Francisco Valdez Mendoza v. State ( 2010 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NOS. 02-10-00047-CR
02-10-00048-CR
02-10-00049-CR
FRANCISCO VALDEZ MENDOZA APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT NO. 3 OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. INTRODUCTION
Appellant Francisco Valdez Mendoza appeals his convictions for four
counts of aggravated sexual assault of a child and one count of indecency with a
child-sexual contact in Cause No. 1138470D, two counts of aggravated
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
kidnapping in Cause No. 1138471D, and one count of burglary of a habitation
with intent to commit the felony of aggravated sexual assault in Cause No.
1148082D. In two issues, Mendoza argues that the trial court abused its
discretion by stacking the sentences and that the trial court erred by not granting
a mistrial for the State’s improper closing arguments. We will modify the
judgment of conviction for indecency with a child-sexual contact in Cause No.
1138470D to correct a clerical error, modify all of the judgments to delete the
cumulation order, and affirm as modified.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On the night of April 13, 2008, thirteen-year-old J.R. was asleep on the
couch in her family’s house when she was awakened by Mendoza. J.R.
recognized Mendoza because she had seen him at the neighbors’ house before.
Mendoza picked up J.R. and carried her outside to a nearby alley. J.R. tried to
scream, but Mendoza covered her mouth and told her to be quiet. Mendoza
showed J.R. a knife and told her that he would kill her if she was not quiet.
Mendoza ripped off J.R.’s clothes and sexually assaulted her. He put his fingers
and his penis in her female sexual organ and anus, put his mouth to her female
sexual organ, made her touch his penis with her hand, and ejaculated into her
hand.
When Mendoza became distracted by a car parked in the alley, J.R. stood
up, grabbed her pants and the knife, and ran towards her house. As she was
running away, Mendoza asked her why she was running and yelled, ―When are
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we going to meet again?‖ J.R. woke up her mother, who called 911, and an
ambulance took J.R. to the hospital. An exam of J.R. revealed trauma to her
female sexual organ, consisting of bruising, a tear to her hymen, and redness,
and revealed a puncture wound to the area between her vaginal opening and her
anus.
About one month later, on May 17, 2008, J.R. woke up and noticed that
her bedroom window was open and that the window air-conditioning unit was
missing. She walked to her parents’ room and noticed someone standing in the
hallway. She told her parents, and they searched the house. J.R. walked past
the bathroom and saw Mendoza standing inside holding a knife. He tried to grab
her legs, and her parents surrounded him while J.R. called 911. DNA taken from
Mendoza matched DNA recovered during J.R.’s rape exam.
Mendoza was charged with multiple counts in three separate indictments.
The indictments in Cause Nos. 1138470D and 1138471D charged Mendoza with
offenses relating to the events that occurred on April 13, 2008, and the
indictment in Cause No. 1148082D charged him with burglary of a habitation with
intent to commit the felony of aggravated sexual assault relating to the incident
that occurred on May 17, 2008. The State filed written notice of its intent to
consolidate, and all of the charged offenses were prosecuted in a single criminal
action.
In Cause No. 1138470D, a jury found Mendoza guilty of four counts of
aggravated sexual assault of a child and one count of indecency with a child-
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sexual contact and assessed his punishment at twenty-five years’ imprisonment
for each of the sexual assault counts and at twenty years’ imprisonment for the
indecency count. In Cause No. 1138471D, the jury found Mendoza not guilty of
two counts of aggravated kidnapping, found him guilty of the remaining three
counts of aggravated kidnapping, and assessed his punishment at twenty years’
imprisonment for each of those three counts. In Cause No. 1148082D, the jury
found Mendoza guilty of burglary of a habitation with intent to commit the felony
of aggravated sexual assault and assessed his punishment at twenty-five years’
imprisonment. The trial court sentenced him accordingly and ordered all of the
sentences in Cause No. 1138470D (for aggravated sexual assault of a child and
indecency with a child) and in Cause No. 1138471D (for aggravated kidnapping)
to run concurrently with each other but to run consecutively with the twenty-five-
year sentence in Cause No. 1148082D (for burglary).2
III. CLERICAL ERROR IN JUDGMENT
Our review of the record has revealed an error in the judgment of
conviction for indecency with a child-sexual contact in Cause No. 1138470D.
Count seven of the indictment alleged that Mendoza committed indecency with a
child-sexual contact, the jury convicted him of that offense and sentenced him to
twenty years’ confinement for that conviction, and the trial court orally
2
In other words, the trial court stacked the sentences in Cause No.
1138470D and in Cause No. 1138471D onto the sentence in Cause No.
1148082D.
