Ricky Tapps v. State ( 2008 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
NO. 03-06-00468-CR
Ricky Tapps, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 299TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-DC-06-90-40-49, HONORABLE JON N. WISSER, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
We withdraw the opinion and judgment issued April 17, 2008, and issue the
following opinion and judgment in their place.
A jury found Ricky Tapps guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. After
finding two enhancement paragraphs true, the district court assessed sentence at thirty-two years in
prison. Tapps raises several issues on appeal. He contends that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the conviction because he is not a felon in the sense intended by the statute
and that the State failed to carry its burden of proof to show that he possessed a firearm within the
time period prescribed by the statute prohibiting felons from possessing firearms. He complains that
the trial court allowed the State to ask a defense witness if she knew Tapps was a sex offender, and
contends that the admission of evidence of extraneous offenses was egregious error. He also
contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel did not object
to the admission of the evidence of extraneous offenses. Finally, he contends—and the State
concedes—that the judgment should be reformed to reflect that the court found only two
enhancement paragraphs true, rather than four. We modify the judgment by eliminating the findings
of true regarding two of the four enhancement paragraphs and by correcting the date recited for the
commission of the offense, and affirm the judgment as modified.
Factual and Procedural Background
The eyewitnesses to the incident that resulted in the charges against Tapps—all of
whom testified—were the owner, foreman, and employee of a construction company where Tapps
had worked as a flagger. Owner Donny Gamblin is the nephew of foreman David Gamblin and the
cousin of employee Landin Gamblin. All three testified to the same version of events. The
Gamblins’ company was installing a water and sewer main on Thompson Lane, near Callahan’s
General Store in Austin. Around 5 p.m. on Friday, January 20, 2006, Donny and David were
discussing the project at the construction site, while Landin and the other employees waited about
half a mile away at the “staging area.” Friday is payday at the company and paychecks are handed
out at the jobsite. Nearby businesses were closed or closing because of the lateness of the hour.
Tapps drove up in a tan Oldsmobile with a dark top. He left the car running, and
approached David and Donny. Tapps believed he was owed a week’s pay, but the Gamblins
believed he had been paid in full. During the conversation between Tapps, David, and Donny,
Landin arrived. The Gamblins testified that the discussion did not get heated, although Tapps, who
was normally quite calm, seemed agitated. The discussion lasted about ten minutes and, according
2
to Donny, was becoming repetitive. Landin then noticed and mentioned to Tapps that the
Oldsmobile was slowly rolling backwards. The Gamblins testified that they then heard a loud sound,
like a tire blowing out or a car backfire. Then they noticed that Tapps was holding a black .38
revolver. They had not seen him retrieve it, but surmised that the gun had been in one of his pockets
where his hands had been. They also noticed a dime-sized bullet hole in the right front side of the
tan Oldsmobile. David and Landin testified that Tapps told them he had more firearms in the car’s
trunk.1 Tapps did not point the revolver at the Gamblins or directly threaten them. The Gamblins
did, however, retreat to their respective vehicles, and David and Donny called the police. The
Gamblins and Tapps then left the construction site in their cars. The Gamblins waited for the police
nearby. Tapps was arrested at his home eleven days later. There were no firearms, ammunition, or
a tan Oldsmobile at the house where he was arrested.
Tapps’s friend, Marie Higgins, testified that she owns a 1990 Oldsmobile Regency
that is tan with a brown top. She testified that she let Tapps sleep at her house that winter because
his house lacked utilities. She said she loaned him the vehicle on January 20, 2006, roughly between
5 p.m. and 7 p.m. She testified that she was not aware of any bullet hole in her car before he
borrowed it or after he returned it. She testified that Tapps seemed happy before he borrowed the
car and when he returned it. She also testified in response to questioning by the State that Tapps had
not told her and she had not known that he was a convicted sex offender.
1
A police report noted that Landin told the officer Tapps opened his trunk to show the
firearms.
3
At trial, the defense brought the tan Oldsmobile to the courthouse and requested a jury
inspection of the car. The record reflects that the jurors inspected the car in the courthouse garage.
