Jonathan Wasserberg v. RES-TX One, LLC. ( 2014 )

Affirmed in Part and Reversed and Remanded in Part and Memorandum
Opinion filed December 9, 2014.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
___________________
NO. 14-13-00674-CV
___________________
JONATHAN WASSERBERG, Appellant
V.
RES-TX ONE, LLC, Appellee
On Appeal from the 80th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2011-32592
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this appeal, appellant Jonathan Wasserberg challenges the trial court’s
finding that a partial summary judgment awarding damages against him for breach
of a guaranty agreement was made final by nonsuit of all other parties. Wasserberg
also challenges the trial court’s nunc pro tunc modification of its summary judgment
order to state expressly that it is final, as well as the merits of the summary judgment
itself. We hold that the nonsuit did not make the summary judgment order final
because a claim for statutory attorneys’ fees had not been determined. Thus, the
trial court retained the power to modify its judgment to make it final, but it erred in
doing so without addressing the fee claim. We therefore reverse the portion of the
judgment disposing of the fee claim. We conclude that the trial court did not err in
granting partial summary judgment and awarding damages for breach of the
guaranty agreement, however, and we affirm that portion of its judgment.
BACKGROUND
Appellee RES-TX One, LLC, acquired a note after regulators seized Franklin
Bank. Waterhill Companies Ltd. had executed that note to finance the purchase
and construction of single-family homes. Wasserberg, among others, guaranteed
the note.
When Watterhill did not pay the note, the secured properties were foreclosed
and sold. Because the foreclosure proceeds did not satisfy the loans, RES-TX sued
Waterhill, Wasserberg, and others 1 for breach of contract and sought damages,
attorneys’ fees, pre-and post-judgment interest, and costs.
Next, RES-TX moved for partial summary judgment that Wasserberg had
breached the guaranty agreement and owed damages and attorneys’ fees.
RES-TX’s motion did not request a specific amount of fees or attach evidence of
fees incurred. The trial court granted the motion, adding “partial” to the title of its
order and striking out the attorneys’ fees award. The signed order provides:
The Court, having considered Plaintiff RES-TX One, LLC’s
(“RESTEX”) Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on its
1
While Waterhill Companies Ltd. signed the loan, Jonathan Wasserberg, 411 Jackson Hill
Partners Ltd., Jason R. Felt, and J.F.C. Development Ltd. were all guarantors. Because RES-TX
nonsuited all other defendants once summary judgment was granted against Wasserberg, we need
not further address the other defendants.
2
Affirmative Claims for Breach of Contract against Defendant Jonathan
Wasserberg, Mr. Wasserberg’s response thereto, the evidence on file,
and arguments of counsel, hereby
GRANTS the motion in its entirety, and awards RES-TX
$3,173,645.97 in damages. The Court further awards RES-TX its
attorneys’ fees and costs incurred in this matter. 2
Subsequently, RES-TX nonsuited all other defendants, including Waterhill and the
other guarantors. The trial court signed an order of nonsuit soon thereafter. The
nonsuit did not address RES-TX’s attorneys’ fee claim against Wasserberg,
however.
RES-TX, concerned that the “partial” designation on the order might interfere
with its ability to collect the judgment, filed a motion for entry of judgment asking
the trial court to sign a final judgment awarding damages plus post-judgment interest
and costs, but not attorneys’ fees. While RES-TX waited for the submission
deadline to pass, Waterhill filed an answer—even though it had been nonsuited.
RES-TX moved to strike Waterhill’s answer and set the motion for the entry of
judgment and motion to strike for an oral hearing.
At the oral hearing on the motion for entry of judgment, the trial court
announced its belief that its plenary power had expired thirty days from the date the
nonsuit order was signed by the court. Thus, the trial court ended the hearing by
stating that it could not take any further action.
RES-TX, still concerned about its ability to abstract the existing summary
judgment order, filed a motion for judgment nunc pro tunc asking the trial court to
clarify that the summary judgment was final, not partial.
2
The trial court’s addition is italicized; its deletions are struck through.
