Russell Jay Reger v. Criminal District Attorney of Tarrant County, Texas and Detective Jerry S. Vennum 803 ( 2011 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-09-00363-CV
RUSSELL JAY REGER APPELLANT
V.
CRIMINAL DISTRICT ATTORNEY APPELLEES
OF TARRANT COUNTY, TEXAS
AND DETECTIVE JERRY S.
VENNUM # 803
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FROM THE 141ST DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION ON REHEARING1
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I. INTRODUCTION
After considering Appellant‘s motion for rehearing, we deny the motion but
withdraw our prior opinion and judgment of May 19, 2011, and substitute the
following to make nonsubstantive clarifications.
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
Appellant Russell Jay Reger appeals the trial court‘s dismissal of his
original petition for writ of mandamus against Appellees Criminal District Attorney
of Tarrant County, Texas, and Detective Jerry S. Vennum of the Dalworthington
Gardens Department of Public Safety. In his mandamus petition, Reger—an
inmate in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice proceeding pro se and in
forma pauperis—sought to compel the defendants to produce photographs
related to his 1996 murder trial under the Texas Public Information Act and article
2.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.2 After a hearing, the trial court
granted Appellees‘ motions to dismiss Reger‘s suit as frivolous or malicious
under chapter 14 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. 3 Reger raises
three issues on appeal. We affirm.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Prior Proceedings
A jury convicted Reger of murder on April 12, 1996, and sentenced him to
life imprisonment, and this court affirmed the conviction on appeal. See Reger v.
State, No. 02-96-000217-CR (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 31, 1997, pet. ref‘d)
(not designated for publication). In 1998, Reger filed an initial application for writ
of habeas corpus under article 11.07 of the code of criminal procedure, Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.07 (West Supp. 2010), which the court of criminal
2
Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann. ' 24.011 (West 2004), ' 552.028(b) (West 2004);
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.01 (West 2005).
3
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 14.003(a)(2) (West 2002).
2
appeals denied without a written order. See Ex parte Reger, No. WR-38,770-01
(Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 4, 1998). In 2005, Reger filed a motion for DNA testing,
which the trial court denied after a hearing. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
64.01 (West Supp. 2010). This court affirmed the trial court‘s ruling. See Reger
v. State, 222 S.W.3d 510 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet. ref‘d), cert. denied,
128 S. Ct. 917 (2008).
From 2004 to 2007, Reger and his agents 4 requested, pursuant to the
Texas Public Information Act (PIA), that the Appellees produce fourteen color
photographs that Reger and his agents asserted had been taken during the
course of the criminal investigation preceding his 1996 murder trial.5 In
responding to the PIA requests, the District Attorney‘s Office asserted that the
PIA did not require compliance because Reger was imprisoned in a correctional
facility. See Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann. ' 552.028(a). In addition, Dalworthington
Gardens Department of Public Safety (the Department) responded in 2004 and
2007, respectively, that the fourteen photographs were no longer in its custody
and that it did not know their whereabouts. After additional correspondence, the
Department provided Reger with twenty-four photographs of the crime scene,
none of which depicted the red Mustang.
4
Three individuals (none of whom were acting as Reger‘s attorney) made
PIA requests on Reger‘s behalf, including Kristi Cottingham, John A. Pizer, and
Shirley Hooks.
5
Reger asserts that the fourteen color photographs depict the red 1991
Ford Mustang that the victim had been riding in before his death.
3
B. Instant Proceedings
In an effort to obtain the fourteen color photographs, Reger filed an original
petition for writ of mandamus against Appellees on October 22, 2007. In his July
27, 2009 amended petition, Reger asked the trial court to order the Appellees to
make available the fourteen photographs and asserted that they ―possess
forensic blood spatter evidence in which [Reger‘s expert] . . . . can ma[k]e an
accurate expert report upon them, which will then go to prove the relator‘s guilt,
or innocence.‖ Reger based his petition for mandamus on article V, section 8 of
the Texas constitution, sections 24.011 and 552.028(b) of the Texas Government
Code, and article 2.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and he alleged
that his suit was one in equity.
Appellees answered and moved to dismiss Reger‘s suit as frivolous or
malicious under chapter 14 of the civil practice and remedies code. See Tex.
Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 14.003(b)(2). Both Appellees asserted that they
had ―no pictures in [their] possession‖ and that they were not required to accept
or comply with a request for information from an individual imprisoned or
confined in a correctional facility under PIA section 552.028. At an October 9,
2009 hearing, the trial court heard legal arguments from counsel for Appellees
and from Reger, who attended and participated without counsel. Afterward, the
trial court granted the Appellees‘ motions to dismiss.
4
III. APPLICABLE LAW
A. Chapter 14 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code
Inmate litigation (in which an inmate files an affidavit or unsworn
declaration of inability to pay costs) is governed by certain procedural rules set
forth in chapter 14 of the civil practice and remedies code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code Ann. '' 14.001–.014 (West 2002); Garrett v. Williams, 250 S.W.3d
154, 157 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). The purpose of chapter 14 is to
aid the trial court in determining whether an inmate‘s claim is frivolous. Hamilton
v. Pechacek, 319 S.W.3d 801, 809 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, no pet.);
Garrett, 250 S.W.3d at 157. A trial court has broad discretion to dismiss an
inmate‘s suit as frivolous because: ―(1) prisoners have a strong incentive to
litigate; (2) the government bears the cost of an in forma pauperis suit; (3)
sanctions are not effective; and (4) the dismissal of unmeritorious claims accrues
to the benefit of state officials, courts, and meritorious claimants.‖ Nabelek v.
Dist. Att’y of Harris Cnty., 290 S.W.3d 222, 228 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, pet. denied); Garrett, 250 S.W.3d at 158. In determining whether a claim
is frivolous, the trial court may consider whether:
(1) the claim‘s realistic chance of ultimate success is slight; (2) the
claim has no arguable basis in law or in fact; (3) it is clear that the
party cannot prove facts in support of the claim; or (4) the claim is
substantially similar to a previous claim filed by the inmate because
the claim arises from the same operative facts.
5
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 14.003(b); see Nabelek, 290 S.W.3d at 228;
Garrett, 250 S.W.3d at 158. In this case, Appellees argued that Reger‘s claim
was frivolous because it had no basis in law or fact.
B. Standard of Review
We review a trial court‘s dismissal of an inmate‘s claim under chapter 14
for an abuse of discretion. Hamilton, 319 S.W.3d at 809; Garrett, 250 S.W.3d at
158. Because the trial court‘s hearing consisted solely of legal arguments and
did not include the presentation of evidence, the issue on appeal is whether
Reger‘s claims had no arguable basis in law. Cf. Hamilton, 319 S.W.3d at 809
(holding that review focuses on whether the inmate‘s lawsuit has an arguable
basis in law when no evidentiary hearing is held).
Whether a claim has an arguable basis in law is a legal question that we
review de novo. Hamilton, 319 S.W.3d at 809; Nabelek, 290 S.W.3d at 228. In
conducting our de novo review, we take as true the allegations of the inmate‘s
petition; that is, we review the inmate‘s petition to determine whether, as a matter
of law, it stated a cause of action that would authorize relief. Scott v. Gallagher,
209 S.W.3d 262, 266 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). A claim has
no arguable basis in law if it is an ―indisputably meritless legal theory.‖ Id. We
will affirm the dismissal if it was proper under any legal theory. Hamilton, 319
S.W.3d at 809.
6
C. Mandamus
An action for writ of mandamus initiated in the trial court is a civil action
subject to appeal just as any other lawsuit. Garrett, 250 S.W.3d at 158. An
original proceeding is a suit for purposes of chapter 14. Id.; Harrison v. Vance,
34 S.W.3d 660, 662 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2000, no pet.).
1. Section 24.011 of the Government Code
Section 24.011 of the government code provides that a judge of a district
court may grant writs of mandamus necessary to enforce the court‘s jurisdiction.
Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann. ' 24.011; see Tex. Const. art. V, ' 8. A writ of mandamus
will issue to compel a public official to perform a ministerial act. Anderson v. City
of Seven Points, 806 S.W.2d 791, 793 (Tex. 1991). A writ of mandamus initiated
in the trial court issues only to correct a clear abuse of discretion or a violation of
a duty imposed by law when there is no other adequate remedy at law. Harris v.