The record does not reflect what that inspection revealed and no photographs of the car were
admitted into evidence. However, counsel for both Tapps and the State acknowledged in final
argument that the relevant section of the car appeared undamaged, although the prosecutor noted that
the incident had occurred on January 20 and the defense produced the car for inspection by the jury
on July 11. Other than the visual inspection, the record does not reflect any other testing or
examination of the car by either the State or the defense.
Analysis
Tapps was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm. The statute provides
in relevant part as follows:
A person who has been convicted of a felony commits an offense if he possesses a
firearm:
(1) after conviction and before the fifth anniversary of the person’s release
from confinement following conviction of the felony or the person’s release
from supervision under community supervision, parole, or mandatory
supervision, whichever date is later.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.04(a) (West Supp. 2007). Evidence showed that Tapps was convicted
of the state jail felony of failure to comply with sex offender registration on December 14, 2004.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 62.102 (West 2006). Tapps was sentenced to seven months in
state jail, and was to get credit for 133 days time served.
4
Tapps contends that the evidence of his guilt is insufficient as a matter of law because
there was no evidence he was a convicted of the type of felony that is covered by section 46.04.
Tapps does not challenge the veracity of the evidence of his 2004 conviction, but argues that a state
jail felony is not a felony for purposes of the firearm possession statute. Tapps acknowledges that
the statute defining “felonies” includes state jail felonies:
(a) Felonies are classified according to the relative seriousness of the offense into five
categories:
(1) capital felonies;
(2) felonies of the first degree;
(3) felonies of the second degree;
(4) felonies of the third degree; and
(5) state jail felonies.
(b) An offense designated a felony in this code without specification as to category
is a state jail felony.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.04 (West 2003); see also id. § 1.07(23) (West Supp. 2007) (felony is “an
offense so designated by law or punishable by death or confinement in a penitentiary”).2 Tapps relies
on a court of criminal appeals opinion that recognized a distinction between felonies and state jail
felonies in a statute governing enhancement by previous offenses. See Campbell v. State, 49 S.W.3d
874 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). The statute at issue in that case provides that, when a person is on trial
for a state jail felony, proof of two prior convictions for “state jail felonies” enhances the punishment
to that of a third-degree felony, while proof of two prior convictions for “felonies” enhances the
2
The fact that all unclassified felonies are statutorily presumed to be state jail felonies
underscores the conclusion that state jail felonies are felonies unless the language of the particular
statute in question indicates otherwise. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.04(b) (West 2003).
5
punishment to that of a second-degree felony. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 12.42(a) (West Supp. 2007).
The Campbell court held that, “as used in subsection 12.42(a), the terms ‘felony’ and ‘state jail
felony’ are mutually exclusive.” 49 S.W.3d at 878 (emphasis added).
This distinction between state jail felonies and other felonies does not appear in the
statute governing unlawful possession of a firearm which is at issue here. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.
§ 46.04. This statute refers only to a person convicted of “a felony.” The absence of any language
in section 46.04 indicating an intent to treat felonies and state jail felonies differently distinguishes
this statute from the statute at issue in Campbell. The consistent use of the unmodified term “felony”
in section 46.04 indicates that there is no distinction in this statute between levels or types of
felonies. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 12.04, 46.04. Since there is no indication of a legislative
intent for the term “felony” not to include state jail felonies in section 46.04, we apply the general
definition of “felony” found in section 12.04. Tapps’s 2004 conviction for a state jail felony was
sufficient to make him a “person convicted of a felony” pursuant to the statute prohibiting the
possession of a firearm by a felon.
Tapps also contends that the State failed to meet its burden of proof because the
evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to show that he was released from confinement within
five years of the offense at issue in this case. A convicted felon commits a crime by possessing a
firearm during the period “after conviction and before the fifth anniversary of the person’s release
from confinement following conviction.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.04(a)(1). Tapps argues that,
because there is no evidence that he was “released from confinement,” the State failed to carry
6
its burden of proof to show that he, in fact, possessed a firearm within the period prescribed by the statute.