3
Wasserberg moved to quash the nunc pro tunc motion because claims
remained outstanding and the partial summary judgment lacked the “indicia of
finality.” Wasserberg argued in the alternative that if the partial summary
judgment was now final, then the requested modification was not a proper use of the
nunc pro tunc procedure.
At a later hearing, the trial court orally denied Wasserberg’s motion to quash
and granted RES-TEX’s motion for judgment nunc pro tunc. The trial court signed
an order for judgment nunc pro tunc, finding that its partial summary judgment order
now contained a clerical error and should be corrected to reflect the finality of the
judgment as a result of the nonsuit. The trial court attached as Exhibit A the
judgment nunc pro tunc, which purported to make the partial summary judgment
final.
Wasserberg then filed a motion for new trial or to modify judgment.
Wasserberg argued that the evidence failed to support entry of the judgment nunc
pro tunc, that the trial court’s striking out of the attorneys’ fees award showed the
summary judgment order was not final, and that the summary judgment order
neither disposed of all claims nor contained indications of finality. Wasserberg’s
motion for new trial was overruled by operation of law. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Wasserberg raises three issues on appeal: (1) the summary judgment order
failed to dispose of all claims against him because the order lacked finality language
and deleted the award of attorneys’ fees; (2) the trial court improperly signed a
judgment nunc pro tunc; and (3) the trial court erred when it granted partial summary
judgment because the motion had both procedural and evidentiary shortcomings.
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After establishing that we have jurisdiction to hear this appeal, we consider these
issues below.
I. We have jurisdiction to hear an appeal from a judgment made final by
its language.
We first address our jurisdiction by examining whether a final judgment
exists that may be appealed. “[T]he general rule, with a few mostly statutory
exceptions, is that an appeal may be taken only from a final judgment.” Lehmann v.
Har-Con Corp., 39 S.W.3d 191, 195 (Tex. 2001). As we explain in Part II below,
RES-TX’s nonsuit did not make the trial court’s partial summary judgment final.
We hold that the judgment nunc pro tunc is final, however.
This Court has previously recognized that a final judgment is not determined
by its form, but by its language and the record on appeal. B.Z.B., Inc. v. Clark, 273
S.W.3d 899, 902 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.) (citing Lehmann
for the test of finality). To satisfy the Lehmann test, a judgment either must state
clearly and unequivocally that it disposes of all claims and parties, or it must dispose
of every pending claim and party regardless of its language. Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d
at 200. The Supreme Court of Texas recently reiterated that language such as “all
relief not granted is denied . . . does not indicate that a judgment rendered without a
conventional trial is final for the purposes of appeal.” In re Daredia, 317 S.W.3d
247, 248 (Tex. 2010) (per curiam) (citing Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 203–04). But a
statement such as “This judgment finally disposes of all parties and all claims and is
appealable” leaves no doubt about the court’s intention to make a final disposition of
the case. Id. (citing Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 206).
In re Daredia also clarified that the word “final,” while less clear than
“appealable,” was “clear enough” to indicate a final judgment when the judgment
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stated, “All relief not expressly granted herein is denied. This judgment disposes of
all parties and all claims in this cause of action and is therefore FINAL.” Id. at 248.
Further, an order “can be final and appealable when it should not be,” as when an
order granting summary judgment does not address all of the plaintiff’s claims, but
“state[s] unequivocally that final judgment is rendered that the plaintiff take nothing
by his suit.” Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 204. Thus, an order’s clear intent to dispose
of all claims and all parties will make it final and appealable “even though it should
have been interlocutory” or the parties “did not intend for the judgment to be final.”
Id. at 200, 206. Granting a final judgment that does not address all claims “makes
the order reversible, but not interlocutory.” Id. at 204.
In this case, the judgment nunc pro tunc unequivocally attempts to dispose of
all remaining claims by stating “All relief requested in this case and not expressly
granted is denied. This is a final judgment.” While the first sentence is not, by
itself, any indication of finality, the subsequent sentence clarifies the trial court’s
intention that the judgment be final.
