Robert Troy McClure v. State of Texas ( 2012 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
_________________________
No. 06-12-00075-CV
______________________________
ROBERT TROY MCCLURE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, ET AL., Appellee
On Appeal from the 102nd Judicial District Court
Bowie County, Texas
Trial Court No. 12C0711-102
Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Robert Troy McClure has filed a pro se appeal from the dismissal of his suit against the
Texas Department of Criminal Justice–Institutional Division (TDCJ); Rick Thaler, Director of
the Texas Department of Corrections; Robert Eason, Region Two Director of the Texas
Department of Corrections; Dawn Grounds, Warden of the Telford Unit of the Texas Department
of Corrections; and correctional officers Tyler Boles and Mary Langly. Each individual
defendant was sued individually and in his or her official capacity.
McClure, an inmate, alleged excessive use of force by prison officials while being
housed at the Telford Unit of the TDCJ.1 McClure attached to his petition an affidavit of
indigence, an affidavit documenting his compliance with TDJC grievance procedures, together
with copies of the written decisions generated as a result of the grievance process, and an
affidavit documenting previous lawsuits filed in Texas state courts.
The trial court dismissed McClure‘s suit before service of process stating that McClure
failed to file his lawsuit within thirty-one days after the decision on his step two grievance. The
order also set forth additional reasons McClure‘s complaint was dismissed. These additional
reasons included a determination that (1) the majority of McClure‘s requested relief is now moot,
and (2) McClure‘s action is frivolous in light of the fact that he filed two lawsuits in the trial
court prior to filing the excessive force complaint less than six months after the previous lawsuit.
1
McClure is currently housed in the Wynne Unit in Huntsville, having been transferred there on March 6, 2012.
2
As an inmate proceeding in forma pauperis, McClure‘s suit must comply with the
requirements of Chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See TEX. CIV.
PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.002(a) (West Supp. 2012). The chapter provides:
(a) An inmate who files a claim that is subject to the grievance system
established under Section 501.008, Government Code, shall file with the court:
(1) an affidavit or unsworn declaration stating the date that the
grievance was filed and the date the written decision described by section
501.008(d), Government Code, was received by the inmate; and
(2) a copy of the written decision from the grievance system.
(b) A court shall dismiss a claim if the inmate fails to file the claim before the
31st day after the day the inmate receives the written decision from the grievance
system.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.005 (West 2002). A trial court has a mandatory duty
to dismiss a claim that is filed late. Id.; Smith v. Tex. Dep’t Criminal Justice–Institutional Div.,
33 S.W.3d 338, 340 n.2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). Further, the Section 14.005
affidavit or unsworn declaration must give both the date the grievance was filed and the date on
which a written decision was received. Draughon v. Cockrell, 112 S.W.3d 775, 776 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2003, no pet.).
I. Dismissal Improper Under Section 14.005(b)
McClure filed a first step grievance requesting to be placed in protective custody and for
injunctive relief on January 26, 2012. Prison authorities denied his grievance request. McClure
filed a second step grievance request on March 22, 2012. As a result of this request, McClure
was reassigned to the Wynne Unit. While the response to the second step grievance is dated
3
April 5, 2012, McClure‘s ―Affidavit of Grievance of Return and Answer‖ indicates McClure
received the response to his step two grievance on April 27, 2012.2 The trial court calculated the
thirty-one-day time frame in which McClure was statutorily required to file his lawsuit from
April 5, 2012,3 the date on which the step two grievance response was signed by Susan Bauer-
Assistant Regional Director, Region II, TDCJ. The order thus states that McClure‘s lawsuit,
filed on May 14, 2012, was filed more than thirty-one days after he received a decision on his
step two grievance.
The time for filing suit pursuant to Section 14.005(b) runs from the date the inmate
receives the written decision from the grievance system, not the date the TDCJ issues its final
decision on the matter. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 14.005(b); Mason v. Wood, 282
S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2009, no pet.). McClure attached the step two
grievance form, signed April 5, 2012, to his petition. McClure‘s petition is dated May 1, 2012,
and was filed on May 14, 2012. The affidavit attached to McClure‘s petition states that he
received the written decision regarding his step two grievance on April 27, 2012. Because the
thirty-first day after the date McClure received the decision was May 28, 2012, the petition, on
its face, appears to be timely filed. See Mason, 282 S.W.3d at 193; see also Comeaux v. Tex.