Tapps relies on the proposition that an element of the offense that the State was
required to prove is that he possessed a firearm “before the fifth anniversary of his release from
confinement following conviction.” He stresses that the State must prove the date of release from
confinement, and without such proof acquittal is required, and cites the unpublished case of McClure
v. State, No. 12-05-00209-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 5907 (Tex. App.—Tyler, June 30, 2006,
no pet.). However, the issue in McClure was whether the defendant’s stipulation to the fact of a
previous felony conviction was, by itself, sufficient to support a conviction under section 46.04.
The McClure court held that there was a timing element to a violation of section 46.04 and proof
of a prior conviction without some proof of when the possession of firearms occurred in relation
to that conviction was not enough to support a conviction under the statute. The McClure
court expressly noted: “On this record, we cannot conclude that Appellant was within five years
of his conviction or release from confinement when the rifles were found in his home.” McClure,
2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 5907, at *11. The McClure court was faced with a complete failure of proof
of the timing of the prior conviction. The court acknowledged that if there had been at least proof
of the date of the prior conviction there might have been sufficient proof to support the conviction
for a violation of section 46.04 depending on when the prior conviction occurred—i.e. within five
years of the possession of the firearm.
We do not read section 46.04 to necessarily require proof of the date of release from
confinement in all cases. Under section 46.04, the period during which firearm possession by a felon
is forbidden begins on the date of conviction (the date one is “convicted of a felony”) and ends on
7
the fifth anniversary of the person’s release from confinement or the person’s release from any form
of supervision or parole, whichever date is later. Id.; see also Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.04(a)(1).
Thus, the minimum period that a felon will be prohibited from possessing a firearm—assuming the
felon is released from confinement or supervision on the date of conviction or is never confined—is
five years from the date of conviction. The date of release from confinement is necessary to
determine the maximum length of this period specifically when the period extends beyond five years
from the date of conviction. The date of release from confinement is not necessary when the alleged
possession occurs within five years of the date of conviction because the period of prohibition
extends for this duration in any event. In this case, Tapps possessed a firearm just over a year
after his conviction, which is well within the five-year period following his conviction. Proof of
the date of conviction together with the date of possession in this circumstance—undisputedly
December 14, 2004, and January 20, 2006—was sufficient to prove that Tapps was within the period
prescribed by the statute barring possession of firearms by felons.3
Tapps also argues that the evidence was factually insufficient to support his
conviction. In a factual sufficiency review, we view the evidence in a neutral light and ask whether
a jury was rationally justified in finding guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Watson v. State,
3
Tapps contends that the significance of the State’s failure to prove a release date is that he
might have been a fugitive or never have been confined, and therefore, never released. Thus,
according to Tapps, the court cannot simply conclude that there must have been a release date at
some point because it is possible that there is not one. Setting aside that this allegation conflicts with
testimony that he was arrested and served at least 133 days before trial, this argument is relevant only
if the statute absolutely requires proof of the date of release from confinement in all cases. However,
our view is that the lack of proof of a release date only has significance if the State is alleging that
a felon possessed a firearm more than five years after the date of conviction. Here, the possession
took place within the first five years after conviction. Thus, under this construction of section 46.04,
proof of the date of conviction is sufficient to satisfy the timing element of the statute and the trial
court did not need to presume or guess at anything with respect to a date of release.
8
204 S.W.3d 404, 414 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We then determine whether the evidence supporting
the verdict is so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or whether the verdict
is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Id. We will not reverse a case on a
factual sufficiency challenge unless we can say, with some objective basis in the record, that the
great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury’s verdict. Id. at 417. Tapps
points out that the State did not produce a firearm, a bullet, a shell casing, or a bullet hole in a car.
He contends that the Gamblins’ story that Tapps shot his own car is improbable and bizarre. He
notes that no one else reported hearing a gunshot. He points out inconsistencies in the Gamblins’
description of his clothes on the day of the incident. He further notes an inconsistency between the
comment reported by police that Tapps showed the Gamblins a cache of weapons in the car’s trunk
and the Gamblins’ trial testimony in which they variously did not mention or denied seeing other
weapons. Tapps contends that the weakness of the evidence favoring conviction underscores his
belief that the admission of irrelevant and inflammatory testimony regarding extraneous offenses
or hypothetical actions by typical criminals unfairly prejudiced him in the eyes of the jury. He
also complains that the sentence of thirty-two years is too harsh for the offense, especially based
on the evidence.