Jones, 8 S.W.3d 383, 385 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1999, no pet.) (citing Walker v.
Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839 (Tex. 1999)). The relator must establish that,
under the circumstances of the case, the facts and the law permit the trial court
to make only one decision. Jones, 8 S.W.3d at 385–86; Johnson v. Fourth Court
of Appeals, 700 S.W.2d 916, 917 (Tex. 1985).
7
2. Public Information Act
A petition for a writ of mandamus such as Reger‘s has been found to be an
appropriate mechanism to enforce the PIA.6 See Harrison, 34 S.W.3d at 663;
Moore v. Henry, 960 S.W.2d 82, 83 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no
writ). Section 552.028 of the PIA provides that a governmental body is not
required to accept or comply with a request for information from ―an individual
who is imprisoned or confined in a correctional facility‖ or ―an agent of that
individual, other than that individual‘s attorney when the attorney is requesting
information that is subject to disclosure under this chapter.‖ Tex. Gov‘t Code
Ann. ' 552.028(a)(1), (2). Thus, a governmental body‘s decision whether to
provide the requested information to an incarcerated individual or his agent is a
discretionary act.7 Harrison, 34 S.W.3d at 663.
6
Section 552.321 of the government code provides for statutory mandamus
relief in certain instances that do not apply in this case. Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann.
' 552.321 (West 2004).
7
Reger does not challenge the discretionary nature of section 552.028 on
appeal, noting instead that his mandamus suit combined section 552.028 with
article 2.01 and that, therefore, his mandamus suit was based in law and fact. To
the extent that the trial court dismissed Reger‘s lawsuit due to the discretionary
nature of article 552.028, it did not abuse its discretion. See Tex. Gov‘t Code
Ann. ' 552.028(a); Harrison, 34 S.W.3d at 663; Moore, 960 S.W.2d at 83.
Additionally, Reger‘s assertion that Detective Vennum ―waive[d] the statutory
exceptions under Section 552.028‖ is without merit because section 552.028 is
not considered an ―exception‖ that can be waived under sections 552.301–.302
of the government code. Compare Tex. Gov‘t Code Ann. ' 552.028 with id.
'' 552.301–.302 (West Supp. 2010).
8
IV. ANALYSIS
In three issues, Reger contends that the trial court abused its discretion by
(1) ruling that article 2.01 of the code of criminal procedure created an ethical
and discretionary obligation, not a mandatory duty, on the Appellees to disclose
exculpatory evidence; (2) dismissing Reger‘s writ of mandamus without
permitting him an opportunity to conduct discovery; and (3) finding that Reger‘s
claim was frivolous or malicious and granting the Appellees‘ motions to dismiss.
As demonstrated below, the trial court could have properly dismissed
Reger‘s suit as frivolous either (1) because it was an improper post-conviction
vehicle to obtain the fourteen color photographs or (2) because Reger‘s
mandamus petition does not, as a matter of law, establish a cause of action that
would authorize relief. Further, the trial court followed the dictates of chapter 14
and did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Reger‘s suit without allowing
discovery.
A. Trial Court’s Chapter 14 Dismissal8
Reger asserts that Appelless have a duty to produce the requested
photographs under article 2.01 because the legislature enacted it to be a
―reciprocal discovery statute‖ to Brady v. Maryland and because Brady imposes
an ―absolute disclosure duty‖ on prosecutors and members of their team.9 Article
8
We address Reger‘s first and third issues together.
9
Reger asserts that because Appellees did not object to, or argue against,
the application of article 2.01 to the trial court, they failed to preserve error and
are ―judicially estopped‖ from doing so on appeal. Judicial estoppel does not
9
2.01 of the code of criminal procedure, titled ―Duties of district attorneys,‖
provides in pertinent part that ―[i]t shall be the primary duty of all prosecuting
attorneys, including any special prosecutors, not to convict, but to see that justice
is done. They shall not suppress facts or secrete witnesses capable of
establishing the innocence of the accused.‖ Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
2.01.
In Brady v. Maryland, the Court held that
the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an
accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is
material to either guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith
or bad faith of the prosecution.