Dep’t of Criminal Justice–Institutional Div., No. 14-02-01283-CV, 2005 WL 2978891, at *2
2
The step two offender grievance form with attached response indicates a due date of April 26 and contains a date
stamp of April 27, 2012.
3
The order states that McClure ―received a decision from prison officials regarding his Step Two grievance on
April 5, 2012.‖ Because the second step grievance response is dated April 5, 2012, it is highly improbable that
McClure actually received the decision the day it was rendered.
4
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 8, 2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (uncontroverted allegation
of date of receipt established timely filing).
The fact that the decision was signed twenty-two days before McClure claims he received
it does not establish that McClure filed his suit too late.4 Id. The trial court, therefore, erred in
dismissing McClure‘s suit based on Section 14.005(b). TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 14.005(b).
II. Dismissal Improper for Additional Reasons Stated in Order
McClure‘s petition requests the following relief for the alleged excessive use of force:
(1) a permanent injunction ordering the individual defendants to ―stop abusing McClure or
retaliating in any way,‖ (2) placement in protective custody, and (3) compensatory and punitive
damages. The dismissal order reasons that because McClure has been transferred to the Wynne
Unit, the majority of the requested relief is moot; therefore, dismissal was proper. Even
assuming (without deciding) transfer to the Wynne Unit resolved McClure‘s first two claims for
relief, it did nothing to address McClure‘s claim for compensatory and punitive damages.
4
We acknowledge authority holding that when a second grievance against the TDCJ involves the same issues as the
first grievance, the thirty-one-day statute of limitations for filing a state court action begins to run on the date the
first grievance was denied. Allen v. Tex. Dep’t of Criminal Justice–Institutional Div., 80 S.W.3d 681, 683 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). In that case, Allen‘s grievance was denied in July. He filed his
lawsuit almost seventeen months later. Allen‘s lawsuit was dismissed under Section 14.005 of the Texas Civil
Practice and Remedies Code. Before filing his suit in state court, Allen filed a suit in federal court, which was
dismissed as well. After Allen‘s federal lawsuit was dismissed, he filed a second grievance involving the same
issues as his first grievance. The second grievance did not extend the deadline to file his state court claim. Id. at
683. Here, McClure did not file two separate grievances for the same issues. Instead, he followed a two-step
grievance procedure necessary to fully exhaust his administrative remedies prior to filing his lawsuit in district court.
The initial offender grievance form McClure filed was captioned, ―Step 1.‖ The second offender grievance form
was captioned ―Step 2,‖ being an appeal of the Step 1 grievance decision. The Step 2 form requires that the Step 1
grievance, signed by the Warden, must be attached to the Step 2 form in order to appeal to Step 2.
5
Because McClure‘s claims for monetary relief have never been addressed, dismissal of his
lawsuit on this basis was improper.
As a second additional reason for dismissing McClure‘s claims, the trial court cited two
―other lawsuits‖ filed by McClure in the same court approximately six months prior to this one.
Because the Texas Legislature enacted Chapter 14 to control the flood of frivolous lawsuits by
prison inmates, the trial court reasoned that the present lawsuit should be dismissed. Section
14.003 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code sets forth the reasons for which a trial
court may dismiss an inmate claim. One such reason for dismissal is based on the trial court‘s
finding that the claim is frivolous or malicious. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.
§ 14.003(a)(2) (West 2002). In determining whether a claim is frivolous or malicious, the trial
court may consider whether ―the claim‘s realistic chance of ultimate success is slight,‖ ―the
claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact,‖ ―it is clear that the party cannot prove facts in
support of the claim,‖ or ―the claim is substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the
inmate because the claim arises from the same operative facts.‖ TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
ANN. § 14.003(b)(1)–(4) (West 2002). Here, the trial court did not specifically find McClure‘s
lawsuit to be frivolous, but impliedly so found.
