Aidan Vitela v. the State of Texas ( 2021 )


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  •                                Fourth Court of Appeals
    San Antonio, Texas
    OPINION
    Nos. 04-19-00737-CR, 04-19-738-CR
    Aidan VITELA,
    Appellant
    v.
    The STATE of Texas,
    Appellee
    From the 451st Judicial District Court, Kendall County, Texas
    Trial Court Nos. 5942 & 6023
    Honorable Kirsten B. Cohoon, Judge Presiding
    Opinion by:       Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
    Sitting:          Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
    Luz Elena Chapa, Justice
    Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice
    Delivered and Filed: September 29, 2021
    AFFIRMED
    In this appeal from a consolidated guilty verdict for one count of criminally negligent
    homicide and one count of aggravated assault, Appellant Aidan Vitela argues that the trial court
    abused its discretion 1) by denying his motion to suppress evidence of his car’s “black box” event
    data recorder, 2) by allowing the State’s expert witnesses to testify and admitting black box
    evidence after a Daubert hearing, and 3) committed reversible error by denying a request for a
    mistrial due to improper closing statements by the prosecutor. He also argues that the evidence
    04-19-00737-CR, 04-19-00738-CR
    against him was legally insufficient to support a conviction for criminally negligent homicide. For
    the reasons given below, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
    BACKGROUND
    On March 12, 2015, Vitela was driving his two friends, Victoria Snell and Sydney Smith,
    down Scenic Loop in Boerne. He sped around a curve and lost control of his car, crashing into a
    tree. Smith died due to her injuries in the crash. As part of the police investigation, officers
    obtained a search warrant to recover Vitela’s black box event data recorder from his car. Once
    officers collected the evidence, they performed a download of the recorder’s data to gain
    information on the car’s speed at and before the time of the crash.
    In preparation for trial, Vitela challenged the officers’ authority to seize his car’s black box
    and access its information. He also challenged the black box’s reliability. But the trial court
    denied Vitela’s pretrial motion to suppress as well as his pretrial request to disqualify the State’s
    expert witnesses or exclude the black box data as unreliable evidence. After the jury heard the
    State’s evidence, the prosecutor argued that Vitela had driven recklessly, which Vitela disputed.
    The jury convicted Vitela of the lesser offense of criminally negligent homicide and found him
    guilty of aggravated assault for injuring Snell. Vitela now appeals, arguing for this court to reverse
    and remand his case for a new trial.
    ADMISSIBILITY OF BLACK BOX EVIDENCE UNDER THE 4TH AMENDMENT
    A.       Parties’ Arguments
    Vitela argues that the warrant police used to seize his car’s black box was not based on
    probable cause and that the black box was not found in the place where police expected to find it.
    Consequently, he argues that his motion to suppress the evidence should have been granted. The
    State responds that Vitela abandoned his car and had no standing to complain of any seizure related
    to it.
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    B.     Standard of Review
    A trial court’s ruling refusing to suppress evidence is generally reviewed for an abuse of
    discretion. Crain v. State, 
    315 S.W.3d 43
    , 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Guzman v. State, 
    955 S.W.2d 85
    , 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). But the appellate court uses a bifurcated standard,
    reviewing applications of law de novo. State v. Ruiz, 
    581 S.W.3d 782
    , 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019)
    (citing Turrubiate v. State, 
    399 S.W.3d 147
    , 150 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). This standard gives
    almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of historical facts, especially when resolving
    the mixed questions of law and fact turning on evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Crain, 
    315 S.W.3d at 48
     (citing St. George v. State, 
    237 S.W.3d 720
    , 725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
    C.     Applicable Law
    To collect evidence from a suspect’s vehicle, police must obtain a warrant based on
    probable cause, unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies. See Gonzales v. State, 
    190 S.W.3d 125
    , 134 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (citing Katz v. United States,
    
    389 U.S. 347
    , 357 (1967)). However, if a suspect has abandoned a vehicle, he may have no
    standing to challenge any evidence collected from it. See Gonzales, 
    190 S.W.3d at 135
     (citing
    Swearingen v. State, 
    101 S.W.3d 89
    , 101 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). The test to determine whether
    a suspect has abandoned his vehicle turns on whether the suspect showed intent to abandon it and
    whether the suspect’s intent was based on any police misconduct. Gonzales, 
    190 S.W.3d at 135
    (citing McDuff v. State, 
    939 S.W.2d 607
    , 616 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (holding automobile
    abandoned when left in motel parking lot for six days and defendant went to another state)).
