Casey Ray Tiller v. State ( 2019 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-18-00153-CR
CASEY RAY TILLER, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 196th District Court
Hunt County, Texas
Trial Court No. 32,056
Before Morriss, C.J., Burgess and Stevens, JJ.
Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
OPINION
A Hunt County jury convicted Casey Ray Tiller of two counts of aggravated sexual assault
of a child. After the jury found the State’s enhancement allegation true, Tiller was sentenced to
seventy-five years’ imprisonment on each count. On appeal, Tiller argues that the jury charge was
erroneous because it allowed for non-unanimous verdicts and that his counsel rendered ineffective
assistance throughout the trial.
We conclude (1) that the erroneous jury charge did not egregiously harm Tiller and (2) that
Tiller has not shown that counsel rendered ineffective assistance. Accordingly, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
The State’s two-count indictment alleged that Tiller, (1) on or about January 1, 2011,
“intentionally and knowingly cause[d] the penetration of the sexual organ of Jane Doe . . . , a child
who was then under 14 years of age, by the defendant’s finger,” and (2) on or about January 1,
2012, “intentionally and knowingly cause[d] the penetration of the sexual organ of Jane Doe . . .
by the defendant’s sexual organ.” 1
Jane’s mother, Sue, testified that Tiller moved in with her when Jane was five. Thomas
Patterson, a deputy with the Rain’s County Sheriff’s Office, testified that, in 2013, Tiller, while
high on methamphetamine and suicidal, turned himself in for masturbating in front of Jane. Sue
testified that officers came to her home to investigate Tiller’s admission, but that Jane denied that
any inappropriate activity occurred. According to Patterson, because the investigation of Tiller’s
1
We will use pseudonyms to protect the identity of the children involved. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.10.
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admission of an indecent act did not yield enough information, Tiller was jailed only for public
intoxication.
After the police concluded their investigation into Tiller’s admission, Sue testified that she
received a telephone call from Jane’s middle school principal, who reported that Jane was telling
others she was having sex with Tiller. Sue again questioned Jane, who claimed that her friends
were just making up stories. Several years later, when Jane’s high school teacher told Sue that she
overheard girls talking about Jane and Tiller, Sue testified that Jane finally admitted that Tiller
“molested her . . . all the time.” Jane’s friends, Gabby and Horace, both testified that Jane indicated
Tiller had engaged in inappropriate sexual acts with her.
Jane, who was thirteen years old at the time of trial, testified that Tiller began kissing and
touching her underneath her underwear on a daily basis when she was seven. She clarified that
Tiller touched the inside of her vagina with his fingers on many occasions and described two of
those instances in detail for the jury, one occurring when she was seven and another occurring
when she was thirteen. Jane also testified that Tiller penetrated her vagina with his sexual organ
more than 100 times and described, in detail, an incident that occurred when she was twelve years
old. Jane said she denied the abuse for many years because she did not want to get in trouble.
Danielle Sanchez, a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE), testified that she examined
Jane, who reported that Tiller forced her to have sex with him. According to Sanchez, Jane said
that the abuse began when she was around six years old and ended when she was twelve, Tiller
abused only her sexual organ, and he “put his penis in [her] . . . daily.”
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Tiffany Williams, Tiller’s ex-girlfriend, testified that their relationship ended after her
eleven-year-old daughter, Mary, said Tiller “had stuck his hands down her pants and touched her.”
At trial, Mary testified that Tiller touched the inside of her sexual organ under her clothing with
his fingers.
Tiller testified in his defense, denying the allegations. The State cross-examined Tiller on
drug- and alcohol-related convictions.
The application paragraph of the court’s charge tracked the language of the indictment,
instructed the jury that their verdict was generally required to be unanimous, but failed to inform
the jury that it was required to be unanimous about which instance of criminal conduct satisfied
each charged offense. The jury found Tiller guilty on both counts of aggravated sexual assault.
(1) The Erroneous Jury Charge Did Not Egregiously Harm Tiller
We employ a two-step process in our review of alleged jury charge error. See Abdnor v.