Generally, a trial court‘s dismissal of an inmate‘s claim under Chapter 14 is reviewed for
an abuse of discretion. Clark v. J.W. Estelle Unit, 23 S.W.3d 420, 421 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). Abuse of discretion exists where a court acts without reference to
applicable guiding principles, acts arbitrarily, misinterprets, or misapplies those guiding rules or
the law. Vacca v. Farrington, 85 S.W.3d 438, 440 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, no pet.) If the
6
trial court dismisses a claim without a hearing, as in the situation here, we are to determine on
appeal simply whether the claim had no arguable basis in law, which we review de novo. See
Moreland v. Johnson, 95 S.W.3d 392, 394 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.). We,
therefore, review de novo the question of whether the trial court properly concluded that
McClure had no arguable basis in law for maintaining his suit. Id. In so doing, we take as true
the allegations of the inmate‘s petition. Mullins v. Estelle High Sec. Unit, 111 S.W.3d 268, 272
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.).
McClure‘s lawsuit alleges that upon being returned to his cell after recreational time, a
prison guard elbowed him in the face while McClure was handcuffed. McClure alleges that the
right side of his face and right eye were bruised and swollen for four to seven days. After a
supervisor was called to McClure‘s cell, McClure received medical attention for his injuries. It
is alleged that the prison medical staff noted a probable broken nose and ordered McClure to see
Dr. Moreland. McClure further alleges that x-rays ordered by Moreland revealed a broken nose
and eye injuries. McClure maintains that the prison guard who elbowed him then retaliated
against McClure for complaining of this incident, including writing allegedly false disciplinary
reports on McClure. McClure alleges he was later informed that the prison guard in question
was reported for excessive use of force. McClure further claims that additional false reports
were written against him as a result of this incident. McClure alleges a claim for assault and
battery and intentional infliction of emotional distress. McClure also claims that these actions
amount to violations of the United States and Texas Constitutions.
7
To have no arguable basis in law, a claim must be based on an indisputably meritless
legal theory or the facts alleged must rise to the level of irrational or wholly incredible. Gill v.
Boyd Distrib. Ctr., 64 S.W.3d 601, 603 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. denied). Stated
another way, the pled facts must not comprise a cause of action. Id. at 604. Here, McClure pled
facts in support of his cause of action. The factual allegations here are sufficient to state a cause
of action that would authorize relief for assault and battery. See Birdo v. Debose, 819 S.W.2d
212, 215 (Tex. App.—Waco 1991, no writ) (holding allegation of use of force in bad faith and
―without provocation or justification‖ sufficient to state valid legal theory against correctional
officers).
McClure also alleges a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Recovery
for intentional infliction of emotional distress requires evidence that the defendant acted
intentionally or recklessly, the defendant‘s conduct was extreme and outrageous, and the
defendant‘s actions caused the plaintiff severe emotional distress. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. v.
Zeltwanger, 144 S.W.3d 438, 445 (Tex. 2004). When reasonable minds may differ in
determining whether the conduct in question was extreme and outrageous, it is for the jury to
determine whether the conduct was sufficiently extreme and outrageous to result in liability. Id.
While inquisition into the factual basis of the claim may reveal that McClure‘s claim of
intentional infliction of emotional distress is frivolous, based on the pleadings alone, it cannot be
said that McClure‘s claim is indisputably meritless, irrational, or wholly incredible. See Gill, 64
S.W.3d at 603.
8
McClure‘s remaining claims allege violations of the United States and Texas
Constitutions. Specifically, he claims that the use of excessive force (when McClure was not
violating any prison rule or acting disruptively) violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment
to the United States Constitution5 and his corresponding rights under Article 1, Section 13 of the
Texas Constitution.6 See U.S. CONST. amend. VIII; TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 13. The Eighth
Amendment prohibits the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. A prison inmate‘s claims
are to be construed liberally. Birdo, 819 S.W.2d at 216. While we offer no opinion on whether
McClure would actually prevail on this claim, we do not believe this claim was subject to
dismissal.7
McClure further alleges a violation of his First Amendment rights under the United States
Constitution and his corresponding rights under Article 1, Section 8 of the Texas Constitution
5
The prohibition of the Eighth Amendment to the Federal Constitution applies only to the United States, but it has
been assumed by the United States Supreme Court that the right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment is to
be considered fundamental and consequently guaranteed against state infringement by the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. La. ex rel. Francis v. Resweber, 329 U.S. 459 (1947).