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pronounced the jury’s sentence at trial. However, the judgment for this
conviction incorrectly identifies the offense as aggravated sexual assault of a
child, rather than indecency with a child-sexual contact. This error was not
raised by either party at the trial level or on appeal.
This court has the power to modify the judgment of the court below to
make the record speak the truth when we have the necessary information to do
so. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b) (providing that appellate courts may modify
judgments and affirm as modified); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26, 27–28 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993); Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Dallas
1991, pet. ref’d). When a judgment and sentence improperly reflect the findings
of the jury, the proper remedy is reformation of the judgment. Aguirre v. State,
732 S.W.2d 320, 327 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1982). ―The authority of an
appellate court to reform incorrect judgments is not dependent upon the request
of any party, nor does it turn on the question of whether a party has or has not
objected in the trial court.‖ Asberry, 813 S.W.2d at 529–30.
Because the record establishes that the written judgment of conviction for
count seven in Cause No. 1138470D contains a clerical error misstating the
offense for which Mendoza was convicted, we modify the judgment to correct
that error and to show that Mendoza was convicted of indecency with a child-
sexual contact. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b); Bigley, 865 S.W.2d at 27–28; see
also Asberry, 813 S.W.2d at 529–30 (correcting written judgment to include the
jury’s affirmative deadly weapon finding); Lipsey v. State, No. 05-07-00005-CR,
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2007 WL 1978321, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 10, 2007, no pet.) (not
designated for publication) (correcting written judgment that mislabelled offense
for which defendant was convicted as indecency with a child when record
reflected that he was actually convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child).
IV. THE STACKING ORDER
In his first issue, Mendoza argues that the trial court abused its discretion
by ordering that his sentences run consecutively. Mendoza concedes that article
42.08 of the code of criminal procedure allows for stacking of sentences, but he
argues that the trial court abused its discretion by stacking the sentences
because he elected to have the jury assess his punishment and the stacking
order ―nullifies the decision of the jury.‖ He also argues that the stacking order
constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the United States and Texas
constitutions. The State argues that no abuse of discretion occurred because
penal code section 3.03 authorized cumulative sentencing for Mendoza’s multiple
aggravated sexual assault of a child convictions and that Mendoza waived his
constitutional argument.
A. Law on Cumulative Sentencing
We review the trial court’s decision to stack or cumulate sentences for an
abuse of discretion. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.08(a) (Vernon Supp.
2010); Smith v. State, 575 S.W.2d 41, 41 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1979);
Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
pet. ref’d). So long as the law allows the imposition of cumulative sentences, the
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trial judge has absolute discretion to stack sentences. Nicholas, 56 S.W.3d at
765.
Under article 42.08 of the code of criminal procedure, the trial judge has
discretion to cumulate the sentences for two or more convictions. Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.08(a). Article 42.08 provides that when a defendant has
been convicted in two or more cases, the trial court has discretion to order the
judgment and sentence in the second conviction to either (1) begin to run after
the judgment and sentence imposed in the preceding conviction ceased to
operate, or (2) run concurrently with the judgment and sentence imposed in the
preceding conviction. Id.
The trial court’s general authority under article 42.08 to order consecutive
sentences is statutorily limited by penal code section 3.03 when a defendant is
found guilty of more than one offense arising out of the ―same criminal episode‖
and prosecuted in a single criminal action. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.03 (Vernon
Supp. 2010); LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
―[C]riminal episode‖ is defined as
the commission of two or more offenses, regardless of whether the
harm is directed toward or inflicted upon more than one person or
item of property, under the following circumstances:
(1) the offenses are committed pursuant to the same
transaction or pursuant to two or more transactions that are
connected or constitute a common scheme or plan; or
(2) the offenses are the repeated commission of the same or
similar offenses.
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Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 3.01 (Vernon 2003).
When the convictions arise out of the same criminal episode and the cases
are tried together, subsection (a) of section 3.03 requires that the sentences shall
run concurrently except as provided by subsection (b). Id. § 3.03. Subsection
(b) provides the trial court with discretion to cumulate or stack the sentences ―if
each sentence is for a conviction of‖ certain offenses, including aggravated
sexual assault of a child and indecency with a child. See id. § 3.03(b).
B. Same Criminal Episode3
In this case, all of the offenses were prosecuted in a single criminal action.
Thus, penal code section 3.03 applied to limit the trial court’s discretion to stack
Mendoza’s sentences if the offenses he committed on April 13, 2008 (the
aggravated kidnapping, aggravated sexual assault of a child, and indecency with
3
Mendoza does not specifically argue on appeal that the trial court abused
its discretion by stacking the sentences based on the ―same criminal episode‖
provisions of section 3.03 (in fact, he contends in his procedural history that the
offenses are from ―two separate but similar alleged criminal episodes‖). But his
first issue is that the trial court abused its discretion by stacking the sentences,
and he cites to section 3.03 within his argument. Because we are to liberally
construe briefs and because a trial court abuses its discretion by stacking
sentences when the law does not allow for it, we will address this issue as a
―subsidiary question that is fairly included‖ within Mendoza’s first issue. Tex. R.