373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 1196–97 (1963). It is settled law that a
defendant‘s due process rights are violated if he does not obtain, upon request,
evidence in the State‘s possession favorable to him ―where the evidence is
material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith
of the prosecution.‖ Page v. State, 7 S.W.3d 202, 205–06 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1999, pet. ref‘d) (citing Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1197)). There
is, however, no general right to discovery in a criminal case, and Brady does not
create one. Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559, 97 S. Ct. 837, 846
(1977); Michaelwicz v. State, 186 S.W.3d 601, 612–13 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006,
apply because Appellees have not taken inconsistent positions in subsequent
actions. See generally Schmidt v. State, 278 S.W.3d 353, 358 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). Additionally, the preservation rule applies to the complaining party on
appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 31; Reyna v. State, 168 S.W.3d 173, 176–77 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005) (citing Martinez v. State, 91 S.W.3d 331, 335–36 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2002)).
10
pet. ref‘d); Page, 7 S.W.3d at 207. To invoke Brady and its progeny, a defendant
must present evidence that (1) the prosecution suppressed or withheld evidence;
(2) the evidence would have been favorable to the accused; and (3) this
evidence would have been material to his defense. Michaelwicz, 186 S.W.3d at
613.
1. Mandamus as an Improper Vehicle
The trial court properly dismissed Reger‘s suit as frivolous because Reger
failed to establish that, under the circumstances of the case, the law permitted
the trial court to make only one decision. See Jones, 8 S.W.3d at 385–86. Due
to the distinct posture of Reger‘s lawsuit, the trial court could have properly found
that it was an improper post-conviction vehicle to obtain the fourteen color
photographs due to the exclusivity of post-conviction habeas corpus law and
because Reger‘s apparent purpose in seeking the photographs was to pursue
further habeas relief.10 See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.07, ' 5 (―After
conviction the procedure outlined in this Act shall be exclusive and any other
proceeding shall be void and of no force and effect in discharging the prisoner.‖).
Reger asserted in his mandamus pleadings that he requested access to
the photographs under the PIA in order to ―ultimately prove his legal innocence
on subsequent habeas corpus application, pursuant to Texas Code of Criminal
10
Reger asserts on appeal that he raised a Brady/ineffective assistance
claim regarding these same fourteen color photographs in his initial state habeas
claim. In their brief, the Appellees state generally that Reger has previously
made unsuccessful allegations of undisclosed exculpatory evidence. The filings
referenced by the parties are not part of the appellate record before this court.
11
Procedure, art. 2.01 and 11.07, ' 4.‖11 He also asserted that, before he could file
a subsequent habeas application under article 11.07, section 4 of the code of
criminal procedure, his expert must first obtain and review the fourteen color
photographs.12 Additionally, throughout his pleadings, Reger attacks the validity
of his underlying conviction, stating for example that he is ―being presently
illegally incarcerated under an uncontroverted, adoptively admitted illegal- null
and VOID judgment of conviction.‖
Jurisdiction to grant post-conviction habeas corpus relief in felony cases
rests exclusively with the court of criminal appeals. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
Ann. art. 11.07, § 3 (providing that post-conviction writs of habeas corpus are to
be filed in the trial court in which the conviction was obtained and made
returnable to the court of criminal appeals); Ater v. Eighth Court of Appeals, 802
11
Article 11.07, section 4 provides in part that a court may not consider the
merits of or grant relief based on a subsequent application unless the application
contains sufficient specific facts establishing that (1) the current claims and
issues have not been and could not have been presented previously in an
original application or (2) by a preponderance of the evidence, but for a violation
of the United States Constitution no rational juror could have found the applicant
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.07, ' 4.
12
Reger explains that his subsequent habeas application must include a
prima facie claim of innocence and that he cannot meet this standard without
obtaining the photographs so that his expert can perform a forensic
reconstruction. While we express no opinion about the potential outcome of a
subsequent habeas application filed by Reger, we note that in his mandamus
petition, Reger stated that the autopsy report and the pathologist‘s testimony
refute eyewitness Christina Rene Storey‘s version of events and that he ―has
made a prima facie showing to this court that his underlying conviction: (1) is not
final due to being illegal- null and void; and (2) that the results are not reliable,
fair, or just.‖ Further, our analysis does not depend on Reger‘s potential for
success in a subsequent habeas application.