Ultimately, the resolution of the various questions raised by Tapps regarding the
evidence turn on an assessment of the credibility of the Gamblins’ testimony. None of the asserted
inconsistencies are fundamental problems with the evidence if one believes the testimony of the
Gamblins. The Gamblins testified unequivocally that they saw Tapps holding a gun. The jury was
free to believe them. Although there are some unusual features to the evidence in this case, we find
9
nothing in the record that contradicts the Gamblins’ testimony in such a way that no reasonable
person could believe their testimony.
We must avoid substituting our judgment for that of the fact finder, and we should
not substantially intrude upon the fact finder’s role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility
given to witness testimony. Jones v. State, 944 S.W.2d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). The jury
is the sole judge of the weight and credibility of witness testimony. Barnes v. State, 62 S.W.3d
288, 298 (Tex. App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d). The jury may accept or reject all or any of the
evidence presented by either side, may draw reasonable inferences from the evidence, and must
reconcile any evidentiary conflicts. Id. We determine the sufficiency of the evidence by viewing
the cumulative effect of all of the evidence, not each fact in isolation. Id. at 297. We do not find
sufficient inconsistencies or weaknesses in the evidence to warrant the extraordinary step of negating
the jury’s determination to believe the Gamblins’ testimony.
Accepting the jury’s apparent credibility choice, the evidence is sufficient to support
the conviction. The evidence supports the finding that Tapps was a convicted felon who had been
convicted less than five years before January 20, 2006. The Gamblins’ testimony supports the
finding that he possessed a firearm on January 20, 2006. The evidence is factually sufficient to
support the conviction.
Tapps next contends that the court erred by allowing the prosecutor to ask Higgins
if she knew that Tapps was a registered sex offender. Tapps called Higgins to establish that she lent
him her car and that it did not have a bullet hole in it. The State inquired into the nature of their
relationship. Higgins said she let Tapps sleep at her house, considered him a friend, but did not
10
know much about him and he did not bother her. The State then asked if Higgins knew he had a
previous conviction. Tapps interrupted and objected that Higgins was not a character witness, but
a fact witness. The court overruled the objection, stating “I think an inquiry into the relationship
between the witness and a party is always relevant.” Higgins testified that Tapps did not tell her that
he was a registered sex offender.
We review the admission of evidence under an abuse of discretion standard. Casey
v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). A trial court abuses its discretion if its ruling
is outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. Evidence that does not have relevance apart
from character conformity is inadmissible. Id. (citing Tex. R. Evid. 404(b)). Extraneous offense
evidence is admissible under Rule 404 if it is relevant to a fact of consequence apart from its
tendency to show conduct in conformity with character. Id.
Inquiry into the nature of the relationship between the defendant and a witness may
be relevant to show potential bias by the witness or challenge the witness’s credibility. The trial
court has discretion as to the extent of cross-examination of a witness to show bias or challenge
credibility. Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 635 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Whether the defendant
has shared very personal information is relevant to showing the closeness of the relationship. This
is relevance independent of relevance to show conduct in conformity with character.
Even if the admission of the testimony were erroneous, it was not harmful. Because
Tapps does not make a constitutional challenge to the trial court’s ruling, the error must have
affected substantial rights in order to warrant reversal. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial
right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence in determining the
11
jury’s verdict. See King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). A criminal
conviction should not be overturned for non-constitutional error if the appellate court, after
examining the record as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had
but slight effect on its verdict. See Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
“It is well established that the improper admission of evidence does not constitute reversible
error if the same facts are shown by other evidence which is not challenged.” Crocker
v. State, 573 S.W.2d 190, 201 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); see also Mitchell v. State, 191 S.W.3d
219, 224 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, pet. ref’d). Evidence that Tapps was a sex offender was
introduced just before Higgins testified. In the jury’s presence, the parties stipulated to the admission
into evidence of records pertaining to Tapps’s 2004 conviction for failure to register as a sex
offender. The admission of Higgins’s testimony on the same subject was harmless even if it
was erroneous.