App. P. 38.1(f) (―The statement of an issue or point will be treated as covering
every subsidiary question that is fairly included.‖); see Tex. R. App. P. 38.9
(requiring courts to liberally construe briefs for substantial compliance with rules);
see also LaPorte, 840 S.W.2d at 415 (―An improper cumulation order is, in
essence, a void sentence, and such error cannot be waived.‖).
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a child offenses) and the offense he committed one month later on May 17, 2008
(the burglary offense) were part of the same criminal episode.4
The offenses committed by Mendoza stemmed from two separate
incidents involving the same victim and committed within one month of each
other by entering that victim’s house while carrying a knife and while the victim
was sleeping. In Baker v. State, the San Antonio Court of Appeals held that the
offenses of aggravated sexual assault, sexual assault occurring ten months later,
and burglary of a habitation with intent to commit sexual assault occurring a
month after the second offense were all part of the same criminal episode. 107
S.W.3d 671, 673 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, no pet.). The court reasoned
that the offenses were a continuing course of sexual assault on women living in
the same area because each offense was directed at a woman living in or near
that area, occurred in or near each woman’s home while she was alone, and took
place in the early morning hours; alternatively, the court reasoned that all three
offenses were similar offenses under section 3.01. Id.
Here, like in Baker, Mendoza’s burglary with intent to commit sexual
assault was connected to and constituted a common scheme with the sexual
assault offenses that he had committed one month earlier, and alternatively,
4
The State treated the offenses as arising out of the same criminal episode
at trial by filing notice of intent to consolidate pursuant to penal code section
3.03. On appeal, the State, in essence, assumes that the offenses are all part of
the same criminal episode by relying on section 3.03 to show that the cumulation
order did not constitute an abuse of discretion, but it does not present argument
on this issue.
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under the facts of this case, they were similar offenses. See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 3.01; Baker, 107 S.W.3d at 673; see also Guidry v. State, 909 S.W.2d
584, 585 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, pet. ref’d) (explaining that section
3.01(2) does not impose a time differential between the commission of the same
or similar offenses).
C. Abuse of Discretion in Stacking Sentences
Having determined that section 3.03 applied in Mendoza’s cases, we must
determine whether the trial court’s cumulation order is in compliance with that
section. The sentence that the trial court chose to stack onto was for the
burglary of a habitation with intent to commit aggravated sexual assault
conviction; the court did not stack any of the sentences for the sexual offenses
onto each other. Burglary is not one of the offenses for which stacking is
provided under subsection (b); that is, it is not one of the offenses exempted from
the concurrent-sentencing requirement of subsection (a). See Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 3.03. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by entering a
cumulation order stacking the sentence for Mendoza’s burglary conviction. See
id.; see also Yvanez v. State, 991 S.W.2d 280, 282–83 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)
(explaining that trial court had discretion to stack sentences for any excepted
offenses listed in section 3.03 but did not have discretion to stack sentences for
offenses not encompassed in section 3.03).
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We sustain Mendoza’s first issue and reform the judgment to delete the
cumulation order. See LaPorte, 840 S.W.2d at 415 (―An improper cumulation
order is, in essence, a void sentence.‖).
D. Waiver of Constitutional Arguments
Mendoza also argues that the trial court’s stacking order constitutes cruel
and unusual punishment under the United States and Texas constitutions, but he
did not present this argument at trial. Consequently, he has not preserved this
complaint for appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Rhoades v. State, 934 S.W.2d
113, 120 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (holding cruel and unusual punishment
argument under Texas constitution was waived when appellant failed to object at
trial); Curry v. State, 910 S.W.2d 490, 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (holding cruel
and unusual punishment argument under United States Constitution was waived
when appellant never objected on those grounds at trial); see also Nicholas, 56
S.W.3d at 768 (―The constitutional right to be free from cruel and unusual
punishment may be waived.‖).
V. IMPROPER JURY ARGUMENT
Mendoza’s complaint in his second issue involves the following arguments
made by the State during its closing argument at the guilt-innocence stage of
trial:
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[The State]: Do you know how many cases we have in Tarrant
County or child cases where we have actual evidence of injuries, of
rape like this?
Nearly zero.
[Defense counsel]: Objection to the form of the argument.
THE COURT: Sustained.
[The State]: I don’t have any cases like that.