12
S.W.2d 241, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (holding that intermediate appellate
court could not grant acquittal by mandamus because ―[w]e are the only court
with jurisdiction in final post-conviction felony proceedings‖). ―Article 11.07
contains no role for the courts of appeals; the only courts referred to are the
convicting court and the Court of Criminal Appeals.‖ In re McAfee, 53 S.W.3d
715, 716 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, orig. proceeding). Moreover,
several intermediate appellate courts have held that, even if a mandamus relator
is not actually requesting habeas relief, jurisdiction lies with the court of criminal
appeals if the purpose of the request is to pursue further habeas relief. See Self
v. State, 122 S.W.3d 294, 294–95 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003, no pet.)
(dismissing an appeal for want of jurisdiction where trial court denied appellant‘s
request for a free copy of the trial court‘s records in order to prosecute a post-
conviction writ of habeas corpus); In re Trevino, 79 S.W.3d 794, 795 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 2002, orig. proceeding) (holding that court of appeals did
not have jurisdiction to issue mandamus directing district court to forward copy of
transcripts and evidence to inmate for purposes of pursuing post-conviction
relief).
Notably, in 2005, Reger filed a petition under civil procedure rule 202
(governing depositions before suit) seeking to depose the judge who presided
over his criminal trial, and the trial court dismissed the petition for failure to
comply with certain provisions of rule 202 and chapter 14 of the civil practice and
remedies code. See In re Reger, 193 S.W.3d 922, 923 (Tex. App.—Amarillo
13
2006, pet. denied). The Seventh Court of Appeals held that ―[a]ssuming
arguendo‖ that the trial court erred in dismissing the petition, the error was
harmless for several reasons, including (1) that it was ―beyond dispute‖ that
Reger sought to ―depose the trial judge who presided over his criminal trial to
obtain evidence to nullify his felony conviction for murder‖; (2) that ―effort to nullify
a felony conviction must be undertaken via habeas corpus instituted per art.
11.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure‖; and (3) that ―an art. 11.07
habeas proceeding is not civil in nature, but criminal.‖ Id. The court further
stated that
because the anticipated suit or claim Reger desired to initiate is
criminal, as opposed to civil in nature, the relief afforded under Rule
202 was unavailable to him.
In sum, criminal matters have their own rules of discovery,
such as they are. We opt not to enhance that body of rules by
engrafting on to them Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 202. We leave
that to the courts of last resort.
Id. For similar reasons, the trial court in the instant case could have reasonably
determined that, because it was not the convicting court, it did not have
jurisdiction over Reger‘s post-conviction efforts to pursue habeas relief.
In his mandamus pleadings, Reger essentially asserted that his
mandamus suit should not be construed as the pursuit of habeas corpus relief
because he made it very clear to the trial court that ―success in this action will not
‗necessarily demonstrate the invalidity of confinement or its duration.‘‖ 13 Reger
13
Reger specifically asserted that his mandamus action was not barred
under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 2372 (1994)
14
also argued, however, that he had ―made a prima facie showing to [the trial court]
that his underlying conviction: (1) is NOT final due to being illegal- null and VOID;
and (2) that the results are NOT reliable, fair, or just.‖ In addition to the circular
nature of his reasoning, Reger does not refute that the purpose of requesting
access to the fourteen photographs is to pursue further habeas relief.
For these reasons, the trial court could have properly found that Reger‘s
lawsuit was an improper post-conviction vehicle to obtain the fourteen color
photographs, and therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
dismissing Reger‘s lawsuit as frivolous.
2. Article 2.01 and Brady
To the extent that Reger‘s amended petition could be construed as
asserting a violation of article 2.01 and Brady, as opposed to seeking habeas
relief or discovery of the photographs, we hold that the trial court could have
validly dismissed Reger‘s suit as frivolous on this additional ground. Assuming
without deciding that a party could ever enforce code of criminal procedure article
2.01 and Brady through a civil mandamus proceeding, 14 Reger‘s mandamus
(distinguishing claims that are properly brought in habeas and those that may be
brought under 42 U.S.C. ' 1983 and holding that when ―a judgment in favor of
the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,‖
' 1983 is not an available remedy).