    D.     Analysis
    In its Findings of Fact, the trial court found that Vitela’s car was towed to a wrecker’s lot
    following the crash and that the company notified Vitela he could collect his car after he paid the
    towing and storage fees. Vitela made no effort to collect the car, and his insurer sent it to an auto
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    auction. The auto auction is where law enforcement officers discovered the car, and it is where
    they ultimately collected the black box evidence. The State is correct that the record reflects
    Vitela’s apparent intent to abandon his car by his lack of effort to collect it or to communicate with
    anyone about whether he planned to collect it. When the police obtained evidence from the car, it
    was about to be sold by Geico. Therefore, Vitela maintained no standing to challenge the evidence
    collected. See Gonzales, 
    190 S.W.3d at 135
    . We overrule his argument regarding the trial court’s
    ruling on his motion to suppress the black box evidence.
    ADMISSIBILITY OF BLACK BOX EVIDENCE, STATE’S EXPERT TESTIMONY UNDER DAUBERT
    A.         Parties’ Arguments
    Vitela argues that the State’s expert witnesses lacked adequate expertise and should not
    have been permitted to testify. He also argues that the black box evidence associated with his car
    was unreliable because the black box police discovered on the passenger seat of his car was not of
    the same make as his car, 1 the data itself showed many errors, and it was unclear how the data
    related to Vitela’s crash, if it corresponded at all. At trial, he challenged the admissibility of this
    evidence under Daubert, but the trial court overruled his objection.
    The State argues that Vitela waived his argument in part by not objecting to the science
    underlying the black box evidence at trial. The State further argues that its expert witnesses were
    qualified to assist the jury in deciding the case, and that Vitela suffered no prejudice from the
    evidence admitted through the State’s expert witnesses because Vitela offered and admitted similar
    evidence.
    1
    The black box was labeled Subaru, though his vehicle was a Toyota.
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    B.     Standard of Review
    An appellate court reviews a trial court’s admission of evidence and expert testimony for
    an abuse of discretion, i.e., whether the trial court’s ruling was within the zone of reasonable
    disagreement. Weatherred v. State, 
    15 S.W.3d 540
    , 542 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (citing Prystash
    v. State, 
    3 S.W.3d 522
    , 527 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Montgomery v. State, 
    810 S.W.2d 372
    , 391
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).
    C.     Applicable Law
    “A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
    education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if the expert’s scientific, technical, or
    other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine
    a fact in issue.” TEX. R. EVID. 702; Rhomer v. State, 
    569 S.W.3d 664
    , 669 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019);
    Wooten v. State, 
    267 S.W.3d 289
    , 297 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). In other
    words, to testify as an expert, a witness must be qualified in their area of testimony, the area of
    testimony must be appropriate for an expert witness, and the anticipated testimony should help the
    jury decide the case. Rhomer, 569 S.W.3d at 669 (citing Vela v. State, 
    209 S.W.3d 128
    , 131 (Tex.
    Crim. App. 2006)). But “[t]his is not the same thing as requiring every expert to be the best
    possible witness.” 
    Id. at 670
    . For example, additional education might make a witness more
    authoritative on a topic but may not be necessary to adequately help a jury decide a case. See 
    id.
    In fact, “experience alone can provide a sufficient basis to qualify a person as an expert.” Carter
    v. State, 
    5 S.W.3d 316
    , 319 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). Ultimately, the
    decision to allow a witness to testify as an expert lies within the sound discretion of the trial court
    and will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion. See 
    id. at 320
    .
    Furthermore, the data that an expert might analyze is not likely to be precluded at trial or
    censured on review unless it is too unreliable to help the jury decide the case. See Tex. Workers’
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    04-19-00737-CR, 04-19-00738-CR
    Comp. Comm’n v. Garcia, 
    862 S.W.2d 61
    , 105 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1993), rev’d on other
    grounds, 
    893 S.W.2d 504
     (Tex. 1995) (citing Thompson v. Mayes, 
    707 S.W.2d 951
    , 956 (Tex.
    App.—Eastland 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Evidence is usually accepted in relevant scientific fields
    which are not new or novel. LaBorde v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 
    80 So. 3d 1
    , 1–2 (La. Ct. App.