State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). “Initially, we determine whether error
occurred and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require reversal.”
Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.) (citing Abdnor, 871
S.W.2d at 731–32).
“[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the
court and be governed thereby.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.13 (West 2007). “A trial
court must submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the case.’” Lee v. State, 415 S.W.3d
915, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art.
36.14 (West 2007)). “The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to inform the jury of the applicable law
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and guide them in its application. It is not the function of the charge merely to avoid misleading
or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to lead and prevent confusion.” Id. (quoting
Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)).
“Texas law requires that a jury reach a unanimous verdict about the specific crime that the
defendant committed.” Cosio v. State, 353 S.W.3d 766, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “This means
that the jury must ‘agree upon a single and discrete incident that would constitute the commission
of the offense alleged.’” Id. (quoting Stuhler v. State, 218 S.W.3d 706, 717 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007)). “[N]on-unanimity may occur when the State charges one offense and presents evidence
that the defendant committed the charged offense on multiple but separate occasions.” Id. at 772.
Because “[e]ach of the multiple incidents individually establishes a different offense or unit of
prosecution, . . . [t]he judge’s charge, to ensure unanimity, would need to instruct the jury that its
verdict must be unanimous as to a single offense or unit of prosecution among those presented.”
Id.
In this case, the State’s evidence at Tiller’s trial included more than one instance of
aggravated sexual assault to support each count for which Tiller was convicted. Thus, “[t]he jury
could have relied on separate incidents of criminal conduct, which constituted different offenses
or separate units of prosecution” in finding Tiller’s guilt. Id. at 774. Therefore, the trial court was
required to instruct the jury that it had to be unanimous as to the single unit of prosecution. See
id.; Arrington v. State, 451 S.W.3d 834, 839 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Because it submitted only
a general unanimity instruction, “[t]he jury may have believed that it had to be unanimous about
the offenses, not the criminal conduct constituting the offenses.” Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 774. Since
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this created the possibility of a non-unanimous verdict, the jury charge was erroneous. See id.;
Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 839.
We next determine whether Tiller was harmed by the lack of a proper unanimity
instruction. The level of harm necessary to require reversal due to jury charge error is dependent
on whether the appellant properly objected to the error. Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732. Here, because
Tiller did not object to the charge, we will not reverse unless the record shows the error resulted
in egregious harm, Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g)), such that he did not receive
a fair and impartial trial. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985);
Loun v. State, 273 S.W.3d 406, 416 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.).
“An egregious harm determination must be based on a finding of actual rather than
theoretical harm.” Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 840 (quoting Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777). “Actual
harm is established when the erroneous jury instruction affected ‘the very basis of the case,”
‘deprive[d] the defendant of a valuable right,’ or ‘“vitally affect[ed] a defensive theory.’” Id.
(quoting Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777 (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171)). In making this
determination, we review “the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the argument of
counsel, and any other relevant information in the record as a whole.” Villarreal v. State, 205
S.W.3d 103, 106 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (citing Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171). Direct evidence of harm is not required to establish egregious harm. Hutch v.
State, 922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
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A review of the entire charge weighs in favor of finding egregious harm. The charge
“permitted non-unanimous verdicts based on the evidence presented in the case,” and the “only
mention of the word ‘unanimous’ . . . was the boilerplate language regarding selection of the jury
foreman that required the foreman to certify the jury’s verdict ‘when [the jury had] unanimously
agreed upon a verdict.’” Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 841 (quoting Arrington v. State, 413 S.W.3d
106, 112 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013), rev’d on other grounds by Arrington, 451 S.W.3d 834).
Moreover, the error affected each count on which Tiller was convicted. See id.
As for the state of the evidence, Jane’s testimony alone was sufficient to support the jury’s
verdicts. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07 (West Supp. 2018). Except for Tiller,
testimony from every other witness also supported a finding of guilt. Weighing in Tiller’s favor
was his own testimony wholly denying the allegations and a lack of physical evidence or medical
evidence from Jane’s SANE examination. Thus, the state of the evidence revealed a “he said, she
said” situation between Jane and Tiller. See Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 841. Tiller’s decision to
testify “left the jury with an all-or-nothing decision, either he was guilty or he was not.” Id. at 842.
