Brian Wayne Sanderson v. State ( 2019 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-18-00210-CR
No. 07-18-00211-CR
No. 07-18-00212-CR
BRIAN WAYNE SANDERSON, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 320th District Court
Potter County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 72,550-D; 74,277-D; 74,278-D
Honorable Don Emerson, Presiding
July 30, 2019
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Brian Wayne Sanderson, appellant, was charged in three cause numbers with
evading arrest with a previous conviction for evading arrest, possession of a controlled
substance with intent to deliver, and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. 1 The
three cases arose out of the same facts and were tried together. The trial court found
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 38.04(b)(1) (West 2016), TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.
§ 481.112(a), (e) (West 2017), and TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1) (West 2011).
appellant guilty in all three causes, the deadly weapon allegation true on the possession
charge, and the enhancement paragraphs true in all causes. Appellant filed this appeal,
in which he raises five issues. We modify the judgments of the trial court and affirm as
modified.
Background
In 2016, Amarillo police were conducting surveillance on appellant, who was
wanted for a parole violation. They followed him for several hours as he drove to
numerous locations. Appellant entered a slots business on Sixth Street, and the police
officers contacted the SWAT team to assist with his apprehension. When appellant exited
the business, the SWAT team commanded him to stop, but he began to run. Some
officers gave chase while others used their vehicles to block appellant’s path. Appellant
then stopped and lay on the ground. Following appellant’s arrest, officers requested a K-
9 officer to bring a trained dog to the scene to perform a free air sniff of the vehicle
appellant had been driving. The dog alerted on the vehicle, indicating the presence of
drugs. Officers then conducted a search of the vehicle, where they found a shotgun,
which was not loaded, and a bag containing a scale, empty baggies, and several small
bags of methamphetamine.
Appellant was charged by indictment with (1) the state-jail felony offense of
evading arrest or detention with a previous conviction for evading arrest or detention,
enhanced with two prior state-jail felonies, (2) the felony offense of possession with intent
to deliver a penalty group 1 controlled substance in an amount of 200 grams or more but
less than 400 grams, enhanced with two prior felonies, and (3) the third-degree felony
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offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, enhanced with two prior felonies.
The three matters were consolidated.
Appellant pled not guilty in all three cases. Before trial, he filed a motion to
suppress in each case, and all were denied. Following trial to the bench, appellant was
found guilty on all three indictments. At punishment, he pled true to all enhancements.
The trial court assessed punishment at five years’ confinement in the Texas Department
of Criminal Justice for the evading arrest conviction and forty years’ confinement for both
the possession of a controlled substance and unlawful possession of a firearm
convictions. Finally, the trial court found that appellant used or exhibited a deadly weapon
during the commission of the drug offense. Appellant timely perfected this appeal.
Analysis
Standard of Review
Appellant’s first three issues challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support
(1) his conviction for unlawful possession of a firearm, (2) his conviction for possession
of a controlled substance, and (3) the trial court’s deadly weapon finding. When we
assess the sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); see Brooks v. State, 323
S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). “[O]nly that evidence which is sufficient in
character, weight, and amount to justify a factfinder in concluding that every element of
the offense has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt is adequate to support a
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conviction.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917 (Cochran, J., concurring). We are mindful that
“[t]here is no higher burden of proof in any trial, criminal or civil, and there is no higher
standard of appellate review than the standard mandated by Jackson.” Id. Under the
Jackson standard of review, the ultimate question is whether the finding of guilt was a
rational finding. See id. at 906-07 n.26 (discussing Judge Cochran’s dissenting opinion
in Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 448-50 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), as outlining the
proper application of a single evidentiary standard of review).
Unlawful Possession of a Firearm and Possession of a Controlled Substance
In his first two issues, appellant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support
his convictions for possession of a firearm by a felon and possession of a controlled
substance because the evidence did not establish that he possessed either the firearm
or the drugs found in the vehicle.
A person commits the offense of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon if the
person was previously convicted of a felony offense and possessed a firearm after the
conviction and before the fifth anniversary of his release from confinement or from
supervision, whichever date is later. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 46.04(a)(1); see also
Martinez v. State, 986 S.W.2d 779, 780 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1999, no pet.). A person
commits the offense of possession with intent to deliver a controlled substance if he
knowingly possesses a drug with the intent to deliver it. See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE
ANN. § 481.112(a).