In addition to the judgment language, the trial court’s nunc pro tunc order
explicitly details the trial court’s belief that the nonsuit disposed of “all of the parties
and claims remaining in the lawsuit,” making the “partial summary judgment a final
judgment.” Specifically, the nunc pro tunc order reads:
As a result of the December 3, 2012 nonsuit, all of the parties and
claims remaining in this lawsuit were disposed either by means of the
partial summary judgment granted against Wasserberg in the amount of
$3,173,645.97 or the nonsuit. Therefore, on December 3, 2012, the
October 16, 2012 partial summary judgment became a final judgment.
Together, the language of the order and judgment nunc pro tunc show that the
trial court intended to make the partial summary judgment expressly final. We
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therefore hold that the judgment nunc pro tunc is final and appealable even though,
as explained below, it erroneously failed to address the pending claim for mandatory
attorneys’ fees. For a judgment to be final and appealable, Lehmann requires either
clear and unequivocal language or disposition of every claim and party, and here the
language is clear and unequivocal.
II. The trial court erred by rendering a final judgment without addressing
RES-TX’s claim for attorneys’ fees.
In his first and second issues, Wasserberg contends that the trial court erred in
deciding that the nonsuit rendered its partial summary judgment final and in signing
a judgment nunc pro tunc without addressing RES-TX’s claim for attorneys’ fees.
We agree. To explain our conclusion, we discuss the effect of each major
procedural step in the litigation beginning with the summary judgment.
Res-TX’s motion for summary judgment did not dispose of its mandatory
claim for attorneys’ fees claim because the court struck out the attorneys’ fees
award. In RES-TX’s original petition, it sought, inter alia, attorneys’ fees for
prosecuting its suit for breach of contract against all defendants. The trial court
granted summary judgment on RES-TX’s breach of contract cause of action against
Wasserberg, including damages. The court denied RES-TX summary judgment as
to attorneys’ fees, however, by striking out the line awarding attorneys’ fees. When
a trial court denies summary judgment, it denies only summary judgment relief; it
does not adjudicate the underlying claim. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(e); McNally v.
Guevara, 52 S.W.3d 195, 195–196 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam) (no presumption that a
summary judgment “addresses all of the movant’s claims”). Thus, by striking the
attorneys’ fees award from its order granting partial summary judgment, the trial
court neither granted nor denied an award of fees. In re K.M.B., 148 S.W.3d 618,
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620 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.); see also Youngblood &
Associates, P.L.L.C. v. Duhon, 57 S.W.3d 63, 65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2001, no pet.) (holding failure to rule on claims for attorneys’ fees prevented order
from being final).
With outstanding claims and defendants remaining, RES-TX then attempted
to finalize the summary judgment by nonsuiting its claims against all defendants
other than Wasserberg. The nonsuit did not dispose of RES-TX’s mandatory
attorneys’ fees claim, however, because it did not nonsuit RES-TX’s claims against
Wasserberg. A nonsuit may render a previously signed partial summary judgment
final, but it must dispose of all remaining parties and claims. 3 Here, RES-TX
nonsuited all of its claims against all defendants except its still-pending attorneys’
fees claim against Wasserberg. Because RES-TX’s nonsuit did not dispose of all
remaining claims, it did not render the interlocutory summary judgment final or start
the clock ticking on the expiration of the trial court’s plenary power.
RES-TX then moved for entry of judgment and asked for damages as well as
interest and costs, but did not request attorneys’ fees. This motion did not dispose
of RES-TX’s fee claim, however, because the court never ruled on it. Similarly,
Wasserberg never moved for summary judgment on RES-TX’s claim for attorneys’
3
See Crites v. Collins, 284 S.W.3d 839, 841 (Tex. 2009) (per curiam) (finding that the
order denying the remaining sanctions claim made the order final); Farmer v. Ben E. Keith Co.,
907 S.W.2d 495, 496 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam) (holding that a severance, dismissal, or nonsuit may
dispose of unadjudicated claims and parties); Clarendon Nat. Ins. Co. v. Thompson, 199 S.W.3d
482, 492 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (stating that the interlocutory judgment
became final when the trial court signed the nonsuit); see generally Briscoe v. Goodmark Corp.,
102 S.W.3d 714, 718 n.1 (Tex. 2003) (Jefferson, J., concurring) (citing Elaine A. Carlson &
Karlene S. Dunn, Navigating Procedural Minefields: Nuances in Determining Finality of
Judgments, Plenary Power, and Appealability, 41 S. Tex. L. Rev. 953, 1001–08 (2000),
concerning avenues to secure final judgments).