Had the jury believed Tiller’s version of events, it would have acquitted him. See id. at 844.
Because the jury’s verdict of guilt demonstrated their rejection of Tiller’s defensive theory, the
state of the evidence factor weighs against a finding of egregious harm. See id. at 842, 844 (citing
Ruiz, 272 S.W.3d 819, 826–27 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.)); Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777–78.
The arguments of counsel reveal that neither party added to the charge error by telling the
jury it did not have to be unanimous about the criminal conduct constituting the offense. The
parties also did not ameliorate the error by explaining what was required for a unanimous verdict.
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Accordingly, this factor is neutral. See Arrington, 451 S.W.3d at 844. Further, after reviewing
the entire record, we find no other relevant information favoring a finding of egregious harm.
Here, as in Arrington and Cosio, “the only factor that weighs in favor of finding egregious
harm is the consideration of the jury instructions.” Id. at 845 (citing Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 777–
78). As in those cases, “[a]lthough the instructions failed to identify the particular acts necessary
to support each count, the evidence in the entire record and the analytical meaning of the jury’s
verdicts in the aggregate show that the erroneous instructions did not cause actual harm to
appellant.” Id.; see Cosio, 353 S.W.3d at 778. Because we conclude Tiller was not egregiously
harmed by the jury charge error, we overrule Tiller’s first point of error.
(2) Tiller Has Not Shown that Counsel Rendered Ineffective Assistance
As many cases have noted, the right to counsel does not mean the right to errorless counsel.
Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In order to prevail on a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must satisfy the two-pronged test set forth in
Strickland v. Washington. 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984); see also Ex parte Imoudu, 284 S.W.3d
866, 869 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The first prong requires a showing that counsel’s performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. This requirement
can be difficult to meet since there is “a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance.” Id. at 689.
The second Strickland prong, sometimes referred to as “the prejudice prong,” requires a
showing that, but for counsel’s unprofessional error, there is a reasonable probability that the result
of the proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694. “A reasonable probability” is defined as
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“a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. Thus, in order to establish
prejudice,
an applicant must show “that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive
defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result was reliable.” [Strickland, 466 U.S.] at
687. . . . It is not sufficient for Applicant to show “that the errors had some
conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Id. at 693 . . . . Rather, [he]
must show that “there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the
factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt respecting guilt.” Id. at 695 . . . .
....
The applicant has the burden to prove ineffective assistance of counsel by a
preponderance of the evidence. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999). Allegations of ineffectiveness must be based on the record, and the
presumption of a sound trial strategy cannot be overcome absent evidence in the
record of the attorney’s reasons for his conduct. Busby v. State, 990 S.W.2d 263,
269 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). The reviewing court must look to the totality of the
representation, and its decision must be based on the facts of the particular case,
viewed at the time of counsel’s conduct so as to eliminate hindsight bias.
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690, 104 S. Ct. 2052. In all cases, the “ultimate focus of
inquiry must be on the fundamental fairness of the proceeding.” Id. at 696.
Ex parte Martinez, 330 S.W.3d 891, 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
A failure to make a showing under either prong defeats a claim for ineffective assistance.
Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 110–11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Allegations of ineffectiveness
“must ‘be firmly founded in the record.’” Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002) (quoting Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)). The Strickland
test “of necessity requires a case-by-case examination of the evidence.” Williams v. Taylor, 529
U.S. 362, 382 (2000) (quoting Wright v. West, 505 U.S. 277, 308 (1992) (Kennedy, J., concurring
in judgment)).
