Davion Demon Calloway A/K/A Davion Calloway v. State ( 2011 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-10-00021-CR
DAVION DEMON CALLOWAY APPELLANT
A/K/A DAVION CALLOWAY
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 432ND DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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In one point, appellant Davion Demon Calloway a/k/a Davion Calloway
appeals his conviction for aggravated robbery, which is a first-degree felony.2
We affirm.
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.03(a)(2), (b) (Vernon 2003).
Background Facts3
A grand jury indicted appellant for aggravated robbery; the indictment
alleged that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon while committing theft.
Appellant entered an open guilty plea, waived constitutional and statutory rights,
entered a judicial confession, and elected the jury to assess his punishment.4
During the trial on punishment, the State presented testimony from several
witnesses about extraneous bad acts that the State contended appellant had
been involved with. Specifically, the witnesses discussed an October 2008
shooting and a summer 2009 threat of a detention officer while appellant was
incarcerated. Appellant stipulated that he had been previously convicted of theft
and assault by contact, and the State presented evidence about the facts of the
theft.
Appellant testified about the aggravated robbery in this case and his
previous convictions. Although he admitted being present at the October 2008
shooting, he denied participating in it, and he also denied threatening the
detention officer. Appellant also called character witnesses, including a pastor
and his aunt.
3
Because appellant’s sole complaint on appeal concerns alleged jury
charge error, we will provide only a brief summary of the facts relevant to this
appeal.
4
Appellant repeated his guilty plea in the jury’s presence. His aggravated
robbery concerned a September 2008 incident at a Dollar Tree store in which he
approached an employee with a gun and took the store’s money and the
employee’s cell phone.
2
After both parties rested and presented closing arguments, the jury
convicted appellant and assessed his punishment at forty years’ confinement,
and the trial court sentenced him to the same. Appellant filed notice of this
appeal.
Jury Charge Instruction
In his only point, appellant contends that the trial court erred by excluding
his requested jury instruction about ―the burden of proof and the law of parties
. . . as to the extraneous offense evidence offered at trial.‖ Specifically, he
argues that the ―trial court reversibly erred and abused its discretion in denying
[his] requested jury charge as to applying reasonable doubt to the extraneous
offense evidence before the jury.‖
Appellate review of error in a jury charge involves a two-step process.
Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see also Sakil v.
State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Initially, we must
determine whether error occurred; if so, we must then evaluate whether sufficient
harm resulted from the error to require reversal. Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32.
For a jury to consider a defendant’s extraneous offenses and bad acts that
are presented during the punishment phase of a trial, such acts must be proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07,
§ 3(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2010); Moore v. State, 165 S.W.3d 118, 123 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). Thus, when evidence of extraneous offenses
or bad acts is admitted at punishment, a trial court must give a beyond-a-
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reasonable-doubt instruction in the jury charge. Moore, 165 S.W.3d at 123–24
(citing Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)); see Allen v.
State, 47 S.W.3d 47, 49–50 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).
The trial court’s charge included the following language:
You may consider evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act
in assessing punishment even if the Defendant has not yet been
charged with or finally convicted of the crime or act. However, you
may consider such evidence only if the extraneous crime or bad act
has been shown by the State beyond a reasonable doubt to have
been attributable to the Defendant or is one for which the Defendant
could be held criminally responsible.
The prosecution does not have to prove an extraneous crime
or bad act beyond all possible doubt. The prosecution’s proof must
exclude all reasonable doubt concerning the extraneous crime or
bad act.
Therefore, if you find and believe beyond a reasonable doubt
that the Defendant committed an extraneous crime or bad act . . . ,
then you may consider such evidence in assessing the Defendant’s
punishment. However, if you have a reasonable doubt that the
Defendant committed an extraneous crime or bad act . . . , then you
may not consider such evidence in assessing punishment.
Therefore, the record does not support appellant’s complaint that the trial court
erred by omitting an explanation of the application of the reasonable doubt
standard to the extraneous offenses that were presented to the jury.
Although not expressly articulated in his brief, appellant might be
complaining about other requested language that the trial court did exclude from
the jury charge. After the parties rested, before the submission of the case to the
jury, the court asked whether the parties had reviewed the proposed charge.
Appellant’s counsel expressed her belief that the charge should have told the jury
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that the State had to ―prove each and every element‖ of the extraneous offenses
it had presented, including that appellant was a party to the shooting or was
aware of it. Over appellant’s objection, the trial court declined to include the
following paragraph, which would have explained whether appellant could be
criminally responsible for another person’s conduct (because there was more
than one person involved in the shooting):
Each party to an offense may be charged with the commission
of the offense. A person is criminally responsible for an offense
committed by the conduct of another if acting with intent to promote
or assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages,
directs, aids or attempts to aid the other person to commit the
offense. Mere presence alone will not constitute one a party to an
offense.[5]
This instruction would have correctly stated the law. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 7.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). However, the instruction was not necessary
because the jury’s task was not to determine whether appellant could be
convicted for extraneous acts under the law of parties but to decide whether the
extraneous, bad acts were attributable to him. See Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d
510, 515 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (―We interpret [article 37.07] to require the
burden of proof to be applied to a defendant’s involvement in the act itself,
instead of the elements of a crime necessary for a finding of guilt.‖). In other
5
The charge stated, however, that a ―person is criminally responsible as a
party to an offense if the offense is attributable to his own conduct, by the
conduct of another for which he is criminally responsible, or by both.‖ This
instruction accurately states the law (albeit incompletely with regard to defining
criminal responsibility), and appellant did not object to it. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 7.01(a) (Vernon 2003).
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words, ―the statutorily imposed burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt does
not require the offering party to necessarily prove that the act was a criminal act
or that the defendant committed a crime.‖ Id.; see Spence v. State, 795 S.W.2d
743, 759 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (explaining that there is ―no requirement in our
law that all of the statutory elements of an offense must be proven before a prior
unadjudicated extraneous offense may be admitted at the punishment phase‖),
cert. denied, 499 U.S. 932 (1991); Hanson v. State, 269 S.W.3d 130, 133–34
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, no pet.) (―When an extraneous bad act is admitted for
consideration during the punishment phase, the jury is not required to assess
whether a statutory crime occurred; rather, its obligation is to determine, beyond
a reasonable doubt, whether that appellant was involved in the bad act being
offered as evidence‖); Malpica v. State, 108 S.W.3d 374, 378 (Tex. App.—Tyler
2003, pet. ref’d); Taylor v. State, 970 S.W.2d 98, 101 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1998, pet. ref’d) (―[T]here is no requirement that the jury be instructed that it can
only find the commission of an extraneous offense if the State proves each and
every element beyond a reasonable doubt.‖). Because the jury was not required
to decide whether appellant could be convicted of the shooting under the law of
parties to consider whether the shooting was attributable to him beyond a
reasonable doubt, we hold that the trial court did not err by excluding the criminal
responsibility paragraph quoted above. See Haley, 173 S.W.3d at 515.
For these reasons, we overrule appellant’s only point.
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Conclusion
Having overruled appellant’s only point, we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
TERRIE LIVINGSTON
CHIEF JUSTICE
PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; MEIER and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: March 3, 2011
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