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fees. Therefore, RES-TX’s claim for attorneys’ fees was still outstanding when the
trial court signed the judgment nunc pro tunc.
Given this procedural background, Wasserberg takes the position that the
judgment nunc pro tunc was erroneous because it transformed the interlocutory
summary judgment into a final judgment. In support of his position, Wasserberg
argues in part that a judgment nunc pro tunc may correct clerical but not judicial
errors, and that making an interlocutory summary judgment final by disposing of
remaining claims goes beyond correcting a clerical error. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 316,
329b(f); Rawlins v. Rawlins, 324 S.W.3d 852, 855 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2010, no pet.) (explaining that judgment nunc pro tunc can only correct
written judgment incorrectly stating the judgment actually rendered). As we have
explained above, however, the nonsuit did not make the partial summary judgment
final, so the trial court still had plenary power at the time it signed the judgment nunc
pro tunc. Thus, the trial court still had the power to make its judgment final,
regardless of the title it attached to the order doing so. See Mathes v. Kelton, 569
S.W.2d 876, 878 & n.3 (Tex. 1978); Ferguson v. Naylor, 860 S.W.2d 123, 129 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 1993, writ denied).
Nevertheless, we agree with Wasserberg that the trial court erred in making its
judgment final because the court did so without addressing RES-TX’s mandatory
claim for attorneys’ fees. See Lehmann, 39 S.W.3d at 204 (reasoning that judgment
rendered without trial is reversible if it unequivocally states it is final but fails to
address pending claim); Young v. Hodde, 682 S.W.2d 236, 237 (Tex. 1984) (per
curiam) (holding trial court erred in rendering judgment against claim in absence of
summary judgment motion seeking that relief). Statutory attorneys’ fees may be
discretionary or mandatory. If a statute provides that a court “may award”
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attorneys’ fees, then an award of attorneys’ fees falls within the sound discretion of
the trial court. Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d 19, 20–21 (Tex. 1998). If a statute
provides that a party “may recover,” “shall be awarded,” or “is entitled to” attorneys’
fees, then an award of attorneys’ fees is mandatory. Id.
Texas allows the “recovery of reasonable attorney[s’] fees in a suit for breach
of contract.” Crumpton v. Stevens, 936 S.W.2d 473, 476 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
1996, no writ) (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001 (West 2008)).
Specifically, the statute provides that “[a] person may recover reasonable
attorney[s’] fees . . . if the claim is for: . . . (8) an oral or written contract.” Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001 (West 2014) (emphasis added). Because the
language of the statute is “may recover” rather than “may award,” attorneys’ fees for
a breach of contract are mandatory. End Users, Inc. v. Sys. Supply For End Users,
Inc., No. 14-06-00833-CV, 2007 WL 2790379, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] Sept. 27, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.); see D.F.W. Christian Television, Inc. v.
Thornton, 933 S.W.2d 488, 490 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (reversing the appellate
court that overturned the trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees under section
38.001(8) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code).
Because RES-TX’s attorneys’ fees claim stems from a breach of contract, an
award of fees is mandatory rather than discretionary. Accordingly, we hold the trial
court erred in signing a final judgment without addressing the fee claim. We
therefore sustain appellant’s first and second issues.
III. The trial court did not err in granting partial summary judgment on
liability and damages.
When a summary judgment is final but erroneously grants more relief than the
movant requested, we do not automatically reverse the judgment in its entirety.
