Sonerra Resources Corporation v. Helmerich & Payne International Drilling Co. ( 2012 )


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  • Opinion issued August 30, 2012
    In The
    Court of Appeals
    For The
    First District of Texas
    ————————————
    NO. 01-11-00459-CV
    ———————————
    SONERRA RESOURCES CORPORATION, Appellant
    V.
    HELMERICH & PAYNE INTERNATIONAL DRILLING CO., Appellee
    On Appeal from the 61st District Court
    Harris County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 2007-75537-A
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Appellant, Sonerra Resources Corporation (“Sonerra”), challenges the trial
    court’s rendition of summary judgment in favor of appellee, Helmerich & Payne
    International Drilling Co. (“H&P), in Sonerra’s suit against H&P for breach of
    contract. In two issues, Sonerra contends that the trial court erred in granting
    H&P’s summary-judgment motion, denying its summary-judgment motion, and
    not awarding it attorney’s fees.
    We affirm.
    Background
    Sonerra entered into an International Association of Drilling Contractors
    Drilling Bid Proposal and Daywork Drilling Contract (the “drilling contract”) with
    H&P. Sonerra, an oil-well operator, retained H&P, a drilling contractor, to drill
    and work on an oil well in Nacogdoches County, Texas. During H&P’s work at
    the well, H&P employee Billy Jack McDaniel was injured when hot gas was
    released from the well after a stripper rubber inside a rotating-control device
    (“RCD”) failed. McDaniel sued Sonerra, who had furnished the RCD and the
    stripper rubber to H&P for use in drilling operations. Sonerra demanded that H&P,
    pursuant to an indemnity provision in article 14.8 of the drilling contract, defend
    and indemnify it from the claims made against it by McDaniel. H&P refused,
    contending that an indemnity provision in article 14.7 of the drilling contract
    required that Sonerra indemnify it and release it from any such liability.
    The indemnity provisions relied upon by the parties are contained in Section
    14 of the drilling contract, entitled “Responsibility for Loss or Damage, Indemnity,
    2
    Release of Liability and Allocation of Risk.” Section 14 provides, in pertinent
    part,
    14.7 Inspection of Materials Furnished by Operator: Contractor
    agrees to visually inspect all materials furnished by Operator
    before using same and to notify Operator of any apparent
    defects therein. Contractor shall not be liable for any loss or
    damage resulting from the use of materials furnished by
    Operator, and Operator shall release Contractor from, and
    shall protect, defend and indemnify Contractor from and
    against, any such liability.
    14.8 Contractor’s Indemnification of Operator: Contractor shall
    release Operator of any liability for and shall protect, defend
    and indemnify Operator from and against all claims, demands,
    and causes of action of every kind and character, without limit
    and without regard to the cause or causes thereof or the
    negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection
    herewith in favor of Contractor’s employees or Contractor’s
    subcontractors of any tier (inclusive of any agent or consultant
    engaged by Contractor) or their employees, or Contractor’s
    invitees, on account of bodily injury, death, or damage to
    property. Contractor’s indemnity under this Paragraph shall be
    without regard to and without any right to contribution from
    any insurance maintained by Operator pursuant to Paragraph
    13. If it is judicially determined that the monetary limits of
    insurance required hereunder or of the indemnities voluntarily
    assumed under Subparagraph 14.8 (which Contractor and
    Operator hereby agree will be supported either by available
    liability insurance, under which the insurer has no right of
    subrogation against the indemnities, or voluntarily self insured,
    in part or whole) exceed the maximum limits permitted under
    applicable law, it is agreed that said insurance requirements or
    indemnities shall automatically be amended to conform to the
    maximum monetary limits permitted under such law.
    14.9 Operator’s Indemnification of Contractor: Operator shall
    release contractor of any liability for, and shall protect, defend
    and indemnify Contractor from and against all claims,
    3
    demands, and causes of action of every kind and character,
    without limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof
    or the negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection
    herewith in favor of Operator’s employees or Operator’s
    contractors of any tier (inclusive of any agent, consultant or
    subcontractor engaged by Operator) or their employees, or
    Operator’s invitees, other than those parties identified in
    Subparagraph 14.8 on account of bodily injury, death or
    damage to property. Operator’s indemnity under this paragraph
    shall be without regard to and without any right to contribution
    from any insurance maintained by Contractor pursuant to
    Paragraph 13. If it is judicially determined that the monetary
    limits of insurance required hereunder or of the indemnities
    voluntarily assumed under Subparagraph 14.9 (which
    Contractor and Operator hereby agree will be supported either
    by available liability insurance, under which the insurer has no
    right of subrogation against the indemnities, or voluntarily self-
    insured, in part or whole) exceed the maximum limits permitted
    under applicable law, it is agreed that said insurance
    requirements or indemnities shall automatically be amended to
    conform to the maximum monetary limits permitted under such
    law.