6
This provision of the Texas Constitution essentially mirrors the language of the Eighth Amendment to the Federal
Constitution.
7
As the Court stated in Green v. McKaskie:
It is, of course, not always easy to determine whether a claim is frivolous simply by examining the
pleadings. Prisoner complaints are notoriously difficult to decipher, and pro se pleadings must be
construed liberally. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S. Ct. 594, 30 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1972). Unless
the frivolousness of a claim is facially apparent, it is ―incumbent upon the court to develop the
case and to sift the claims and known facts thoroughly until completely satisfied either of its merit
or lack of same.‖
Green v. McKaskie, 788 F.2d 1116, 1119 (5th Cir. 1986).
9
based on alleged retaliation for seeking redress of his grievances.8 See U.S. CONST. amend. I;
TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 8. This claim, likewise, is based on a valid legal theory. Section 1983 of
Title 42 of the United States Code imposes liability on ―[e]very person who, under color of any
statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State . . . subjects, or causes to be
subjected, any citizen of the United States . . . to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or
immunities secured by the Constitution and laws. . . .‖ 42 U.S.C.A. § 1983 (2003). McClure
alleged his constitutional right to seek redress for grievances under the First Amendment was
violated by the assault and subsequent, allegedly false, disciplinary reports. Although McClure
did not specifically cite Section 1983 in his petition, he did cite the particular constitutional
violation claimed.
To prevail on such a retaliation claim, an inmate ―must be able to show more than a
personal belief that he is the victim of retaliation.‖ Brewer v. Simental, 268 S.W.3d 763, 771
(Tex. App.—Waco 2008, no pet.). More specifically:
[A]n inmate must be able to establish: i) a specific constitutional right; ii) the
defendants‘ intent to retaliate against him for exercising that right; iii) a retaliatory
adverse act; and iv) causation—a showing that ―but for the retaliatory motive, the
complained of incident would not have occurred.‖ McDonald v. Steward, 132
F.3d 225, 231 (5th Cir.1998).
Johns v. Johnson, No. 10-03-00388-CV, 2005 WL 428465, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco Feb. 23,
2005, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Johnson v. Rodriguez, 110 F.3d 299, 310 (5th Cir. 1997)). ―[A]
prison official may not retaliate against or harass an inmate for exercising the right of access to
8
McClure alleged that Boles elbowed him in the face in retaliation for McClure‘s complaints regarding prison
employees. McClure further alleged that Boles and Langly retaliated against him for complaining of the alleged
assault by writing false disciplinary reports against him, resulting in loss of privileges for nineteen days.
10
the courts, or for complaining to a supervisor about a guard‘s misconduct.‖ Woods v. Smith, 60
F.3d 1161, 1166 (5th Cir. 1995). Here, McClure specifically alleged that ―Defendant Boles was
telling McClure he‘s a piece of [s—t] for filing complaints on the employees of the prison, and
elbowed McClure in the face.‖ McClure further alleged that
Defendant Langly along with Defendant Boles retaliated against McClure for
complaining about the assault. By writing false disciplinary cases. Defendant
Langly claimed she witnessed McClure hiting his head on the table or wall.
Defendant Langly submitted a case for ―self-infliction.‖ Defendant Langly also
submitted false statements to interfere with a state investigation.
It is further alleged that ―Langly . . . admitted to McClure she lied to cover up the assault.‖
McClure alleges that he urged Langly to do the right thing and to stop lying. As a result, and
―out of evil intent,‖ Langly ―used the prison disciplinary system as a tool of retaliation when she
wrote McClure a false case of ‗[t]hreatening an officer.‘‖ McClure claims that as a result of this
report, he was demoted to Level 3 from Level 1 and was deprived of his property for nineteen
days.
McClure‘s petition adequately pleads the elements of a retaliation claim. As a result, this
claim has an arguable basis in law.
Because McClure‘s claims have an arguable basis in law, the trial court improperly
dismissed this case as frivolous.
11
We reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the case to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Jack Carter
Justice
Date Submitted: November 26, 2012
Date Decided: December 20, 2012
12