14
See Dist. Att’ys Office for the Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne, 129 S. Ct.
2308, 2320 (2009) (indicating that ―Brady is the wrong framework‖ to apply in
assessing a convicted defendant‘s right to access evidence). Osborne filed suit
under 42 U.S.C. ' 1983 to access evidence from his trial in order to subject it to
DNA testing. Id. at 2315. The Court rejected the Ninth Circuit‘s reasoning that
the State of Alaska‘s failure to turn over DNA evidence for testing for a post-
15
petition does not, as a matter of law, set forth facts establishing a cause of action
that would authorize relief. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 2.01; Brady, 373
U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1196–97. As demonstrated below, Reger‘s pleadings do
not establish on their face that Appellees suppressed the photographs at the time
of trial, and Reger has not alleged facts supporting his Brady allegation; i.e., he
does not allege that the photographs are favorable and material. Thus, Reger
has not pleaded facts that establish a mandatory duty by Appellees to produce
the requested photographs. See United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 674,
105 S. Ct. 3375, 3379 (1985) (citing Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1197)
(holding that the Brady rule requires disclosure only of evidence that is both
favorable to the accused and material either to guilt or to punishment).
Reger asserts throughout his pleadings that the Appellees suppressed or
withheld the photographs at the time of trial, and he attaches as supporting
evidence a portion of his trial record. This portion of the record, however,
demonstrates that at the time of trial Reger and his trial counsel were aware of
the photographs‘ existence or, at a minimum, their content. Specifically, the trial
excerpt attached to Reger‘s pleadings reveals that his trial counsel questioned
Detective Vennum (the lead detective in Reger‘s case at the time of trial) whether
investigating officers had taken photographs of the car in which the victim had
conviction proceeding violated Osborne‘s due process right to exculpatory
evidence under Brady. Id. at 2319–20. The Court explained that ―Osborne‘s
right to due process is not parallel to a trial right, but rather must be analyzed in
light of the fact that he has already been found guilty at a fair trial, and has only a
limited interest in postconviction relief.‖ Id. at 2320.
16
been riding as a passenger immediately before the offense, and Detective
Vennum responded affirmatively. When Reger‘s trial counsel asked the
detective whether he brought the photographs to court, the following dialogue
occurred:
A. [Detective Vennum]: I don‘t believe we did. I can look on this —
the transmittals of everything that we brought over here. I don‘t
believe those were part of what was brought.
Q. [Counsel]: Did Officer Paul Boone take photographs of the
vehicle?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
....
Q. [D]id he report to you that he observed the vehicle to have a small
amount of blood across the passenger side in the center area of the
hood? If you‘ll look at his report, please.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did he also report to you that there was a small area of blood
located on the roof of the vehicle on the passenger side of the
vehicle just above the passenger door?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
Q. Did he further report to you that he also observed that the inside
of the passenger side door had several blood spots and some dried
tissue on it?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
Q. And further that he located a small piece of tissue on the
passenger side floor board just in front of the passenger seat?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
17
Q. And did he report to you that the blood and tissue matter
appeared to be confined to the passenger side of the vehicle,
including and forward of the passenger side door?
A. Yes, sir, he did.
Q. Is Officer Boone here today?
A. No, sir, he‘s not.
REDIRECT EXAMINATION
Q. [State]: Just for clarification, the report that Officer Boone made
and photographs that he took and inspection of the car that he
made, that wasn‘t actually made on the night of the shooting, it was
on April 5th of ‘95?
A. [Detective Vennum]: That‘s correct.
....
RECROSS-EXAMINATION
Q. [Counsel]: All right. Officer — Lieutenant Vennum, did you
dispatch Officer Boone on April the 5th at approximately 5:10 to
collect photographic evidence and samples of blood and other
matter from a 1991 red Ford Mustang? Is that when you dispatched
him to do that?