    ....
    14.13 Indemnity Obligation: Except as otherwise expressly limited in
    this Contract, it is the intent of parties hereto that all releases,
    indemnity obligations and/or liabilities assumed by such parties
    under terms of this Contract, including, without limitation,
    Subparagraph 4.9 and 6.3(c), Paragraph 10 and 12, and
    Subparagraph 14.1 through 14.12 hereof, be without limit and
    without regard to the cause or causes thereof, including but not
    limited to, pre-existing conditions, defect or ruin of premises or
    equipment, strict liability, regulatory or statutory liability,
    products liability, breach of representation or warranty (express
    or implied), breach of duty (whether statutory, contractual or
    otherwise) any theory of tort, breach of contract, fault,
    negligence of any degree or character (regardless of whether
    such negligence is sole, joint or concurrent, active, passive or
    gross) of any party or parties, including the party seeking the
    4
    benefit of the release, indemnity or assumption of liability, or
    any other theory of legal liability. The Indemnities, and
    releases and assumptions of liability extended by the parties
    hereto under the provisions of Subparagraphs 4.9 and 6.3 and
    Paragraphs 10, 12 and 14 shall inure to the benefit of such
    parties, their coventurers, co-lessees, joint owners, their parent,
    holding and affiliated companies and the officers, directors,
    stockholders, partners, managers, representatives, employees,
    consultants, agents, servants and insurers of each. Except as
    otherwise provided herein, such indemnification and
    assumptions of liability shall not be deemed to create any right
    to indemnification in any person or entity not a party to this
    Contract, either as a third beneficiary or by reason of any
    agreement of indemnity between one of the parties hereto and
    another person or entity not a party to this Contract.
    Sonerra filed a third-party petition against H&P for breach of contract,
    alleging that H&P had breached the drilling contract by refusing to defend and
    indemnify it from the claims made against it by McDaniel. Sonerra sought to
    recover its defense costs as well as the amounts for which it was ultimately held
    liable.1 Sonerra also sought its attorney’s fees.2 H&P generally denied Sonerra’s
    claims, asserted various affirmative defenses, and filed a counterclaim for breach
    of the drilling contract. H&P also sought its attorney’s fees.
    1
    Sonerra’s third-party suit against H&P was severed into a separate action. After
    the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of H&P and dismissed
    Sonerra’s indemnity claims, Sonerra’s insurer settled the claims made by
    McDaniel against Sonerra (the “McDaniel Settlement”). Sonerra, H&P, and their
    respective insurers then entered into a funding agreement whereby H&P agreed to
    pay one-half of the McDaniel Settlement. The parties also acknowledged that
    Sonerra intended to appeal the trial court’s judgment, and the parties reserved their
    rights to pursue reimbursement from each other for the amounts they respectively
    paid in McDaniel Settlement.
    2
    See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001 (Vernon Supp. 2011).
    5
    H&P then filed its summary-judgment motion, arguing that the drilling
    contract, and specifically article 14.7, unambiguously required that Sonerra defend
    and indemnify it for the claims made by McDaniel for his injuries that arose from
    the use of the defective RCD, which was provided by Sonerra. Sonerra filed its
    competing summary-judgment motion and response, arguing that the drilling
    contract, and specifically article 14.8, unambiguously required that H&P defend
    and indemnify it for the claims made by McDaniel for his injuries.
    The trial court granted H&P’s summary-judgment motion, denied Sonerra’s
    summary-judgment motion, and ordered that Sonerra take nothing on its claims
    against H&P. The trial court subsequently entered final judgment in favor of H&P,
    and it awarded H&P its attorney’s fees for its defense of the indemnity suit and for
    appeal.