Tapps contends that egregious error occurred upon the admission into evidence of
Austin Police Officer Eric Gates’s testimony that he worked in APD’s Career Criminals Unit. Tapps
did not object to the police officer’s statement at trial. He encourages this Court to import the
concept of egregious error from cases relating to unobjected-to jury charge error. See Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). Egregious error goes to the very basis of the
case, deprives the accused of a valuable right, or vitally affects his defensive theory. See id. at 172.
The error must deprive the defendant of a fair and impartial trial. See Jimenez v. State,
32 S.W.3d 233, 235 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A party waives error in the admission of
evidence by failing to object at the time evidence is offered. Williams v. State, 491 S.W.2d
12
142, 143 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1. Even properly preserved error can
be waived by failing to object when other similar evidence is offered. Leday v. State, 983 S.W.2d
713, 717-18 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). These well-established requirements for preservation are
inconsistent with the concept of egregious error for unobjected-to evidence—particularly evidence
such as that at issue here. The officer’s statement that he worked in the Career Criminals Unit did
not go to the very basis of the case, deprive the accused of a valuable right, vitally affect his
defensive theory, or deprive Tapps of a fair and impartial trial. We see no legal basis for extending
the egregious error theory relating to unobjected-to jury charge error to the admission of unobjected-
to evidence. The admission of this evidence was not reversible as egregious error.
Tapps also asserts that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He focuses on
trial counsel’s failure to act in three instances. He contends that his counsel should have:
(1) stipulated to evidence of his prior offenses outside the presence of the jury, (2) objected to
Officer Gates’s repeated description of his employment as being in the “Career Criminals Unit,” and
(3) objected to the prosecutor’s statement in closing argument that the State had not seen Higgins’s
car until that day as outside the record and grossly improper.
We evaluate claims of ineffective assistance of counsel against the standard set forth
in Strickland v. Washington. See 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Hernandez v. State, 988 S.W.2d
770, 774 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). In deciding a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we must
determine whether an attorney’s performance was deficient, and if so, whether that
deficiency prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). An attorney’s performance is deficient if it falls below an
13
objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.
Deficient performance is prejudicial when, but for the attorney’s unprofessional conduct, there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient
to undermine confidence in the outcome. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694; Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812.
Absent both showings, we cannot conclude that there has been a breakdown in the adversarial
process that renders the result of a trial unreliable. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813. In
determining whether an attorney’s performance was deficient, we apply a strong presumption
that the attorney’s conduct was within the range of reasonable professional assistance. Id. at 814.
We do not speculate about an attorney’s strategy. Blevins v. State, 18 S.W.3d 266, 271 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2000, no pet.). We review the effectiveness of counsel in light of the totality of the
representation and particular circumstances of each case. Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
Tapps argues that his counsel should have stipulated to the fact that he had a prior
felony and requested that the trial court not allow the jury to know that the felony was for failing to
register as a sex offender under the theory that the nature of the prior felony was not relevant to this
prosecution and was more prejudicial than probative. He contends that this particular error was
compounded because the failure to register offense also revealed the additional prior sex offense.
He relies on the U.S. Supreme Court’s opinion in Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172 (1997),
in which the Court held that under certain circumstances and with proper objection and stipulation
a defendant may be entitled to prevent a prosecutor from putting the details of a prior offense before
a jury when the only relevant aspect of the prior offense is the fact of conviction and the defendant
14
is willing to stipulate to that fact. The Court based its holding on Rule of Evidence 403 and made
it clear that the “more prejudicial than probative” analysis would have to be done on a case-by-case
basis. Id. at 191-92.
The strategy decision of whether to object to the admission of evidence is often
subject to debate, particularly in hindsight. Here, in order to agree with Tapps’s argument, we would
have to conclude that the decision by Tapps’s counsel not to stipulate to the prior conviction and not
to object to the admission of the nature of the prior conviction was deficient, but also that in
reasonable probability the outcome of the trial would have been different. This requires a two-step
process in this case. First, we would have to conclude that, had the trial court been presented with
the proposed request to exclude the nature of the prior conviction, the Rule 403 analysis would
require a finding that the admission of the nature of the conviction would be more prejudicial than
probative on this record. Second, we would have to conclude that in reasonable probability the jury
would not have convicted Tapps of possessing a firearm on January 20, 2006, if it had not been
aware that he had a prior conviction for failing to register as a sex offender. We are not persuaded
of either proposition.