[Defense counsel]: Objection to the form of the argument, Your
Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained.
....
[The State]: . . . . This is not my fault this case took four days. This
is not my fault we had to go through all the evidence with the
witnesses. This is not my fault we had to listen to all the 911 tapes
and see those horrible pictures and embarrassing pictures [of]
[J.R.]’s vagina and anal area. This is not my fault. This is his.
[Defense counsel]: Objection. There’s no evidence of any anal
trauma or pictures in evidence.
....
THE COURT: Overrule the objection.
[The State]: Oh, yeah? There’s no evidence of anal trauma or
vaginal trauma? Here it is.
In all of their time, both Dr. Coffman, Donna Wright’s boss,
and Donna both told you they have never seen an injury like this
before.
[Defense counsel]: Objection. There’s been no testimony from Dr.
Coffman nor was Dr. Coffman here.
THE COURT: Sustained.
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[The State]: Donna Wright told you she had presented it to her
medical director, and as a unit, they got together, and they’ve never
seen this type of injury before.
[Defense counsel]: Object to using this testimony as evidence.
THE COURT: Sustained.
....
[The State]: Notice this, because I’m sitting here trying to think what
could have caused that puncture would. What? And it dawned on
us. A reasonable inference from the evidence. Look at that knife.
Look at that thumb screw.
[Defense counsel]: Objection, Your Honor. There’s been no
testimony or evidence of that.
THE COURT: Overruled.
[The State]: I expected that.
[Defense counsel]: Objection. There’s no testimony, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Sustained.
Mendoza argues on appeal that the trial court erred by not granting a
mistrial for the State’s improper arguments during its closing argument.
Mendoza ―concedes that trial counsel did not object, did not ask for an instruction
for the jury to disregard the inflammatory arguments, and did not move for a
mistrial,‖ but he argues that the ―cumulative, repetitive effect‖ of the State’s
arguments was unconscionable.
A. No Adverse Ruling
The trial court sustained defense counsel’s objections to five of the
complained-of arguments. However, defense counsel did not pursue an adverse
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ruling; that is, after the court sustained her objections, defense counsel did not
seek an instruction to disregard or request a mistrial.
To preserve error in prosecutorial argument, a defendant must pursue his
objections to an adverse ruling. Archie v. State, 221 S.W.3d 695, 699 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007); Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d 918, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002);
see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1). ―The essential requirement is a timely,
specific request that the trial court refuses.‖ Young v. State, 137 S.W.3d 65, 69
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Even if the error was such that it could not be cured by
an instruction to disregard, the defendant must object and request a mistrial to
preserve the error. Mathis, 67 S.W.3d at 927.
Here, because Mendoza did not pursue adverse rulings on the majority of
his objections, any error was not preserved. See Archie, 221 S.W.3d at 699;
Mathis, 67 S.W.3d at 927.
B. Proper Argument
The only objection for which defense counsel obtained an adverse ruling
was her objection to the State’s closing argument about ―those horrible pictures
and embarrassing pictures [of] [J.R.]’s . . . anal area.‖ The trial court overruled
her objection that there was no evidence or pictures of any anal trauma in
evidence.
To be permissible, the State’s jury argument must fall within one of the
following four general areas: (1) summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable
deduction from the evidence; (3) answer to argument of opposing counsel; or
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(4) plea for law enforcement. Felder v. State, 848 S.W.2d 85, 94–95 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1992), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 829 (1993); Alejandro v. State, 493 S.W.2d
230, 231 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973).
Here, Donna Wright, the sexual assault nurse who had examined J.R.,
testified about a puncture wound to the area between J.R.’s vaginal opening and
her anus that measured approximately 7 millimeters long. Wright explained that
the wound would be painful and that she had never seen anything like it in her
ten years as a sexual assault nurse. During Wright’s testimony, the State
introduced a digital photograph of the puncture wound to J.R.’s anal area. Thus,
the State’s argument was a proper summation of the evidence, and the trial court
properly overruled defense counsel’s objection. See Felder, 848 S.W.2d at 94–
95; Alejandro, 493 S.W.2d at 231.
Because Mendoza did not pursue adverse rulings on the majority of his
objections and because the remaining objected-to argument was proper, we
overrule his second issue.
VI. CONCLUSION
Having modified the judgment of conviction for indecency with a child-
sexual contact in Cause No. 1138470D to correct a clerical error, having
sustained Mendoza’s first issue and modified the judgments to delete the trial
court’s cumulation order, and having overruled Mendoza’s remaining issue, we
affirm the trial court’s judgments as modified.
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SUE WALKER
JUSTICE
PANEL: GARDNER, WALKER, and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: December 30, 2010
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