    Standard of Review
    To prevail on a summary-judgment motion, a movant has the burden of
    proving that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law and there is no genuine
    issue of material fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Cathey v. Booth, 
    900 S.W.2d 339
    ,
    341 (Tex. 1995). When deciding whether there is a disputed, material fact issue
    precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the non-movant will be taken
    as true. Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 
    690 S.W.2d 546
    , 548–49 (Tex. 1985).
    6
    Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the non-movant and any
    doubts must be resolved in its favor. 
    Id. at 549.
    When both parties move for summary judgment and the trial court grants
    one motion and denies the other, the reviewing court should review the summary-
    judgment evidence presented by both sides, determine all questions presented, and
    render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered. Tex. Workers’
    Comp. Comm’n v. Patient Advocates of Tex., 
    136 S.W.3d 643
    , 648 (Tex. 2004).
    Indemnity
    In its first issue, Sonerra argues that the trial court erred in granting H&P’s
    summary-judgment motion and denying its summary-judgment motion because the
    RCD and the component stripper rubbers are “clearly equipment” rather than
    “materials,” as referred to in the indemnity provision in article 14.7. Sonerra
    asserts that article 14.7 “requires indemnity [only] for property damage and
    economic loss” rather than for claims for bodily injury like those brought against it
    by McDaniel. Sonerra further asserts that the “more specific” article 14.8, which
    requires H&P to indemnify it for McDaniel’s bodily injury claims, “should control
    over general” article 14.7 and, when harmonized, articles 14.7 through 14.9
    establish its entitlement to indemnity from H&P as a matter of law. In response,
    H&P asserts that the term “materials” as used in article 14.7 includes the defective
    stripper rubbers in the RCD, the phrase “any loss or damage” used in article 14.7
    7
    includes the damages that Sonerra sought to recover after being sued by McDaniel
    for bodily injury, and the “specific release” in article 14.7 “controls over the
    general indemnity provision” in article 14.8.
    Indemnity agreements are construed under normal rules of contract
    construction. Gulf Ins. Co. v. Burns Motors, Inc., 
    22 S.W.3d 417
    , 423 (Tex. 2000).
    In construing a contract, a court must ascertain and give effect to the true intentions
    of the parties as expressed in the writing itself. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v.
    Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 
    341 S.W.3d 323
    , 333 (Tex. 2011); J.M. Davidson, Inc.
    v. Webster, 
    128 S.W.3d 223
    , 229 (Tex. 2003). We examine and consider the entire
    writing in an effort to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the
    contract so that none will be rendered meaningless. Italian Cowboy Partners, 
    Ltd., 341 S.W.3d at 333
    . We begin our analysis with the contract’s express language.
    See 
    id. And we
    analyze the provisions of a contract “with reference to the whole
    agreement.” Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F Dists., Ltd., 
    165 S.W.3d 310
    , 312 (Tex.
    2005); see also Seagull Energy E & P, Inc. v. Eland Energy, Inc., 
    207 S.W.3d 342
    ,
    345 (Tex. 2006) (“No single provision taken alone will be given controlling effect;
    rather, all the provisions must be considered with reference to the whole
    instrument.”). Contract terms will be given their plain, ordinary, and generally
    accepted meanings unless the contract itself shows them to be used in a technical
    or different sense. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 
    164 S.W.3d 656
    , 662 (Tex.
    8
    2005).   If the contract can be given a certain or definite legal meaning or
    interpretation after applying the pertinent contract construction rules, then it is not
    ambiguous, and we will construe the contract as a matter of law. Frost Nat’l 
    Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312
    . “We construe contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in
    mind the particular business activity sought to be served’ and ‘will avoid when
    possible and proper a construction which is unreasonable, inequitable, and
    oppressive.’” Frost Nat’l 
    Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312
    (quoting Reilly v. Rangers
    Mgmt., Inc., 
    727 S.W.2d 527
    , 530 (Tex. 1987)).
    If a contract “is subject to two or more reasonable interpretations after
    applying the pertinent rules of construction, the contract is ambiguous, creating a
    fact issue on the parties’ intent.” J.M. 
    Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 229
    . However, a
    contract is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree on its meaning.
