medication;
19
Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.106(a) (West 2010).
20
Id. § 574.106(a–1).
9
(6) alternative, less intrusive treatments that are likely to produce
the same results as treatment with psychoactive medication;
and
(7) less intrusive treatments likely to secure the patient’s
agreement to take the psychoactive medication. 21
“‘Capacity’ means a patient’s ability to . . . understand the nature and
consequences of a proposed treatment, including the benefits, risks, and
alternatives to the proposed treatment; and [to] make a decision whether to
undergo the proposed treatment.” 22
Appellant initially challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that she lacked capacity to make a
decision regarding the administration of the proposed medication. But the
evidence that Appellant was found in June, lying nude on the floor in her Texas
home, with all the utilities cut off; she was up “pretty much all night[,] every night”
singing and dancing during her approximate two-week stay at the hospital before
the hearing; she did not sleep; she demonstrated an inability to process or
communicate by speaking nonsensical, incoherent language; and when asked
whether she wanted to attend the hearing, she smiled and began singing is such
that the trial court could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that
Appellant lacked capacity, whether we review all of the evidence in the light most
21
Id. § 574.106(b).
22
Id. § 574.101(1).
10
favorable to the finding 23 or merely show proper deference to the trial court. 24
We therefore hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support
the trial court’s finding of incapacity.
Appellant also contends that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to show that treatment with the proposed medication is in her best
interest because no specific medication was proposed during the hearing; the
State presented no specific therapeutic benefits of any one of the four classes of
drugs discussed at the hearing—antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, sedatives, and
antidepressants; and there was no evidence as to the side effects of
antidepressants from Appellant’s perspective. According to Appellant, “The trial
court, therefore, had no evidence at all before it of ‘the risks . . . from the
perspective of the patient[]’ of taking the antidepressant medication [that the
physician] might prescribe from that class, in violation of the [section]
574.106(b)(3) requirement that it consider same.” We disagree on all counts.
As the State points out, the health and safety code does not require a
medication to be specifically named. 25 Further, while the physician did not parse
her testimony about the benefits of each class of medication, she testified
adequately about the benefits of the requested medications. She testified that
23
See Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d at 138; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
24
See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.
25
See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.106 (West 2010).
11
with the requested medications, Appellant would start sleeping all night and
having normal sleep and wake cycles, would have the ability to communicate
with others and have logical, coherent speech, and would eventually receive
outpatient treatment instead of being confined in the hospital.
As to the absence of the evidence of “the risks . . . , from the perspective of
the patient, of taking” antidepressants, the statute does not require the trial court
to make findings on the subsection (b) factors. 26 Further, we see nothing in the
statute requiring the State to offer evidence from the proposed patient’s
perspective. 27 Appellant did not personally appear or testify at the hearing, nor
26
Id. § 574.106(a–1), (b); In re R.S.C., 921 S.W.2d 506, 514 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth 1996, no writ).
27
See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.106; State ex rel. W.W., No.
12-13-00045-CV, 2013 WL 3156312, at *6 (Tex. App.—Tyler June 19, 2013, no
pet.) (mem. op.) (“Because W.W. presented evidence to the trial court of his
preference to avoid an increased dose . . . based upon its side effects and
ineffectiveness, it is presumed that the trial court gave his preferences due
consideration.”); In re T.O.R., No. 02-12-00376-CV, 2013 WL 362747, at *5 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Jan. 31, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“T.O.R. did not present any
evidence to dispute Sobiesk’s testimony about the medications’ benefits and the
ineffectiveness of alternative treatments.”); M.H. v. State ex rel. M.H., No. 01-09-
00205-CV, 2009 WL 2050988, at *4–5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 16,
2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding evidence sufficient to support trial court’s best
interest finding when patient did not present any evidence to dispute physician’s
testimony about benefits of treatment with psychoactive medications and lack of
alternative treatments); State ex rel. A.R.F., No. 12-03-00294-CV, 2004 WL
1123832, at *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler May 19, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“Dr. Plyler’s
testimony encompassed the factors in Section 574.106 except A.R.F.’s religious
beliefs. A.R.F. presented no testimony on that factor.”); State ex rel. D.P., No.