To prove unlawful possession, of either the firearm or the controlled substance,
the State had to establish that the defendant: (1) exercised care, control, or custody over
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the contraband; and (2) knew the matter possessed was contraband. Poindexter v. State,
153 S.W.3d 402, 405 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see also Corpus v. State, 30 S.W.3d 35,
37-38 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d). “Possession,” under the Penal
Code, “means actual care, custody, control, or management.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 1.07(a)(39) (West Supp. 2018). A person commits a possession offense only if he
voluntarily possesses the prohibited item. See id. § 6.01(a) (West 2011). “Possession is
a voluntary act if the possessor knowingly obtains or receives the thing possessed or is
aware of his control of the thing for a sufficient time to permit him to terminate his control.”
James v. State, 264 S.W.3d 215, 218 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d).
Here, appellant was the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle where the firearm
and methamphetamine were found, but he was not the owner of the vehicle. When the
accused is not in exclusive control of the place where the contraband is found, the State
must offer additional, independent facts and circumstances to affirmatively link him to the
contraband in such a way that it can reasonably be concluded that he had knowledge of
and exercised control over the contraband. Kibble v. State, 340 S.W.3d 14, 18 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). Whether direct or circumstantial, this evidence
“must establish, to the requisite level of confidence, that the accused’s connection with
the [contraband] was more than just fortuitous.” Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747
(Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (en banc). Courts have identified several factors that may be
considered in determining whether a defendant is sufficiently linked to contraband,
namely (1) the defendant’s presence when a search is conducted; (2) whether the
contraband was in plain view; (3) the defendant’s proximity to and the accessibility of the
contraband; (4) whether the defendant was under the influence of narcotics when
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arrested; (5) whether the defendant possessed other contraband when arrested; (6)
whether the defendant made incriminating statements when arrested; (7) whether the
defendant attempted to flee; (8) whether the defendant made furtive gestures; (9) whether
there was an odor of contraband; (10) whether other contraband or drug paraphernalia
were present; (11) whether the defendant owned or had the right to possess the place
where the substance was found; (12) whether the place where the substance was found
was enclosed; (13) whether the defendant was found with a large amount of cash; and
(14) whether the conduct of the defendant indicated a consciousness of guilt. See Evans
v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 n.12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Auvenshine v. State, Nos.
07-15-00251-CR, 07-15-00253-CR, 07-15-00254-CR, 07-15-00255-CR, 2016 Tex. App.
LEXIS 3392, at *11 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Mar. 31, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not
designated for publication). It is the “logical force” of the factors, not the number of factors
present, that determines whether the elements of the offense have been established.
Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162.
The evidence in this case sufficiently links appellant to the firearm and
methamphetamine. The firearm was found resting on top of a bag in the front passenger
seat floorboard, and the methamphetamine was found inside the bag, making appellant
in close proximity with and giving him ready access to both. Appellant was in exclusive
control of the vehicle, an enclosed space, for the roughly seven-hour period during which
he was under surveillance. Appellant’s attempt to flee from officers on foot indicated
consciousness of guilt. Other contraband was found on appellant. Additionally, after his
arrest appellant informed officers that the firearm and fifteen ounces of methamphetamine
were inside the vehicle. He specifically identified the firearm as a Kel-Tec 12-gauge
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shotgun and stated he had picked it up from someone’s house. He told officers that he
was delivering the methamphetamine to three or four different places for someone else.
We conclude appellant was affirmatively linked to both the firearm and the
methamphetamine. Based on the evidence presented, the trial court could have
determined beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant intentionally and knowingly
possessed the firearm and methamphetamine found in the vehicle he was driving. We
overrule appellant’s first and second issues.
Deadly Weapon Finding
In his third issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
the trial court’s finding that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission
of the possession offense. A firearm, such as the shotgun at issue here, is a deadly
weapon under Texas law. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 1.07(a)(17)(A). The deadly
weapon must facilitate the associated felony to support the deadly weapon finding; mere
possession of a deadly weapon during the commission of a felony is not enough.
Plummer v. State, 410 S.W.3d 855, 864-65 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). In determining
whether a weapon was used to facilitate a felony, the evidence must establish that the
weapon furthered the commission of the offense or enabled, continued, or enhanced the
offense. Id. at 865.
Any employment of a firearm, even mere possession, to facilitate the commission
of another offense constitutes a “use” of the weapon. Patterson v. State, 769 S.W.2d
938, 941 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). In Patterson, the court upheld a deadly weapon finding
where officers executing a search warrant found the defendant sitting on a couch near a
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table on which methamphetamine was located, and a pistol was on the couch beside the
defendant’s leg. Id. at 939. The court determined that the evidence was sufficient to
support a finding that the defendant used the pistol to facilitate his possession of the
methamphetamine. Id. at 942. Similarly, in Coleman v. State, the court held that a
rational trier of fact could find that the defendant used firearms to facilitate his possession
and distribution of drugs where a pistol, rifle, money, and a safe containing bottles of PCP
were found in a bedroom. Coleman v. State, 145 S.W.3d 649, 650-55 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004).