    Seagull Energy E & P, 
    Inc., 207 S.W.3d at 345
    .            Only where a contract is
    ambiguous may we consider the parties’ interpretation and admit extraneous
    evidence to determine the true meaning of the contract. Italian Cowboy Partners,
    
    Ltd., 341 S.W.3d at 333
    –34; see also Fiess v. State Farm Lloyds, 
    202 S.W.3d 744
    ,
    747 (Tex. 2006) (stating that court may not consider extrinsic evidence to create
    ambiguity).
    We first address the parties’ dispute over the term “materials,” as used in
    article 14.7.   Sonerra contends that the stripper rubber cannot qualify as a
    9
    “material” and that, for this reason, the indemnity provision in article 14.7 does not
    apply in favor of H&P to defeat Sonerra’s breach-of-contract claim. We begin our
    analysis3 by consulting the express language of the disputed provisions in the
    drilling contract and consider those in light of the entire contract. Italian Cowboy
    Partners, 
    Ltd., 341 S.W.3d at 333
    .
    Article 14.7 expressly provides that H&P is not liable “for any loss or
    damage resulting from the use of materials furnished” by Sonerra. The article
    further provides that Sonerra releases and must indemnify H&P from and against
    “any such liability.”   Although the term “materials” is not expressly defined in the
    drilling contract, it is a term that is used throughout the contract in conjunction
    with other similar terms, including “equipment.” For example, in article 4.9 of the
    contract, Sonerra agreed to reimburse H&P for certain costs of “material” and
    “equipment.”    In article 14.12, the parties set forth indemnity obligations for
    consequential damages related to “equipment” and “materials.”
    3
    In their briefing, the parties discuss case law from other jurisdictions that have
    construed the meaning of the word “materials” as used in unrelated contracts. The
    parties also ask us to consider provisions from the Texas Business and Commerce
    Code that discuss the terms “equipment,” “materials,” and “inventory.” See TEX.
    BUS. & COM. CODE ANN. § 9.102 (Vernon Supp. 2011). However, we decline the
    parties’ invitation to seek guidance from either case law addressing the meaning of
    words “material” or “materials” as used in distinguishable contracts or statutory
    provisions that have no direct application to the construction of the contract in the
    instant case.
    10
    Moreover, in section 4 of Exhibit A to the drilling contract, which is entitled
    “Equipment, Materials and Services to be Furnished by Contractor,” the parties set
    forth the “machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, instruments, services,
    and labor” to be provided by H&P at the well. The parties identified multiple
    items, including a drilling rig, rigging material, storage for mud and chemicals, and
    drill pipe. They also attached a document to Exhibit A that further described these
    items. The parties made no effort to indicate whether each of the items constituted
    “machinery,” “equipment,” “tools,” “materials,” or “supplies.”         Similarly, in
    section 5 of Exhibit A, which is entitled “Equipment, Materials and Services to be
    Furnished by Operator,” the parties set forth the “machinery, equipment, tools,
    materials, supplies, instruments, services, and labor” to be provided by Sonerra at
    the well. Under this section, the parties identified multiple items, including mud
    storage tanks, drilling bits, special tools, and casing and tubing. As with section 4
    of Exhibit A, the parties made no effort to identify whether each of the items
    constitutes “machinery,” “equipment,” “tools,” “materials,” or “supplies.” Finally,
    in section 6 of Exhibit A, which is entitled “Equipment, Materials and Services to
    be Furnished by Designated Party,” the parties set forth another extensive list of
    “machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, instruments, services, and
    labor.” The parties identified in a chart whether Sonerra or H&P was responsible
    for furnishing the listed items. Included among these items are the “Rotating
    11
    Head” and “Rotating Head Rubbers.” In this section, like the others before it, the
    parties made no distinction between the items that were considered “materials,”
    “equipment,” “supplies,” and the like. There is simply no indication in section 6
    that any of the items listed, including the RCD and stripper rubbers, were only to
    be considered “materials,” “equipment,” or “tools” and that such items could only
    be considered as falling within the scope of one of these particular terms. Rather,
    the parties identified the RCD and stripper rubbers after generally referring to
    “machinery, equipment, tools, materials, supplies, [and] instruments.” In sum,
    there is simply no indication in the written contract that these terms, as used
    throughout the contract, are mutually exclusive and refer to a distinct set of items.