    2011). Introducing black box evidence in a collision case, for example, is not new or novel. See
    
    id.
     (citing Commonwealth v. Zimmermann, 
    873 N.E.2d 1215
     (Mass. App. Ct. 2007); Matos v.
    State, 
    899 So. 2d 403
     (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2005); State v. Shabazz, 
    946 A.2d 626
     (N.J. Super. Ct.
    Law Div. 2005)). Such evidence may be subjected to rigorous cross-examination at trial. See,
    e.g., In re Melton, 
    597 A.2d 892
    , 903–04 (D.C. 1991). But objections to its reliability will most
    likely go to the weight of the evidence rather than to its admissibility. 
    Id.
     (citing Bertolotti v.
    Dugger, 
    883 F.2d 1503
    , 1517 (11th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 
    497 U.S. 1032
     (1990)).
    D.     Analysis
    The State’s expert witnesses in this case were both crash investigators for the Texas
    Department of Public Safety. The lead investigator, Trooper Kendrick, testified that he had been
    an officer with DPS for over eleven years. He testified that he first received crash investigation
    training at the DPS academy, and then later went on to attend two additional crash schools with
    DPS. As a highway trooper, investigating crash scenes was part of his job duties. Trooper
    Kendrick estimated that over the course of his career, he had worked hundreds of crash scenes. In
    this case, Trooper Kendrick measured the skid marks at the crash scene, inspected Vitela’s car,
    and he collected the black box evidence. He also used computer software and crash investigation
    equipment to determine a drag factor for Scenic Loop. He testified that this process allowed him
    to calculate Vitela’s minimum speed from the skid mark measurements. Based on Trooper
    Kendrick’s DPS training and extensive experience, we cannot agree with Vitela that it was an
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    abuse of discretion to allow Trooper Kendrick to testify regarding the crash investigation he
    conducted in this case. See Rhomer, 569 S.W.3d at 669.
    Trooper Bacon assisted Trooper Kendrick in the crash investigation. At trial, Trooper
    Bacon testified that he had worked for DPS for fifteen years and attended all six levels of crash
    school offered by DPS as well as several continuing education conferences. Part of his job duties
    included investigating crash scenes. In this case, Trooper Bacon was responsible for downloading
    black box data. At trial, he provided context for data obtained from the black box, including errors
    listed in the data printout, and he offered expertise in crash investigations generally. Based on
    Trooper Bacon’s significant training and experience in this area, we cannot conclude that the trial
    court abused its discretion by allowing Trooper Bacon to testify regarding crash investigations.
    See id.
    Furthermore, the black box data was not too unreliable to admit for the jury’s consideration,
    especially considering that the evidence did not stand alone, and it was corroborated by other
    evidence at trial. See Garcia, 
    862 S.W.2d at 105
    . Given that black box data is neither new or
    novel, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the evidence and allowing parties to
    examine and explain its significance for the jury to consider. See LaBorde, 
    80 So. 3d at 1
    –2. We
    overrule Vitela’s arguments pertaining to Daubert.
    LEGAL SUFFICIENCY
    A.        Parties’ Arguments
    Vitela argues that the evidence against him was legally insufficient to establish that his
    crash on Scenic Loop was due to criminal negligence. The State argues that the evidence against
    Vitela was legally sufficient to establish that he committed criminally negligent homicide and that
    his convictions should be affirmed.
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    B.     Standard of Review
    When determining whether there is sufficient evidence to support a conviction, the
    reviewing court “consider[s] the combined and cumulative force of all admitted evidence in the
    light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that evidence and the reasonable
    inferences therefrom, a jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.”
    Tate v. State, 
    500 S.W.3d 410
    , 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 
    443 U.S. 307
    , 318–19 (1979)); accord Brooks v. State, 
    323 S.W.3d 893
    , 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
    “Because the jury is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and of the weight given to their
    testimony, any conflicts or inconsistencies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the verdict.”