A. [Detective Vennum]: Yes, sir, it is.15
15
We have a copy of Reger‘s trial record from his direct appeal, and we
take judicial notice of a portion of the closing argument of Reger‘s trial counsel in
which he tells the jury, ―Actually, you could use some more photographs. You
could use the photographs of the car itself which were not brought to court. It’s
true that I didn’t subpoena them, but the State didn‘t bring them down either and
you should have them.‖ [Emphasis added.] See Goodson v. State, 221 S.W.3d
303, 304 n. 2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, no pet.) (noting that appellate court
may judicially notice its own records in the same or related proceeding involving
the same or nearly the same parties). Defense counsel also reiterated in detail
the blood evidence found in the car.
18
While Reger characterizes this testimony as proof that the State withheld or
suppressed evidence, we disagree and hold that, for purposes of our review, the
quoted testimony confirms that Reger and his counsel were aware of the
photographs or, at a minimum, their content.16 See Mass v. Quarterman, 446 F.
Supp. 2d 671, 693 (W.D. Tex. 2006) (stating that Brady imposes a duty of
disclosure of information, regardless of what form that information might
assume). The prosecution team is not obligated to produce evidence already
known to or discoverable by the defendant under Brady. Hayes v. State, 85
S.W.3d 809, 814–15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); see also Mass, 446 F. Supp. 2d at
693 (finding no Brady violation where specific reports were not disclosed, but the
substance of the information contained in the reports was known by defense
counsel); Jones v. State, 234 S.W.3d 151, 158 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007,
no pet.) (holding Brady did not apply to medical records known and available to
defendant that he did not procure). Because Brady is triggered by the discovery,
after trial, of information favorable to the accused that had been known before or
during trial to the prosecution but unknown to the defense, Bagley, 473 U.S. at
678, 105 S. Ct. at 3381, and because Reger‘s pleadings and the attached
excerpt from his murder trial establish that Reger and his counsel knew about the
fourteen photographs, Reger‘s claim has no arguable basis in law. See
Hamilton, 319 S.W.3d at 809; Scott, 209 S.W.3d at 266.
16
Notably, defense counsel did not object that the State had failed to
previously produce the photographs, and he did not request a recess or move for
a continuance in order to obtain and view the photographs.
19
In addition, Reger speculates throughout his mandamus pleadings that the
photographs might be exculpatory and that they could possibly prove his
innocence. However, courts will not typically order the State to produce
information under Brady based merely upon a defendant‘s speculation that the
requested information contains exculpatory evidence. Michaelwicz, 186 S.W.3d
at 615 (citing Page, 7 S.W.3d at 206). Here, Reger asserts that his forensics
expert has requested the photographs ―so that he can ma[k]e an accurate expert
report upon them, which will then go to prove [Reger‘s] guilt[] or innocence.‖
Reger further asserts that he
only seeks for the Respondent(s) to release the above-mentioned
14-color photograph[]s to Louis L. Akin so that forensic testing can
be finally performed on them to determine whether or not they are
exculpatory, inculpatory, or inconclusive. Through other scientific
evidence already developed, [Reger] believes that those
photograph[]s will ultimately prove to be exculpatory. However, that
call is left up to the unbias[ed] pro bono expert opinion of Mr. Akin. If
the Respondent(s) truly believe in [Reger‘s] guilt; truly believe in their
evidence to prove [his] guilt, then they should have no fear in
allowing [Reger] to shoot himself in his own foot.