10
Rather, in the interest of judicial economy, we consider whether the trial court
properly granted the relief that was requested. G & H Towing Co. v. Magee, 347
S.W.3d 293, 298 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam); Bandera Elec. Coop., Inc. v. Gilchrist,
946 S.W.2d 336 (Tex. 1997) (per curiam). If so, the remedy is to affirm the
summary judgment in part, reverse it in part given that only a partial summary
judgment should have been granted, and remand the case to the trial court for further
proceedings. Bandera Elec. Coop., 946 S.W.2d at 336.
We therefore address Wasserberg’s third issue, which challenges the trial
court’s summary judgment that he breached the guaranty agreement and owes
damages to RES-TX. To prevail on summary judgment on a claim for breach of a
guaranty, the plaintiff must establish (1) the existence and ownership of the
guaranty; (2) the terms of the underlying contract by the holder; (3) the occurrence
of the condition on which liability is based; and (4) the guarantor’s failure or refusal
to perform the promise. See Wasserberg v. Flooring Servs. of Tex., LLC, 376
S.W.3d 202, 205 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.).
In his third issue, Wasserberg argues that the summary judgment has both
procedural and evidentiary shortcomings because RES-TX took no judgment
against the primary obligor, Wasserberg’s admissions were insufficient summary
judgment evidence, and RES-TX failed to establish the deficiency as a matter of law.
We review a trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.4 Valence
Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005).
First, Wasserberg complains that summary judgment could not be awarded
against him because judgment was not also taken against the primary obligor,
4
Wasserberg asserts only that the admissions were ineffective against him, individually,
not that they should be withdrawn. Thus, we need not apply an abuse of discretion standard.
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Watterhill. Generally, “a judgment may not be rendered against a party not
primarily liable unless judgment is also rendered against the principal obligor.”
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.001 (West 2014). A guarantor may
contractually waive this requirement, however, and here Wasserberg did just that.
See Hernandez v. Bexar Cnty. Nat’l Bank of San Antonio, 710 S.W.2d 684, 689
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1986, writ ref’d n.r.e., 716 S.W.2d 938 (Tex. 1986));
see also Irvin v. Guar. Co. of N. Am., U.S.A., No. 05-07-01230-CV, 2008 WL
2971806, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 5, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (no
requirement to seek recovery from primary obligor for attorneys’ fees).
For example, contract language providing that “It shall not be necessary to
institute suit on any indebtedness before proceeding against the guarantor[s]” has
been held a valid and enforceable waiver. Hernandez, 710 S.W.2d at 689.
Similarly, in the Yandell v. Tarrant State Bank, the contract read,
. . . Guarantor waives any right to have Customer joined with
Guarantor in any suit brought against Guarantor on this guaranty, and
further waives any right to require Bank to forthwith sue Customer to
collect the Obligations as a prerequisite to Bank's taking action against
Guarantor under this guaranty.
538 S.W.2d 684, 685 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1976, writ ref’d n.r.e.). The
Yandell court held that “[i]t would be hard to think of language that would more
clearly express an agreement to waive that right.” Id. at 687.
Wasserberg’s agreement contains waiver language that closely mirrors the
language in those cases:
Section 2.4 The Guarantors[’] Waivers. The Guarantors waive
any right to require the Lender to (and it shall not be necessary for the
Lender, in order to enforce such payment by the Guarantors to first) (a)
proceed against the Borrower or any other person liable on the
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Liabilities . . . (c) have the Borrower joined with the Guarantors in any
suit arising out of this Guaranty Agreement and/or any of the
Liabilities, [or] (d) enforce its rights against any other guarantor of the
Liabilities . . . .
Accordingly, we hold that Wasserberg expressly waived the right to require
RES-TX to secure a judgment against Watterhill.