Tapps fails to explain how the fact that his prior conviction was for failing to register
as a sex offender unfairly prejudiced the jury against him in their evaluation of whether he was guilty
of unlawfully possessing a firearm. He simply asserts that his counsel was ineffective in failing to
pursue this course and compare this case to Old Chief. However, the Rule 403 considerations in
Old Chief are not similar to those in this case. The defendant in Old Chief sought to stipulate to a
prior felony very much like the charged felony to avoid its mention at his trial. Id. He was charged
15
with assault with a dangerous weapon, using a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, and being
a felon in possession of a weapon, and sought to stipulate to a prior conviction for assault causing
serious bodily injury. Id. at 175. Thus, there was a concern that the jury might improperly consider
that the defendant had been found guilty of possessing and using a firearm in the past and, therefore,
possibly think it more likely that he had done so in the charged instance. The Old Chief court
recognized that, if the charged offense and the prior offense were dissimilar in time and severity, the
defendant might instead want to have the nature of the prior offense fully explored on the record.
Id. at 185 n.8.4
Here, neither the failure to register nor the unspecified previous sex offense was
similar to the charge of unlawful possession of a firearm. At most, both the failure to register as a
sex offender and the unspecified sex offense show that Tapps did not appreciate the restrictions his
previous offenses placed on his current behavior. The probative effect of this is the same whether
the simple fact of conviction is known to the jury or they are also made aware of what the
convictions were for. It is entirely possible and not unreasonable that Tapps’s counsel could have
concluded that it would be better for the jury to be aware that the prior convictions had been for
4
The Supreme Court wrote:
It is true that a prior offense may be so far removed in time or nature from the current
gun charge and any others brought with it that its potential to prejudice the defendant
unfairly will be minimal. Some prior offenses, in fact, may even have some potential
to prejudice the Government’s case unfairly. Thus an extremely old conviction for
a relatively minor felony that nevertheless qualifies under the statute might strike
many jurors as a foolish basis for convicting an otherwise upstanding member of the
community of otherwise legal gun possession.
Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 185 n.8 (1997).
16
nonviolent offenses such as failing to register as a sex offender than to have the jury potentially be
concerned about a violent felon possessing a gun. It is not conclusive on this record that the
district court would have been required to bar admission of the nature of the prior convictions under
Rule 403. There is also a potential strategic reason for Tapps to have wanted the jury to hear the
nature of the convictions. In these circumstances, we cannot say counsel’s performance was so
deficient for failing to attempt to having the nature of the prior felonies to come into evidence that
it undermines confidence in the result.
Tapps also contends that his counsel should have objected to Gates’s repeated
statements that he works in the Career Criminals Unit. He asserts that these statements were
particularly harmful when Gates stated that his experience in apprehending felons caused him to not
expect to find a handgun when apprehending Tapps eleven days after the incident. Gates testified
that “[i]t’s common practice after an offense has occurred for suspects to try to get rid of evidence
so it’s not retrieved or recovered and possibly something that will be able to link them to the scene
or, you know, incriminate them.” Tapps contends that this testimony paints him as a career criminal,
that it is highly inflammatory, and that his counsel should have objected to it.
We find no deficiency in the failure to object. The fact that Tapps has a criminal
history is part of this case. Indeed, Tapps would have his counsel’s performance held deficient for
failing to stipulate to a prior felony conviction. The fact that Gates worked in the Career Criminals
Unit might conceivably have a marginally different effect on a jury than had they heard he worked
in some other unit, but it is not particularly prejudicial when the jury knows that the defendant is a
repeat offender. Gates’s statement that a suspect might attempt to discard evidence of a crime
17
sometime in the course of eleven days likely was not a revelation to the jurors, nor is such a
technique to avoid detection unique to career criminals. Further, Tapps’s counsel had Gates
emphasize the hypothetical nature of his statement. On cross examination, Tapps’s counsel
elicited the following testimony from Gates: “I never said that Mr. Tapps [disposed of evidence].