    Espino-Cruz v. State, 
    586 S.W.3d 538
    , 543 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d)
    (citing Jackson v. State, 
    530 S.W.3d 738
    , 741–42 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no
    pet.)). “The verdict may not be overturned unless it is irrational or unsupported by proof beyond
    a reasonable doubt.” Gamelin v. State, No. 14-08-00977-CR, 
    2010 WL 1037944
    , at *2 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 23, 2010, no pet.) (citing Matson v. State, 
    819 S.W.2d 839
    , 846
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
    C.     Applicable Law
    For the jury to convict Vitela of criminally negligent homicide, the jurors had to agree that
    the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Vitela caused Smith’s death and that he ought to
    have been aware of the substantial and unjustifiable risk posed by speeding down Scenic Loop of
    possibly crashing and causing a person’s death. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 6.03(d), 19.05;
    Stadt v. State, 
    182 S.W.3d 360
    , 364 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Aliff v. State, 
    627 S.W.2d 166
    ,
    171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)). The jurors also had to agree that the risk was of such a nature and
    degree that the failure to perceive it was a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary
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    person would exercise in Vitela’s position. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 6.03(d), 19.05; Stadt,
    
    182 S.W.3d at 364
     (citing Aliff, 
    627 S.W.2d at 171
    ).
    D.     Analysis
    Five seconds before Vitela entered a curve in the road and crashed into a tree, the black
    box from his car recorded his speed at 115 miles per hour. In the following seconds, the event
    data recorder documented Vitela’s diminishing speed as he neared the crash site: 113.7, 113.1,
    110, 106.9, 101.9, 95.7, and 85.7 miles per hour. In the final second before the crash, the black
    box recorded Vitela’s decreasing speeds as 80.8, 67.1, and 64.6 miles per hour. The lead crash
    investigator for the State measured skid marks in the road and gleaned through his training and
    experience that Vitela’s minimum possible speed just before he collided with the tree would not
    have fallen below 61.7 miles per hour. Vitela’s expert witness estimated that Vitela was driving
    88 miles per hour at some point before the collision and that Vitela was driving 66 miles per hour
    where the car’s skid marks began.
    As noted by the State, the speed limit approaching the curve was posted as 15 miles per
    hour. One eyewitness to the crash who lived directly off Scenic Loop testified that Vitela was
    audibly speeding faster than he had previously heard at that stretch of road. As Vitela attempted
    the curve, the eyewitness said aloud, “He ain’t going to make it.” Vitela then missed the turn and
    crashed into a tree, killing his friend. In reviewing all of the evidence taken together and resolving
    any discrepancies in favor of the verdict, we conclude that it was not unreasonable for the jury to
    find beyond a reasonable doubt that Vitela failed to perceive a substantial and unjustifiable risk
    that he could crash his car and kill or injure his passengers by driving about fifty miles per hour
    over the posted speed limit when he entered the fatal curve, and that it was a gross deviation from
    the standard of care that an ordinary person would exercise in Vitela’s position.
    We overrule Vitela’s sufficiency argument and next address his improper argument issue.
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    IMPROPER ARGUMENT BY THE PROSECUTOR DURING CLOSING STATEMENTS
    A.      Parties’ Arguments
    Vitela argues that the prosecutor’s closing argument contradicted trial evidence, injected
    new harmful facts to the jury, and the court’s instructions did not cure the impact of the
    prosecutor’s statements so that Vitela would likely not have been convicted but for the statements’
    injurious effect. The State argues that the prosecutor’s statements were proper, that the trial court’s
    instruction to disregard the prosecutor’s statements was effective, and Vitela did not consistently
    make the correct objection.
    B.      Standard of Review
    An appellate court reviews a trial court’s denial of a mistrial for abuse of discretion. Archie
    v. State, 
    221 S.W.3d 695
    , 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
    C.      Applicable Law
    “In order to be appropriate, jury argument must fall within one of the following areas: (1)
    summation of the evidence; (2) reasonable deduction from the evidence; (3) answer to argument
    of opposing counsel; or (4) a plea for law enforcement.” Pittman v. State, 
    9 S.W.3d 432
    , 434 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.) (citing Hughes v. State, 
    878 S.W.2d 142
    , 157–58 (Tex.
    Crim. App. 1992)). To be reasonable, “a deduction may only be based upon evidence which was
    actually introduced.” 
    Id.
     (citing Lovelace v. State, 
    662 S.W.2d 390
    , 392 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1983,
    pet. ref’d untimely filed)).
    If a prosecutor’s closing argument is found to be improper on review, the appellate court
    must determine whether the improper argument warrants reversal. 
    Id.
