James Loven Brown v. State ( 2014 )

NUMBER 13-12-00709-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
JAMES LOVEN BROWN, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 156th District Court
of Live Oak County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Perkes and Longoria
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes
Appellant James Loven Brown appeals his conviction for possession of a
controlled substance (methamphetamine between one and four grams), a third-degree
felony. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.102, 481.115(c) (West, Westlaw
through 2013 3d C.S.); TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.34 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d
C.S.). Appellant pleaded not guilty. The jury found him guilty and assessed punishment
at four years’ confinement in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional
Division. By one issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. We affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Officer Samantha Bacon of the George West Police Department testified that she
pulled appellant over during a traffic stop for failure to signal a turn. Leeann Cuevas was
sitting in the passenger seat. Officer Bacon noted that appellant appeared to be
nervous, had glossy eyes, and the vein in his neck was “pulsating.” Appellant consented
to a pat down and to a search of his vehicle. Officer Amber Ramirez, of the George West
Police Department, arrived on the scene and assisted the search.
Officer Ramirez testified that she found an envelope between the center console
and the passenger side seat. The envelope contained a vehicle registration, four
baggies of methamphetamine, a napkin with “residue”, and a glass pipe containing
“residue”. 1 A two and one-half inch straw with white “residue” in it was located
underneath Cuevas’s jacket on the passenger seat. In addition, a second glass pipe
was discovered in a paper sack underneath the back seat on the driver’s side. When
Officer Bacon advised appellant of his rights, appellant asked what would happen if he
“took the wrap for this.”
Officers Bacon and Ramirez seized appellant’s and Cuevas’s phones as evidence.
Appellant consented to a search of his cell phone. A search warrant was obtained for
Cuevas’s phone.2 Text messages from appellant’s phone revealed that, just prior to
1 The vehicle was registered to James Brown, appellant’s father.
2 Officer Bacon identified twelve separate drug-related text messages on Cuevas’s phone that
occurred on the day before and during the arrest, indicating that she had spent her time buying drugs and
delivering them to people during that period of time.
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being stopped appellant and Cuevas were on their way to purchase “1 G” from a person
identified by Officer Bacon as Lenny Lopez.3 Further investigation of the text messages
revealed that appellant attempted to purchase narcotics from Cuevas the previous day,
that appellant had Cuevas’s pipe, and that Cuevas had appellant’s scale.4
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant argues the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction.
Specifically, appellant contends the evidence is legally insufficient to show that he
“intentionally or knowingly possess[ed] a controlled substance . . . .” We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
“The standard for determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support a
conviction is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Johnson v. State, 364 S.W.3d 292, 293–94 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2012) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)) (emphasis in original);
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 898–99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.). The
fact-finder is the exclusive judge of credibility of the witnesses and of the weight to be
given to their testimony. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699,
3 Lopez texted appellant to let him know when he was coming. Approximately four minutes before
being stopped by the police, appellant texted Lopez: “Heading that way.” Officer Bacon identified “1 G”
to mean one gram of narcotics.
4 In a separate proceeding, Leeanne Cuevas signed a “Stipulation of Evidence” in which she
admitted that she “did then and there intentionally or knowingly possess a controlled substance, namely,
methamphetamine, in an amount of one gram or more but less than four grams.” In addition, she signed
a “Plea Agreement” in which she stipulated to the facts of the offense in the indictment in exchange for the
State’s recommendation of the following: “OFFENSE: Poss. Cont. Subst. PG 1.”” Both exhibits were
admitted into evidence, without objection.
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707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Linden v. State, 347 S.W.3d 819, 821 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2011, pet. ref’d). Reconciliation of conflicts in the evidence is within the fact-
finder’s exclusive province. Trevino v. State, 228 S.W.3d 729, 760 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi 2006, pet. ref’d). We resolve any inconsistencies in the testimony in favor of the
verdict. Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 922.
We measure the sufficiency of the evidence by the elements of the offense as
defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Cada v. State, 334 S.W.3d 766, 773
(Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997)). Such a charge is one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily
restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for
which the defendant was tried. Id.
B. Applicable Law
In order to be found guilty of possession of a controlled substance, the State bears
the burden of proving that: (1) the accused exercised care, control, or management over
the substance and that (2) the accused knew that the substance was contraband. TEX.
HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.102, 481.115(c); Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d
402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). “Whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial, ‘it
must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection with the
drug was more than just fortuitous.’” Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 405–06 (quoting Brown
v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). This is the so-called “affirmative
links” rule. Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 405–06. For the evidence to be sufficient, the
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State does not need to disprove all reasonable alternative hypotheses that are
inconsistent with guilt; rather, this Court considers only whether the inferences necessary
to establish guilt are reasonable based on the cumulative force of all the evidence when
considered in the light most favorable to the verdict. Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
The factors by which an accused may, under unique circumstances of each case,
be sufficiently “linked” to the contraband include: (1) the defendant’s presence when a
search is conducted; (2) whether the contraband is in plain view; (3) the defendant’s
proximity to and accessibility to the contraband; (4) whether the defendant exhibited signs
of being under the influence of narcotics when arrested; (5) whether the defendant
possessed other contraband or narcotics when arrested; (6) whether the defendant made
incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the defendant attempted to flee;
(8) whether the defendant made furtive gestures; (9) whether there was an odor of
contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia were present; (11)
whether the defendant owned or had the right to possess the place where the drugs were
found; (12) whether the place where the drugs were found was enclosed; (13) whether
the defendant was found with a large amount of cash; and (14) whether the conduct of
the defendant indicated a consciousness of guilt. Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Lopez v. State, 267 S.W.3d 85, 92 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
2008, no pet.). It is not the number of links that is dispositive, but rather the logical force
of all the evidence, direct and circumstantial. Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 161. It is not
necessary that every fact directly and independently point to the defendant’s guilt, but it
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is enough if the conclusion is warranted by the combined and cumulative force of all
incriminating circumstances. Lopez, 267 S.W.3d at 95. Although parties may disagree
about the logical inferences that flow from undisputed facts, “[w]here there are two
permissible views of the evidence, the fact-finder’s choice between them cannot be
clearly erroneous.” Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 163 (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer,
470 U.S. 564, 574 (1985)).
Appellant was also charged under the law of parties, which makes a person
criminally responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if he acts with
intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02
(a)(2) (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.); Casanova v. State, 383 S.W.3d 530, 534–
35 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). While mere presence at the scene, or even flight, is not
enough to sustain a conviction, it is a circumstance tending to prove guilt which, with other
facts, may be sufficient to show that the accused was a participant. McAfee v. State,
204 S.W.3d 868, 879 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2006, pet. ref’d); Vargas v. State, 883
S.W.2d 256, 263 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1994, pet. ref’d).
III. DISCUSSION
Viewing all evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that there is
sufficient evidence from which a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt
that appellant was sufficiently “linked” to the contraband, and that appellant was guilty of
the offense of possession of methamphetamine. See Casanova, 383 S.W.3d at 534–
35; Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 405–06. Several of the above listed factors were present
during the search and arrest. See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162; Lopez, 267 S.W.3d at 92.
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Appellant’s physical appearance at the time he was stopped showed that he had glossy
eyes, that a vein in his neck was “pulsating,” and that he appeared nervous. The
narcotics, a napkin and pipe with “residue”, and the auto registration were all in an
envelope in the car he was driving; appellant was within a close proximity of the envelope;
another pipe and a straw with “residue” were located inside appellant’s car; text messages
taken from appellant’s and Cuevas’s phones indicated that appellant tried to acquire
narcotics from Cuevas on the day before the stop and that they shared drug
paraphernalia; and appellant made an incriminating statement at the time of his arrest.
From this evidence, a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that
appellant exercised care, control, and management over the methamphetamine. See
Poindexter, 153 S.W.3d at 409–12 (finding defendant owned premises, based on a utility
bill, where narcotics were found, that narcotics were easily accessible to defendant, and
that contraband could only be recovered by occupant of premises were relevant in finding
defendant possessed narcotics); Lopez, 267 S.W.3d at 96–97 (considering relevant that
appellant owned the vehicle where narcotics were found, made incriminating statements
at arrest, and was at the scene during the search).
In addition, we hold the evidence is sufficient to establish that appellant is also
guilty under the law or parties. See Casanova, 383 S.W.3d at 534–35. Specifically, the
evidence shows that Cuevas intentionally or knowingly possessed methamphetamine
and that appellant, acting with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense,
solicited, encouraged, directed, aided, or attempted to aid Cuevas to commit the offense.
See Vargas, 883 S.W.2d at 263 (holding that facts showing defendant helped conceal
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narcotics and was cooperative with primary actors were relevant in finding defendant to
be a party of the possession of narcotics); see also Stroman v. State, 69 S.W.3d 325,
330–31 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d) (determining that facts showing the
defendant was within close proximity to narcotics, narcotics were hidden among his
things, and that he was aware of primary actor’s occupation as a narcotics dealer were
relevant in finding defendant guilty as a party to possession). Most notably, numerous
texts messages from appellant’s and Cuevas’s phones further showed knowledge of the
drug-related activities on the day before and up to the time of arrest. The evidence was
therefore legally sufficient to establish that appellant was not an unknowing participant to
the happenings of the day.
We overrule appellant’s sole issue on appeal.
IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GREGORY T. PERKES
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
3rd day of July, 2014.
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