As we have previously recognized, it is “rather settled” that weapons are
associated with the drug trade. Wilson v. State, 132 S.W.3d 695, 698 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2004, pet. ref’d). Further, the Court of Criminal Appeals has noted that a firearm
may be “used” during the commission of the offense of possessing contraband in the
sense that the firearm protects and facilitates the care, custody, and management of the
contraband. Gale v. State, 998 S.W.2d 221, 224-26 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Here, the shotgun was found in the floorboard of the front passenger seat. It was
directly on top of the bag which contained the baggies of methamphetamine that appellant
later told officers he was delivering. Officers surveilling appellant observed that he was
the only occupant of the vehicle and that he made multiple stops during the hours-long
period in which he was under surveillance.
Viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude that
the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court’s finding that appellant used a firearm
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in the commission of the offense of possession of a controlled substance with intent to
deliver. We overrule appellant’s third issue.
Denial of Motion to Suppress
In his fourth issue, appellant argues that the search of the vehicle occurred without
a search warrant, probable cause, or reasonable suspicion, in violation of his rights under
the Fourth Amendment. As such, he concludes, the trial court abused its discretion when
it denied his motions to suppress. The State contends that the motions to suppress were
properly denied because the warrantless search of the vehicle was justified either by the
automobile exception or as a search incident to arrest.
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence for an abuse of
discretion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under this
standard, the trial court is given almost complete deference in its determination of
historical facts and with respect to its rulings on application of law to questions of fact and
to mixed questions of law and fact where resolution of those questions depends on an
evaluation of credibility and demeanor, but for other mixed questions of law and fact, we
conduct a de novo review. Id. Where, as here, the trial court does not make findings of
fact, the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and it is
assumed that the court made implicit findings of fact supported by the record. State v.
Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (en banc).
The Fourth Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures by
government officials. U.S. CONST. amend. IV; Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007). Although a search conducted without a warrant generally is considered
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per se unreasonable, there is an exception for vehicles. Maryland v. Dyson, 527 U.S.
465, 466, 119 S. Ct. 2013, 144 L. Ed. 2d 442 (1999) (per curiam). The “automobile
exception” allows for the warrantless search of a vehicle “if it is readily mobile and there
is probable cause to believe that it contains contraband.” Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d
330, 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).
In his brief, appellant does not challenge the existence of probable cause, but
argues that the automobile exception does not apply because the search was conducted
on private property. We disagree. The automobile exception applies when the vehicle
“is found stationary in a place not regularly used for residential purposes” and is readily
capable of being used on the highways. Martin v. State, 780 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1989, pet. ref’d) (quoting California v. Carney, 471 U.S. 386, 392-
93, 105 S. Ct. 2066, 85 L. Ed. 2d 406 (1985)).
In this case, the evidence shows the vehicle was found stationary in a parking lot
of a gaming business establishment. The record does not suggest, and appellant does
not claim, the establishment is a place regularly used for residential purposes. The
vehicle was readily capable of being used on the highways because the officers had
observed appellant driving the vehicle shortly before he was arrested. These facts justify
application of the automobile exception and allow the search of the vehicle without a
warrant. Carney, 471 U.S. at 392-93.
Because we have found that the automobile exception applies, we need not
determine whether the search incident to arrest exception applies. We overrule
appellant’s fourth issue.
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Court Costs Error
Finally, appellant asserts and the State concedes that the trial court’s judgments
are erroneous because they include court costs. In each cause number, the judgment
states that court costs are assessed “as per [the] attached Bill of Cost.” The bills of cost
reflect charges of $224, $284, and $224 in the respective causes. However, the Article
42.152 Addendum in each cause number indicates that the costs shall be waived.
This Court has the authority to modify or reform a judgment to make the record
speak the truth when the matter has been called to its attention. TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b);
French v. State, 830 S.W.2d 607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc). Because
appellant’s claim is well-taken, we sustain his fifth issue.
Conclusion
We reform the trial court’s judgments of conviction in all three cause numbers to
reflect that court costs are waived. In all other respects, the trial court’s judgments are
affirmed.
Judy C. Parker
Justice
Do not publish.
2 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.15 (West 2018).
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