Turner v. Chandler , 304 S.W.2d 687 ( 1957 )

CHADICK, Chief Justice.

This case was filed as an original proceeding in the Court of Civil Appeals by Norma Weatherby Turner as relator, against Ward Chandler, District Judge, and Sid B. Turner, the party opposed to relator in litigation pending in the 123rd Judicial District of Texas, as respondents. Relator’s petition alleges that Ward Chandler, prior to becoming Judge of the 123rd District Court, in such court as an attorney, represented Sid B. Turner in a divorce case lumbered and styled D-520, Sid B. Turner, Plaintiff v. Norma Turner, Defendant, and that though divorce has been granted, the issue of child custody in said case is yet to be disposed of by such court and such issue and litigation is now pending for trial therein, and was so pending when the said Ward Chandler became Judge of the 123rd Judicial District on January 1, 1957. The relator petitions this court to grant a writ of mandamus compelling respondent Ward Chandler to certify his disqualification to act as judge in the above numbered and styled suit; or, in the alternative, that a writ of prohibition issue prohibiting Judge Chandler from making any further orders or sitting further in the trial of the case, together with certain other relief respecting a judgment of May 8, 1957, which will be discussed -in the course of the opinion.

On May 7, 1957, a hearing was held before Judge Chandler upon respondent Sid B. Turner’s motion to dismiss and strike the application and pleadings of Norma Turner for custody of the minor child filed in cause D-520 in the District Court of Panola County, filed July 26, 1955, and all subsequent motions in that regard. Previous to the hearing on May 7, 1957, the relator, Norma Turner, by counsel, had filed a suggestion of disqualification of Judge Chandler to sit in the trial of the case which was re-filed and again brought to the attention of the judge on the day of the hearing. Judge Chandler being of the opinion that the motion was a matter preliminary to’ the trial, declined to recuse himself and proceeded with the hearing, and on May 8, 1957, entered a judgment sustaining the motion, dismissed the pleadings and motions of relator, Norma Turner, seeking custody of her minor child and awarded custody of the minor to respondent Sid B. Turner.

On June 21, 1957, after the instant proceeding had been filed and before hearing thereon set for July 8th, Judge Chandler entered an order vacating the judgment of May 8th. On the basis of this latter action, it is argued in his behalf that the relief sought by relator has been granted and that this proceeding has become moot. This court can not agree to such a conclusion. McNeill v. Hubert, 119 Tex. 18, 23 S.W.2d 331, 333, a Commission of Appeals opinion adopted by the Supreme Court says that a case becomes moot “ * * * when it appears that one seeks * * * judgment upon some matter, which, when rendered, for any reason can not have any practical legal effect upon a then existing controversy.” Assuming, but reserving for later discussion and disposition, that Judge Chandler was not disqualified to render and enter the judgment of May 8th and the order of June 21st, and that the latter order had the effect of vacating the former and re-instating the case on the docket as it stood prior to May 8th, it can not be said that the relief here sought of compelling the judge to certify his disqualification, or, in the alternative, prohibiting him from acting in the case, has been in any manner attained. Or that a judgment in this case would have no practical legal effect upon the controversy because the question of Judge Chandler’s disqualification and right to act remain unchanged and undecided, and decision on that question will certainly have a practical legal effect.

The facts are undisputed that Ward Chandler’s name appeared as counsel on pleadings filed in the divorce action and that he attended conferences of the court and counsel during the progress of the. case, sat at counsel table during the trial and testified as a witness for Sid B. Turner. No serious contention is made that Judge Chandler is not disqualified to sit as .judge in a trial of the remaining child custody issue in the case. The Article 5, Sec. 11, Vernon’s Ann.St. Constitution, State of Texas, provides that no judge shall sit in any case wherein he may have been counsel.

The undisputed facts show that Judge Chandler as an attorney represented respondent Sid B. Turner in the same suit and upon the same issues now pending for trial before him as a district judge. Such facts clearly disqualify him under the holding of various courts of this state. See Matlock v. Sanders, Tex.Civ.App., 273 S.W.2d 956, no writ history; Ex parte Largent, 144 Tex.Cr.R. 592, 162 S.W.2d 419, certiorari denied Largent v. Reeves, 317 U.S. 668, 63 S.Ct. 72, 87 L.Ed. 536, rehearing denied 317 U.S. 713, 63 S.Ct. 443, 87 L.Ed. 568; Johnson v. Johnson, Tex.Civ.App., 89 S.W. 1102, no writ history.

Though this court finds no difficulty in holding that Judge Chandler is disqualified to sit as a judge in this litigation and is under a mandatory duty to certify his disqualification to the Governor by direction of Article 1885, Vernon’s Ann.Tex.Civ.St. we do find some difficulty in determining the relief, if any, which may be afforded the relator in this court. In 1890, Chief Justice Stayton of the Supreme Court in Grigsby v. Bowles, 79 Tex. 138, 15 S.W. 30, 31, made this categorical statement:

“There being no law authorizing appeals to this court from a refusal of a district judge to certify to the governor his disqualification, this court has no jurisdiction to revise his ruling, and has no power to enforce, by the writ of mandamus or otherwise, the performance of such a duty; for it is only where such process is necessary to enforce the jurisdiction of this court that it has the power to issue it. City of Laredo v. Martin, 52 Tex. 548; Churchill v. Martin, 65 Tex. 367.” (Emphasis added.)