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The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has said that “[t]rial counsel ‘should ordinarily be
afforded an opportunity to explain his actions’ before being denounced as ineffective.” Menefield
v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d
390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). Where the reviewing court “can conceive potential reasonable
trial strategies that counsel could have been pursuing,” the court “simply cannot conclude that
counsel has performed deficiently.” Andrews v. State, 159 S.W.3d 98, 103 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). Where an appellate record is silent as to why trial counsel failed to take certain actions, the
appellant has “failed to rebut the presumption that trial counsel’s decision was in some way—be
it conceivable or not—reasonable.” Mata v. State, 226 S.W.3d 425, 431 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);
see Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Tiller’s brief lists the rules of evidence for hearsay, outcry witness testimony, character
evidence, and impeachment of a witness by prior criminal conviction. Then, the brief contains the
following laundry list of counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness:
(1) allowing the admission of Tiller’s interview without an objection to hearsay or
“improper character evidence . . . under Texas Rule of Evidence 404(b) and article
38.37,” (2) allowing Williams to testify that Tiller had inappropriately touched
Mary without requesting an outcry hearing or a limiting instruction, (3) allowing
Mary’s testimony without requesting a limiting instruction, (4) allowing Patterson’s
testimony about Tiller’s admission to police and the fact he was jailed for public
intoxication, (5) allowing Sue’s testimony about her interaction with police officers
without objections of hearsay and improper character evidence, (6) allowing Sue’s
testimony about Tiller’s drug use without an objection to improper character
evidence and a request for an instruction to disregard, (7) allowing Sue’s testimony
about hearsay statements made to a principal and substitute teacher without
objections or request for a limiting instruction, (8) allowing Sue’s testimony that
Jane said Tiller “molested her” without an outcry hearing or hearsay objection,
(9) “[f]ailing to request [sic] to the leading nature of the State’s questions to” Jane,
(10) failing to object to the admission of the State’s timeline “for all purposes rather
than as a summary of the testimony or for demonstrative purposes,” (11) failing to
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object to Gabby’s testimony speculating what [Jane] meant by saying “he touched
[her] in places he shouldn’t have,” (12) failing to object to Gabby’s statements
concerning why Jane did not tell her mother about the abuse on the ground of
speculation, (13) failing to object to the State’s leading question “that [Jane] also
didn’t tell because she didn’t want to ruin their relationship and didn’t want to get
in trouble,” (14) failing to require the State to make an election on each of the counts
in the indictment, (15) allowing the State to cross-examine Tiller about his criminal
history without objecting under Rule 609 and requesting a hearing outside of the
jury’s presence, (16) “failing to request a limiting instruction on proper evidence of
Rule 609 evidence at the time of its admission,” (17) allowing the State to cross-
examine Tiller about “the events of August 3, 2013,” (18) failing to request that the
jury charges contain a proper unanimity instruction and a Rule 609 instruction,
(19) failing to object “to improper jury argument by the State concerning the 38.37
paragraph pertaining only to [Mary],” (20) failing to object to the improper jury
argument that the jury could find Tiller guilty on both counts because there was
evidence that the offense “occurred over 100 times.”
Tiller bears the burden of proving that his counsel was ineffective. A laundry list recitation
of alleged ineffectiveness does not meet this burden. Francis v. State, 801 S.W.2d 548, 552 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d). This is because such a list does “not even attempt
. . . to satisfy the first prong of Strickland.” Id. As in Francis, Tiller “does not allege or tell us
how on each of the charges he makes against trial counsel that such counsel was so deficient in
performance that he was not functioning as acceptable counsel.” Id. Based on this silent record,
which does not contain counsel’s reasoning for the various laundry-list actions or omissions, we
conclude Tiller has not met his appellate burden to demonstrate ineffective assistance under the
first Strickland prong. See id. Additionally, Tiller fails to analyze how the laundry list of actions
or omissions by counsel created a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the jury’s
verdict, as required by the second Strickland prong.
We overrule Tiller’s last point of error because he has not met the first and second prongs
of Strickland.
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We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Josh R. Morriss, III
Chief Justice
Date Submitted: April 2, 2019
Date Decided: April 15, 2019
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