12-03-00005-CV, 2003 WL 21998759, at *7 (Tex. App.—Tyler Aug. 20, 2003, no
pet.) (“Dr. Srinivasan’s testimony encompassed the factors in Section 574.106,
except for D.P.’s religious beliefs. D.P. did not offer evidence of her religious
12
did her counsel call any witnesses or cross-examine the physician regarding the
risks of antidepressant use from Appellant’s perspective. Finally, the physician
summarized the risks she presented with the statement, “Those are probably the
major side effects.” The trial court could have properly inferred that the physician
believed that no major side effects other than “tremors or muscle stiffness” would
result from antidepressant use should they in fact be prescribed for Appellant. 28
We likewise reject Appellant’s contention that the physician’s best interest
opinion is conclusory. The physician opined that the medications are in
Appellants best interest after testifying about the pros and cons of the
psychoactive medication; the opinion is not a bare statement lacking foundation
in the record. 29
Other than Appellant’s religious preferences and specific, direct evidence
regarding the risks of antidepressants from her perspective, the trial court had
beliefs. D.P. did express her preference to be free of medications . . . .”); R.S.C.,
921 S.W.2d at 514 (“The evidence in the record, which we have discussed
already, clearly demonstrates that in determining the need for Appellant’s
psychoactive medication, the court considered all of the factors except
Appellant’s religious beliefs, on which she offered no evidence.”).
28
See Russell v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 933 (Tex. 1993) (noting a fact
may be proved by circumstantial evidence when the fact may be fairly and
reasonably inferred from other facts).
29
See Arkoma Basin Exploration Co. Inc. v. FMF Assocs. 1990-A, Ltd., 249
S.W.3d 380, 389 & n.32 (Tex. 2008); Concentra Health Servs., Inc. v. Everly, No.
02-08-00455-CV, 2010 WL 1267775, at *10 n.45 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth April 1,
2010, no pet.).
13
evidence before it regarding all the factors, and we presume that the trial court
considered it. 30 Examining the evidence detailed above, we hold that the trial
court could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that treatment with
psychoactive medication—antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, sedatives, and
antidepressants—was in Appellant’s best interest under both the legal 31 and the
factual 32 sufficiency standards of review. We therefore hold that the evidence is
legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best interest finding.
In her last subissue, Appellant complains that the written document entitled
“Notification of Court’s Determination” wrongly indicates that the doctor who
admitted her to the hospital testified. The notification requirement in section
574.106(g) is met by the trial court’s order to compel psychoactive medication. 33
From this order, Appellant could ascertain what evidence was relied upon and
the reasons for the trial court’s findings. 34 Further, Appellant appeared at the
hearing through counsel, counsel cross-examined the physician, and counsel’s
30
See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 574.106(b); W.W., 2013 WL
3156312, at *6.
31
See Waldrip, 380 S.W.3d at 138; Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 248.
32
See H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.
33
See In re M.E.S., No. 04-02-00614-CV, 2003 WL 1240002, at *4 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio Mar. 19, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op.); R.S.C., 921 S.W.2d at
515.
34
See M.E.S., 2003 WL 1240002, at *4; R.S.C., 921 S.W.2d at 515.
14
knowledge is imputed to Appellant. 35 Finally, Appellant timely filed a brief
complaining of the order. Thus, she can show no harm from this clerical mistake
in a notice document. 36
Conclusion
Having rejected all arguments raised in Appellant’s sole issue in each
cause, we affirm the trial court’s temporary health commitment order and
subsequent order authorizing the hospital to administer psychoactive medication.
/s/ Lee Ann Dauphinot
LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
JUSTICE
PANEL: DAUPHINOT, GARDNER, and MEIER
DELIVERED: August 29, 2014
35
See Am. Flood Research, Inc. v. Jones, 192 S.W.3d 581, 584 (Tex.
2006); In re D.K., No. 02-09-00117-CV, 2009 WL 5227514, at *2 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth Dec. 31, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).
36
See M.E.S., 2003 WL 1240002, at *4; R.S.C., 921 S.W.2d at 515.
15