    Sonerra’s efforts to restrict the construction of the term “materials” to
    exclude the stripper rubbers inside the RCD conflicts with the plain, ordinary, and
    generally accepted meanings of the words used in the drilling contract.            See
    Valence Operating 
    Co., 164 S.W.3d at 662
    . The terms “material” or “materials”
    are defined as “the matter from which a thing is or can be made” or “things needed
    for an activity,”4 “the substance or substances of which a thing is made or
    composed” or “any constituent element,”5 “the equipment necessary for a
    4
    THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 1054 (2001).
    5
    RANDOM HOUSE WEBSTER’S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 1185 (2d. ed. 2003).
    12
    particular activity,”6 and “the elements, constituents,[7] or substances of which
    something is composed or can be made” or an “apparatus necessary for doing or
    making something.”8
    Sonerra admits in its briefing that it furnished the stripper rubber and the
    stripper rubber is a “component” of the RCD. The plain language of article 14.7,
    when considered in the context of the drilling contract, indicates that the parties
    used the term “materials” to generally refer to the physical items that were to be
    provided by Sonerra at the well.           Sonerra’s argument that article 14.7 is
    inapplicable because the defective stripper rubber and the RCD can only be
    considered a piece of “equipment” and not “materials” necessarily fails.9
    6
    COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY - COMPLETE & UNABRIDGED (10th ed. 2009).
    7
    Sonerra even cites in its briefing the definition of “material” that refers to an
    “element” or “constituent.” The term “element” is defined to be a “constituent
    part” and a “distinct part of a composite device.” MERRIAM WEBSTER’S
    COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 402 (11th ed. 2003). And constituent is defined to be
    “an essential part” and a “component element,” WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY 248
    (10th ed. 1999); “a constituent element, material, etc.; component,” RANDOM
    HOUSE WEBSTER’S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY 436 (2d. ed. 2003); and a
    “component part of something.” THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 368
    (2001).
    8
    MERRIAM WEBSTER’S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 765 (11th ed. 2003).
    9
    Sonerra also argues that the parties’ use of the term “equipment” in other
    indemnity provisions in the drilling contract reveals that the parties’ used the terms
    “equipment” and “materials” to mean different things. For example, in article
    14.1 H&P assumed liability for damage to its surface equipment, in article 14.2
    Sonerra assumed liability for H&P’s in-hole equipment, in article 14.3 Sonerra
    assumed liability for damage to H&P’s equipment resulting from hydrogen sulfide
    13
    We next address the parties’ dispute concerning the phrase “any loss or
    damage” as used in article 14.7. Sonerra asserts that, by the use of this phrase, the
    parties only required indemnity for property damage and economic loss, but not
    bodily injury claims.       In support of its interpretation, Sonerra cites other
    provisions in the drilling contract where the terms “damage” or “loss” were used
    by the parties to refer to property damage and economic loss, rather than bodily
    injury. For example, in articles 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, and 14.4, all of which concern
    indemnity obligations for damage to “equipment,” the terms “damage[s]” or
    “loss[es]” refer to property damage to the parties’ equipment. However, the fact
    that the terms “damage[s]” or “loss[es]” were used in a more limited nature in
    these provisions is unremarkable given the subject matter of the provisions. The
    use of “damage” or “loss” to refer to property damage in these contractual
    provisions does not require that the terms be construed throughout the drilling
    contract to refer only to such losses. The terms “damage” and “loss” are not
    similarly limited by the subject matter of article 14.7. Rather, article 14.7 provides
    or other corrosive elements, and in article 14.4 Sonerra assumed liability for its
    own equipment. We need not address whether the parties’ use of the term
    equipment in these other indemnity provisions pertains to a subset of items
    described in the drilling contract, including items described in Exhibit A. Rather,
    we confine our analysis to determining the meaning of the term “materials” as that
    term was used by the parties in article 14.7 and in light of the entire drilling
    contract.
    Sonerra also asserts that H&P waived certain arguments concerning the proper
    construction of the term “materials,” but the parties squarely presented this
    definitional dispute to the trial court in their summary-judgment briefing.
    14
    indemnity for “any loss or damage resulting from the use of materials” furnished
    by Sonerra.10
    Damage is generally defined as “[l]oss or injury to a person or property.”
    BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 445 (9th ed. 2009). Damages include “physical harm
    caused to something in such a way as to impair its value, usefulness, or normal
    function” and “a sum of money claimed or awarded in compensation for a loss or
    an injury.” THE NEW OXFORD AMERICAN DICTIONARY 429 (2001). Article 14.7,
    by its express terms, applies to any “loss” or “damage” resulting from materials
    furnished by Sonerra, and there is no indication that article 14.7 applies only to
    economic losses or property damage. In other places in the drilling contract, the
    parties necessarily used the terms “loss” or “damage” with specific reference to a
    type of loss or damage. But because the parties themselves failed to express in
    their written contract that the release and indemnity provided for in article 14.7
    applied only to economic or property losses, we will not impose such a limitation.
    Thus, Sonerra’s argument that article 14.7 is inapplicable because it applies only to
    economic losses and property damages necessarily fails.
    10
    In its briefing, H&P argues that because Sonerra, in response to requests for
    admission, admitted that the “damages” it sought to recover incurred as the result
    of the use of the RCD. However, the responses to the requests for admission do
    not resolve the case. The requests themselves did not address or ask Sonerra to
    admit or deny a particular construction of the drilling contract.
    15
    We next consider whether, when construing the drilling contract as a whole
    and when seeking to harmonize all of the contractual provisions, Sonerra is
    entitled, pursuant to article 14.8, to be indemnified for the bodily injury claims
    brought against it by McDaniel, an employee of H&P, and the McDaniel
    Settlement.   Article 14.8 provides that H&P shall release Sonerra from “any
    liability” for and shall indemnify Sonerra “from and against all claims . . . without
    limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof or the negligence of any
    party or parties, arising in connection herewith in favor of [H&P’s] employees”
    and other prescribed parties “on account of bodily injury, death or damage to
    property.” Article 14.9 provides a reciprocal obligation by Sonerra to indemnify
    H&P “from and against all claims . . . without limit and without regard to the cause
    or causes thereof or the negligence of any party or parties, arising in connection
    herewith in favor of [Sonerra’s] employees” and other prescribed parties “on
    account of bodily injury, death or damage to property.” Under these indemnity
    provisions H&P and Sonerra agreed to indemnify the other for claims brought by
    their respective employees and other prescribed parties, including their respective
    contractor’s and subcontractor’s employees and invitees.
    These reciprocal indemnity obligations must be considered with reference to
    the other provisions of the drilling contract, including article 14.7. As noted above,
    article 14.7 granted H&P indemnity for “any loss or damage” resulting from
    16
    Sonerra’s materials, not simply economic or property damage. Also, as noted
    above, article 14.7 is not limited, in the manner suggested by Sonerra, by the use of
    the term “materials.” Rather, by the express terms of article 14.7, Sonerra agreed
    to indemnify H&P for any loss or damage resulting from the use of the materials
    furnished by Sonerra.     When all of the articles of the drilling contract are
    harmonized, it is evident that the indemnity obligation and release in article 14.7
    carve out a set of claims that might otherwise be covered by the indemnity
    provision in article 14.8. See Clark v. Cotten Schmidt, L.L.P., 
    327 S.W.3d 765
    ,
    773 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.); (“A specific contractual provision
    controls over a general provision”); Ayres Welding Co., Inc. v. Conoco, Inc., 
    243 S.W.3d 177
    , 181 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. denied) (providing
    that more specific provisions of contract will control over general).
    Sonerra’s contention that article 14.8 is the more specific provision is
    premised upon its implied argument that article 14.8 is narrowly limited to
    employee bodily injury claims. But article 14.8, by its plain terms, is not so
    limited. Article 14.8 requires the contractor, H&P, to indemnify the operator,
    Sonerra, for all claims of every kind and character, without regard to cause, that are
    “in favor” of H&P’s employees, subcontractors (of any tier), agents, consultants,
    their employees, and invitees for bodily injury, death, and property damage. Thus,
    article 14.8 applies to a broad class of persons and a broad class of losses and, as
    17
    such, is the more general indemnity obligation when compared to article 14.7.
    Article 14.9 provides a similar, general reciprocal indemnity obligation flowing
    from Sonerra to H&P. In contrast to article 14.8, article 14.7 addresses a particular
    kind of claim—loss or damage resulting from the use of Sonerra’s materials. The
    only reasonable interpretation of the drilling contract is that article 14.7 grants a
    more specific indemnity that controls in the circumstances before us.