Second, Wasserberg contends that deemed admissions 1–3 were insufficient
evidence to support the summary judgment. Those requests sought admissions
from Wasserberg regarding Waterhill’s breach by failure to pay. Wasserberg
argues that because he was not sued in his capacities as a limited partner of Waterhill
and an officer of its corporate general partner, these admissions do not determine the
conduct of Waterhill. Instead, Wasserberg contends, the admissions bind him only
in the individual capacity in which he was sued.5
This distinction does not defeat the summary judgment. Although
admissions are effective against a party only in the capacity in which they are
served, they are still conclusively established against the party in that capacity. See
United States Fid. & Guar. Co. v. Goudeau, 272 S.W.3d 603, 608 (Tex. 2008).
Thus, these admissions can support a judgment against Wasserberg individually.
Further, under admissions 4–5, Wasserberg admitted that he was a guarantor and
that he breached the guaranties by failing to satisfy Waterhill’s obligations. In
5
Neither Wasserberg nor his counsel denied or refused to answer the admissions on that basis,
which would have served as evidence only of his refusal to answer. See Carbonit Houston, Inc. v.
Exch. Bank, 628 S.W.2d 826, 829 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.).
Wasserberg does not dispute that the admissions were deemed against him for lack of a response or
service. Marino v. King, 355 S.W.3d 629, 633 (Tex. 2011) (per curiam); In re Seizure of
Gambling Proceeds, 388 S.W.3d 874, 877 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.)
(regarding service). Nor did he request the admissions be withdrawn on a showing of good cause
and lack of undue prejudice. In re Approximately $61,083.00, No. 14-13-01059-CV, 2014 WL
866040, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 4, 2014, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.).
13
addition to the admissions, RES-TX offered summary judgment evidence of the
underlying debt, Wasserberg’s guaranty and failure to comply with it, the
foreclosure proceedings, and the amount of the deficiency. Together, the
admissions and evidence support the trial court’s grant of partial summary judgment
that Wasserberg breached the guaranty agreement.
Third, with respect to the award of damages, Wasserberg contends that
RES-TX failed to establish the amount of the deficiency as a matter of law.
Wasserberg points out that he asserted his right to an offset against the deficiency
based on the fair market value of the property under the Texas Anti-Deficiency
Statute, and he argues that RES-TX offered no evidence of market value. See
generally Tex. Prop. Code Ann. § 51.003–.005 (West 2014); Grace Interest, LLC v.
Wallis State Bank, 431 S.W.3d 110, 114 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013,
pet. denied).
We need not address whether RES-TX was obligated to offer such evidence to
prove its entitlement to summary judgment, however, because Wasserberg
contractually waived his anti-deficiency protections in the guaranty agreement.
The Supreme Court of Texas recently confirmed that broad language waiving “any,”
“each,” and “every” defense waives a defense under section 51.003. Moayedi v.
Interstate 35/Chisam Rd., L.P., 438 S.W.3d 1, 6–8 (Tex. 2014). Paragraph 7 of the
Moayedi guaranty read:
Guarantor further agrees that this Guaranty shall not be discharged,
impaired or affected by . . . (b) any defense (other than the full payment
of the indebtedness hereby guaranteed in accordance with the terms
hereof) that the Guarantor may or might have as to Guarantor's
respective undertakings, liabilities and obligations hereunder, each and
every such defense being hereby waived by the undersigned Guarantor.
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Moayedi, 438 S.W.3d at 3 (emphasis added); see also Grace Interest, LLC, 431
S.W.3d at 127–28 (enforcing more specific waiver language).
In this case, the guaranty agreement that Wasserberg signed provides in
section 2.4 that “[t]he Guarantors hereby waive all defenses given to sureties or
guarantor at law or in equity other than actual payment of the Liabilities.” (emphasis
added). Under Moayedi, this language waives Wasserberg’s right to a section
51.003 offset. We therefore overrule his third issue.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained appellant’s issues one and two and overruled issue three, we
affirm the portion of the trial court’s judgment holding Wasserberg liable for breach
of contract and awarding $3,173,645.97 in damages to RES-TX. We reverse the
portion of the judgment disposing of RES-TX’s claim for attorneys’ fees and
remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings on that claim.
/s/ J. Brett Busby
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Boyce, Busby, and Wise.
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