The Supreme Court jurisdiction then, as now, was limited by Article 5, Sec. 3 of the Constitution to issuance of writs of mandamus, procedendo, certiorari and other writs as may be necessary to enforce its jurisdiction. Sec. 6 of the same Article confers appellate jurisdiction co-extensive with the limits of the respective districts upon the Courts of Civil Appeals in all civil cases of which the district courts or county courts have original or appellate.jurisdiction, under such restrictions or regulations as may be prescribed by law,, and such courts are given such other jurisdiction, original and appellate, in such cases and circumstances as the Legislature may prescribe. The Legislature under this constitutional grant of authority enacted Article 1823, V.T.C.S., which provides, “Said courts and the judges therof may issue writs of mandamus and all other writs necessary to enforce jurisdiction of said courts,” and Article 1824, providing that the writ of mandamus may issue from said courts to compel a district or county court to proceed to trial and judgment in a case, as well as Article 1735a making the writ available to compel officers of political parties to perform' their duties. Aside from these articles mentioned, the Legislature has not further implemented the authority of Courts of Civil Appeals in this regard nor seen fit to authorize Courts of Civil Appeals to issue writs of mandamus under any other circumstances. So it appears that Courts of Civil Appeals are now limited' in their authority to issue writs of mandamus to the same extent that the Supreme Court was at the time of the opinion in Grigsby v. Bowles, supra, in that, with the exceptions noted, the Courts of Civil Appeals may only issue the writ in aid of its own jurisdiction.

Such well-respected authority as American Law Reports, Annotated, lends support to the construction of the Constitution and statutory provision here made that the remedy of mandamus is not available to compel a district judge to certify his disqualification. In 45 A.L.R.2d 951, it is said:

"A few jurisdictions subscribe to the view that mandamus is not available as a remedy to compel a judge to recuse himself or to certify his disqualification. * * *

"There is a dearth of Texas authority on the question under consideration, but the few cases within the scope of this annotation lead to the conclusion that in that state mandamus is not the remedy to compel a judge to disqualify himself or to certify his disqualification.”

This text indicates that the great weight of authority in other jurisdictions throughout the United States favors the view that such writ is available and that only Texas, Kentucky, Idaho, Louisiana and the 7th U.S.C.C.A. adhere to the view expressed here, but this court does not feel at liberty to depart from the rule as the Supreme Court of Texas has heretofore laid it down. Grigsby v. Bowles was discussed in Schintz v. Morris, 89 Tex. 648, 35 S.W. 1041, where a slightly different question was involved, and Chief Justice Gaines commented upon and approved the rule stated and to that extent reaffirmed it. Thus the Supreme Court of Texas has twice denied its right to compel á district judge by writ of mandamus to certify his disqualification to the governor.

This construction of the Constitution of the State and enactments of the Legislature may be eloquently argued against on the basis that such construction leaves a litigant without a remedy in cases where a patently disqualified judge refuses to certify his disqualification and compels a party to undergo the házards of a trial before a disqualified judge as well as being unnecessarily put to the effort and expense attached to abortive litigation. There is no good answer to such argument except that given by Chief Justice Major in the case of Korer v. Hoffman, 7 Cir., 212 F.2d 211, 215, 45 A.L.R.2d 930, where a similar proposition was under discussion and he said:

“This is an appealing argument to which we know of no good answer other than that it is made in the wrong forum. In response to a similar contention, the court in Gulf Research & Development Co. v. Leahy, 3 Cir., 193 F.2d 302, 304, stated: ‘The mere fact that the petitioners will be put to the inconvenience and expense of what may prove to be a wholly abortive trial is an argument which might be addressed to Congress in support of legislation authorizing interlocutory appeals but does not constitute ground for invoking mandamus power.’ ”

Until the Legislature grants this court authority to issue writs of mandamus to compel inferior court judges to certify their disqualification, this court is without authority by mandamus to correct what could develop into an oppressive wrong. This being an intermediate appellate court, bound by and without authority to revise or override the decisions of the Supreme Court, this court has no choice other than to follow the precedents set by the Supreme Court.

It follows from the findings stated that the orders made by Judge Chandler in case D-520 dated May 8th and June 21st, 1957, are a nullity and that the case stands on exactly the same footing that it stood prior to the entry of either or both orders, because as said in Vol. 25, Tex.Jur., p. 301, Sec. 54:

“Disqualification deprives a judge of authority to enter any material order or judgment in the case, his incapacity extending to any action which involves the exercise of judicial discretion.”

This further notice is given these orders only because there is an alternative prayer for a writ prohibiting Judge Chandler from acting in the case, and entry of these orders are some evidence of a belief on his part that he is not disqualified to make additional orders in the case involving his judicial discretion.

The authority of this court to grant a writ of prohibition is subject to some doubt for the very reasons that have been given which prevent this court from issuing a writ of mandamus. However, the common law origin of the writ, its function and constitutional background as discussed by Chief Justice Cureton of the Supreme Court in City of Houston v. City of Palestine, 114 Tex. 306, 267 S.W. 663, leads to the conclusion that such remedy is available under the circumstances of this case. Also it is said in Lowe & Archer’s Texas Practice, p. 488, Sec. 515, that:

“Once the jurisdiction of the Court of Civil Appeals is properly invoked, whether by appeal, or through an original proceeding, that Court has full power to issue all writs, including the writ of prohibition, necessary to protect, enforce or effectuate such acquired jurisdiction.”

and cites many cases in support of the quoted text.

The prayer for relief insofar as mandamus is concerned is limited and confined solely to a prayer that this court issue its writ compelling Judge Chandler to certify his disqualification. Of course, as previously discussed, this court can not grant that writ. However, as previously •mentioned, Judge Chandler has in the past entered void orders and persists in his refusal to recuse himself, it therefore appears that the interest of justice will be best served by the issuance of a writ of prohibition prohibiting Judge Chandler from making any further orders in cause No. D-520, except to certify his disqualification pursuant to Article 1885, V.T.C.S., or to make such ministerial orders as the parties may jointly request in writing, or as requested of him by the judge who may sit in the trial of the case.

It is so ordered.

FANNING, J., concurs.