I just—from my experience as a police officer that’s common practice for suspects in serious cases
to try to dispose of evidence.” Counsel pressed on, asking, “The bottom line is you don’t know if
he disposed of any evidence in this case; isn’t that correct?” Gates responded, “Correct.” Tapps’s
counsel’s performance was not deficient for failing to object to Gates naming his place of
employment or describing typical criminal behavior.
Tapps also complains about the statement by the prosecutor in closing argument that
“if that car had been produced to the State before the last day of trial, perhaps more forensic
investigations could have been performed. But notably it wasn’t.”5 Permissible jury argument
includes summation of the evidence, reasonable deduction from the evidence, answer to
argument of opposing counsel, and plea for law enforcement. Allridge v. State, 762 S.W.2d
146, 155 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). To warrant reversal, argument must be manifestly improper,
violate a statute, or inject new, harmful facts into the case. Everett v. State, 707 S.W.2d
638, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). The jurors knew from testimony that police had not located the
car immediately after the incident or when arresting Tapps. They also knew that Higgins testified
5
Because this assertion appears in a section dedicated to the ineffectiveness of Tapps’s
counsel, we assume that Tapps contends that his counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
State’s argument.
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that Tapps borrowed the car for about two hours on the date of the incident, returning it to her
undamaged at about 7 p.m. that evening.
Failing to object to this comment is not grounds for reversal. The prosecutor’s
comment at issue injects the fact not in evidence that the State had not seen the car until the jurors
did. The notion that Tapps or Higgins may have concealed the alleged bullet hole was already before
the jury, however. Jurors had before them the Gamblins’ testimony that Tapps shot a hole in the car
he was driving at 5 p.m., and Higgins’s testimony that the car was undamaged two hours later and
had never had a bullet hole. Jurors knew that the State had not captured the car either at the scene
of the incident, anywhere else immediately after the incident, at Tapps’s home eleven days later, or
in the five months prior to trial. While the district court might have sustained an objection to the
argument and given a requested instruction to disregard, the comment at issue warranted no more.
The prosecutor’s disputed comment did not inject for the first time the idea that Higgins might not
be credible or might even be in league with Tapps. That implication is inherent in the presentation
of the conflicting versions of the car’s integrity on the day of the incident. Even if the failure to
object to this argument were deficient performance, it did not unfairly prejudice the defense.
Tapps’s counsel filed motions in limine, made objections, and examined witnesses.
He emphasized the lack of physical evidence supporting the Gamblins’ story and noted discrepancies
in their very similar versions of events. He requested and received a jury inspection of the car. We
cannot say that the alleged defects in his performance—separately or together—prejudiced Tapps’s
defense or undermine our confidence in the verdict when viewed in the totality of counsel’s
performance.
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Tapps contends and the State concedes that the judgment incorrectly states that the
district court found true as to all four prior felony convictions alleged in the enhancement
paragraphs. The State concedes that the judgment should be reformed as Tapps suggests, and
additionally requests that the judgment’s statement of the date of the instant offense be corrected.
We will modify the judgment as requested.
On motion for rehearing, Tapps contends and the State concedes that the written trial
court judgment incorrectly states that the district court found true as to a prior felony conviction for
Molestation of a Juvenile. The State requests that the written trial court judgment be modified to
reflect that Tapps was previously convicted of Indecent Behavior with a Juvenile. We grant the
motion for rehearing and the State’s request.
Conclusion
The written judgment of the district court is hereby modified to delete the findings
of true regarding allegations of convictions for Attempted Murder and for Possession of Illegal
Contraband in a Department of Correction Facility. The written judgment is also modified to replace
the finding of true that Tapps was previously convicted of Molestation of a Juvenile with a finding
of true that Tapps was previously convicted of the felony offense of Indecent Behavior with a
Juvenile. The written judgment is further modified to state on page two that the instant offense was
committed on January 20, 2006, deleting the statement that it occurred on December 14, 2004. The
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judgment shall remain otherwise unchanged, reflecting a conviction for the offense of Unlawful
Possession of a Firearm committed on January 20, 2006, enhanced by prior offenses of Indecent
Behavior with a Juvenile and Felon in Possession of a Firearm. We affirm the judgment as modified.
G. Alan Waldrop, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Pemberton and Waldrop
Modified and, as Modified, Affirmed on Motion for Rehearing
Filed: June 6, 2008
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