    Moreover, that the indemnity and release provisions in article 14.7 apply in
    these circumstances in favor of H&P makes sense when we consider the specific
    purpose of article 14.7 and the general obligations in the entire drilling contract. In
    the first sentence of article 14.7, H&P agreed to both “visually inspect” the
    “materials” that Sonerra furnished and “notify” Sonerra of any “apparent defects.”
    The plain purpose of this provision was to require H&P to alert Sonerra of any
    patent defects in the materials so that Sonerra could replace them or repair any
    defects discovered through the visual inspection.           This provision afforded
    substantial protections to Sonerra in that, if complied with, it operated to prevent
    H&P’s use of patently defective materials in drilling operations. Such protection
    was important to Sonerra since Sonerra bore significant indemnity obligations in
    the rest of the drilling contract, and H&P’s use of patently defective materials
    could potentially give rise to significant liability for Sonerra. For example, Sonerra
    owed an indemnity obligation for H&P’s in-hole equipment in article 14.2,
    18
    underground damage in article 14.6, and loss or damage to the hole. The second
    sentence of article 14.7, which released H&P from loss or damage resulting from
    the use of materials furnished by Sonerra and which required Sonerra to indemnify
    H&P for such loss or damage, immediately follows the language requiring H&P’s
    inspection of materials and notification of defects. When read in its entirety,
    article 14.7 protects H&P from loss or damage caused by Sonerra’s materials, but
    it also requires H&P to fulfill its inspection and notification duties with regard to
    apparent defects.11
    If we were to interpret article 14.8 to grant Sonerra indemnity to apply to
    any claims brought by H&P employees, like McDaniel, or any other covered
    subcontractors, consultants, employees, or invitees, for bodily injury, death, or
    property damage resulting from the use of materials furnished by Sonerra, we
    would be defeating the obvious purpose of article 14.7. Sonerra’s interpretation of
    the drilling contract would, in spite of the plain language of article 14.7, impose
    liability upon H&P for a broad class of losses, including bodily injury, death, or
    property damage, brought by a broad class of persons, including H&P’s
    11
    Sonerra also argues that article 14.13 supports its interpretation because it provides
    that all releases and indemnity obligations in the drilling contract are “without
    limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof,” including “defect or ruin
    of premises or equipment,” “strict liability,” “products liability,” breach of
    warranty, breach of contract, and negligence of any degree. However, article
    14.13 states that it applies “[e]xcept as otherwise expressly limited” in the drilling
    contract, and the language in this article does not modify the language in article
    14.7.
    19
    employees, subcontractors (of any tier), agents, consultants, and invitees, even
    when such claims resulted from the use of materials furnished by Sonerra.
    Accepting Sonerra’s arguments would remove at least some of the incentive for
    H&P to fulfill its inspection and notification duties because the scope of indemnity
    afforded to H&P under article 14.7 would be greatly diminished.         Additionally,
    accepting Sonerra’s interpretation would also remove at least some of the incentive
    for Sonerra, once notified of apparent defects, to repair or replace such defective
    materials because, despite the plain language of article 14.7, H&P would remain
    liable for a broad class of claims (bodily injury, death, property) brought by a
    broad class of parties, even when such losses result from the use of its materials.
    In sum, to limit article 14.7 so as not to include within it an indemnity by
    Sonerra in favor of H&P for any claims brought by H&P employees for bodily
    injury caused by materials furnished by Sonerra, we would have to insert
    additional language into the drilling contract. Article 14.8 does not modify the
    indemnity and release language of article 14.7. If the parties had intended for the
    indemnity provision in article 14.7 to be so limited, the parties could have included
    language limiting the class of losses or damages to which it applied or excepting
    employee claims for losses or damages that would otherwise fall within article
    14.8. When properly harmonized, and when considered in light of the entire
    agreement, article 14.7 of the drilling contract unambiguously precludes Sonerra’s
    20
    indemnity claims against H&P. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not
    err in granting H&P’s summary-judgment motion and denying Sonerra’s
    summary-judgment motion.
    We overrule Sonerra’s first issue.
    Conclusion
    Having overruled Sonerra’s first issue, we further hold that the trial court did
    not err in not awarding Sonerra its attorney’s fees. Thus, we overrule Sonerra’s
    second issue. We affirm the order of the trial court.
    Terry Jennings
    Justice
    Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Massengale, and Huddle.
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