At the chapter 14 dismissal hearing, Reger asserted, ―I‘m just seeking now these
photographs, because I have the assistance of an expert, a reconstruction
expert, that has taken my case pro bono and wants to do a full evaluation of the
forensics.‖ Reger later stated, ―I can‘t say how this expert is going to rule.‖ As
the trial court correctly noted at the chapter 14 hearing, the evidence Reger was
requesting ―may or may not show anything‖ and ―in that situation, they don‘t have
to turn it over.‖
20
Reger fails to provide even a theory regarding how the photographs would
be favorable and material.17 As Reger notes in his petition, he pleaded not guilty
to the State‘s murder charge and asserted a self-defense theory, claiming that
the victim was the aggressor. While he asserted in his petition that he needed
access to the color photographs so that his expert ―may decide whether
Appellees or their agents knew that [eyewitness Christina Rene Storey] had lied
about the shooting events,‖ i.e., the sequence of shots and their angles, he failed
to explain how the fourteen color photographs could support his argument. In
fact, we note that the affidavit Reger‘s trial counsel provided in connection with
Reger‘s initial habeas application—which Reger attached to his amended petition
in this case—stated:
It was Mr. Reger who always insisted that he had acted in self-
defense and that that was the defense he wanted to present on a
not guilty plea. I discussed with him the possible application of the
lesser charge of Voluntary Manslaughter . . . . A number of times
prior to trial, and prior to his testimony during trial, I also discussed
with Mr. Reger the fundamental difficulty that was posed by the
results of the physical evidence and of the autopsy, which showed
the deceased, who was not armed, had been shot four (4) times with
Mr. Reger‘s rifle at different angles and distances. I explained that
the physical evidence made [an] argument of self-defense very
17
Indeed, even assuming arguendo that the State did not disclose the
photographs before trial and that the photographs constituted Brady material,
Reger either waived any potential Brady violation claim or failed to show that any
Brady error prejudiced him when he failed to request a continuance upon
becoming aware of the photographs. See State v. Fury, 186 S.W.3d 67, 73–74
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref‘d) (holding that a defendant‘s
failure to request a continuance indicates that tardy disclosure of withheld
evidence was not prejudicial for purposes of Brady violation claim); Gutierrez v.
State, 85 S.W.3d 446, 452 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. ref‘d) (holding that, as a
general rule, the failure to request a continuance waives any Brady violation).
21
tenuous at best. However, Mr. Reger explained both to me and to
[an investigator] at different times not only prior to but also during
trial a sequence of events as to the actual shooting that would
comport with the autopsy results. However, Applicant did not testify
as to this particular sequence of events at his trial.
Because Reger merely speculates generally in his petition that the photographs
are favorable and material, he has failed to plead facts establishing the second
and third elements of his Brady claim.
Because Reger failed to plead facts establishing that the Appellees
suppressed the photographs or otherwise committed a Brady violation, Reger
has not established that the Appellees have a mandatory duty to produce the
photographs. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing his
suit. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 14.003(b)(2).
We overrule Appellant‘s first and third issues.
B. Chapter 14 Discovery
In his second issue, Reger claims that the trial court abused its discretion
by refusing to allow him to conduct discovery before dismissing his mandamus
claim because mandamus proceedings are subject to discovery as in any other
civil suit. Chapter 14 operates according to its own distinct procedures, and a
trial court may dismiss a claim either before or after service of process—i.e.,
before an answer is filed—if it finds the claim is frivolous. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. ' 14.003(a); see Burnett v. Sharp, 328 S.W.3d 594, 597 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, no pet.). ―[T]he applicability of chapter fourteen is not
contingent on the defendant‘s satisfaction of any procedure rule.‖ McCollum v.
22
Mt. Ararat Baptist Church, Inc., 980 S.W.2d 535, 537 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 1998, no pet.). ―This is consistent with the purpose of chapter fourteen
which is ‗to control the flood of frivolous lawsuits being filed in the courts of this
State by prison inmates, consuming valuable judicial resources with little
offsetting benefit.‘‖ Id. (quoting Hickson v. Moya, 926 S.W.2d 397, 399 (Tex.
App.—Waco 1996, no writ)). Further, if the trial court conducts a hearing on a
defendant‘s motion to dismiss an inmate‘s suit under chapter 14, section
14.003(d) requires that the trial court ―suspend discovery relating to the [inmate‘s]
claim pending the hearing.‖ Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. ' 14.003(d). The
trial court therefore did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Reger‘s suit before
allowing him to conduct discovery. See Pohl v. Livingston, No. 03-06-00625-CV,
2008 WL 974785, *2 (Tex. App.—Austin, Apr. 10, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (holding trial court did not err by suspending discovery
in light of section 14.003(d)‘s automatic suspension of discovery). We overrule
Reger‘s second issue.
V. Conclusion
Having overruled each of Reger‘s three issues, we affirm the trial court‘s
judgment.
ANNE GARDNER
JUSTICE
PANEL: GARDNER and MCCOY, JJ.; and DIXON W. HOLMAN (Senior Justice,
Retired, Sitting by Assignment)
DELIVERED: August 11, 2011
23