     (citing Mosley v. State, 
    983 S.W.2d 249
    , 259 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998), cert. denied, 
    526 U.S. 1070
     (1999)). “The following
    three factors are used to analyze the harm associated with improper jury argument: (1) severity of
    the misconduct (the magnitude of the prejudicial effect of the prosecutor’s remarks); (2) measures
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    04-19-00737-CR, 04-19-00738-CR
    adopted to cure the misconduct (the efficacy of any cautionary instruction by the judge); and (3)
    the certainty of conviction absent the misconduct (the strength of the evidence supporting the
    conviction).” Jones v. State, 
    38 S.W.3d 793
    , 797 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet.
    ref’d) (citing Mosley, 
    983 S.W.2d at 259
    )). Instructions to disregard are presumed to be complied
    with by the jury. Archie, 340 S.W.3d at 741.
    D.     Analysis
    During the prosecutor’s closing argument, Vitela made two requests for a mistrial after the
    State argued in the first instance that Vitela drove around the fatal curve at 113 miles per hour, and
    in the second instance that Vitela drove 115 miles per hour around the curve. After the first
    instance, Vitela objected to facts not in evidence, and the trial court agreed that there was no
    evidence to support the argument that Vitela drove 113 miles per hour around a curve. The trial
    court instructed the prosecutor to remove a slide related to the improper argument and instructed
    the jury to disregard the statement. The trial court denied Vitela’s first request for a mistrial.
    Immediately following the bench conference, the prosecutor said, “Recklessness: driving 115
    miles per hour around a curve.” Vitela objected to facts not in evidence, and the trial court
    instructed the prosecutor to return for another bench conference, explaining for a second time why
    such an argument could not be based on the evidence elicited during trial. The prosecutor clarified
    what she could properly argue, and Vitela requested a mistrial once more, which the trial court
    again denied. After closing arguments, the jury acquitted Vitela of manslaughter and convicted
    him of negligent homicide.
    We agree that the prosecutor’s statements at issue were not based on the evidence elicited
    at trial and were therefore improper. However, we do not agree that the statements caused Vitela
    to be convicted when he otherwise might not have been. First, the jury is presumed to have
    followed the trial court’s instruction to disregard the prosecutor’s argument regarding the speed at
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    which Vitela drove around the curve where the crash occurred. It must have been clear to the jury
    that the prosecutor was called to the trial court’s bench for correction each time she claimed that
    Vitela was driving over one hundred miles per hour in the fatal curve, and that she had to change
    her closing argument as a result. During trial, the jury heard both parties’ expert testimony
    regarding Vitela’s speed up to the point of collision. Nowhere does the record reflect that the jury
    substituted the prosecutor’s statements for the actual evidence, especially considering that Vitela
    was acquitted of manslaughter. Second, the trial evidence supported a jury finding that Vitela
    disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk that he should have perceived, and that it was a
    gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would have taken in his position.
    See Jones, 
    38 S.W.3d at 797
    . Vitela’s data recorder documented his speed at 115 miles per hour
    five seconds before his collision. Vitela’s expert witness estimated that Vitela was driving 66
    miles per hour where his skid marks began. The State’s expert calculated that Vitela’s speed would
    not have fallen below 61.7 miles per hour just before he collided with the tree. The posted speed
    limit for the curve was fifteen miles per hour, significantly lower than any of the evidence
    established as Vitela’s speed at the time. For these reasons, we overrule Vitela’s argument
    regarding the prosecutor’s improper statements.
    CONCLUSION
    We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting Vitela’s black box
    as evidence after determining that Vitela abandoned his car and lacked standing to challenge the
    evidence seized from it. Likewise, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the State’s
    crash investigators to testify regarding their investigation and on their reading of the crash data
    from the black box. We also conclude that the evidence was legally sufficient to establish that
    Vitela caused Smith’s death when he drove at a high rate of speed into a curve, disregarding a
    substantial and unjustifiable risk that he should have perceived, and that it was a gross deviation
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    from the standard of care that an ordinary person would have taken in his position. Lastly, we
    conclude that while the State made an improper argument regarding the speed at which Vitela
    drove around the curve where the crash occurred, the trial court effectively corrected the State’s
    argument and instructed the jury to disregard the unfounded statements. Vitela did not show he
    would likely not have been convicted absent the State’s conduct.
    We overrule Vitela’s issues on appeal and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
    Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
    PUBLISH
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