ReadyOne Industries, Inc. v. Roberto Carreon , 458 S.W.3d 621 ( 2014 )

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
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READYONE INDUSTRIES, INC., No. 08-13-00150-CV
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Appellant, Appeal from
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v. 384th District Court
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ROBERTO CARREON, of El Paso County, Texas
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Appellee. (TC # 2011-DCV-00940)
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OPINION
ReadyOne Industries, Inc. is appealing the trial court’s order denying its motion to
compel arbitration. For the following reasons, we sustain Issue One, reverse the order denying
the motion to compel arbitration, and remand to the trial court with instructions to enter an order
compelling arbitration.
PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Roberto Carreon filed suit against his employer, ReadyOne, alleging that the failure to
provide a safe work environment caused him to suffer an on-the-job injury to his shoulder,
elbow, wrist, and other parts of his body on November 1, 2011. ReadyOne filed a motion to
compel arbitration and to stay the proceedings pending arbitration. It supported the motion with
the affidavit of Wes Schotten, Director of Human Resources and Compliance, and four exhibits:
(1) the English language version of the Mutual Agreement to Arbitrate (MAA) adopted by
ReadyOne effective October 1, 2007; (2) the Spanish language version of the MAA adopted by
ReadyOne effective October 1, 2007; (3) a Receipt and Arbitration Acknowledgment dated
August 30, 2010 signed by Roberto Carreon; and (4) the Employee Injury Benefit Plan/Summary
Plan Description (SPD). Carreon filed a response alleging that the Franken Amendment made
the MAA unenforceable. He also complained of fraudulent inducement and lack of mental
capacity to enter into a contract. Carreon filed a motion to compel limited discovery related to
arbitration which the trial court granted. ReadyOne challenged that order by filing a mandamus
petition in this Court. We held that the Franken Amendment does not apply to this personal
injury suit. In re ReadyOne Industries, Inc., 394 S.W.3d 689, 693-95 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2012,
orig. proceeding). We also concluded that Carreon failed to show a colorable basis or reason to
believe that discovery would be material in establishing that the arbitration agreement was
invalid because he lacked the mental capacity to understand what he was signing. Id., 394
S.W.3d at 696-97. Finding that ReadyOne did not have an adequate remedy by appeal, we
conditionally granted mandamus relief. Id. at 697.
Carreon subsequently filed a supplemental response raising a new argument that the
MAA is illusory because it permits ReadyOne to amend, modify, or terminate the arbitration at
any time. This argument is based on an assertion that the MAA is incorporated by reference in
the SPD, and therefore, the SPD’s provisions for termination and amendment apply rather than
the termination provision set forth in the MAA. The trial court denied ReadyOne’s motion to
compel arbitration on the ground that the MAA is illusory. ReadyOne brought this accelerated
interlocutory appeal to challenge that order. See TEX.CIV.PRAC.&REM.CODE ANN. § 51.016
(West Supp. 2014)(permitting an interlocutory appeal from the denial of a motion to compel
arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act).
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ILLUSORY ARBITRATION AGREEMENT
In its sole issue on appeal, ReadyOne contends that the trial court erred by refusing to
compel arbitration on the ground that the MAA is illusory. We agree.
Relevant Law and Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny a motion to compel arbitration under
an abuse of discretion standard. Ellman v. JC General Contractors, 419 S.W.3d 516, 520
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2013, no pet.). Under this standard, we defer to a trial court’s factual
determinations if they are supported by evidence, but we review a trial court’s legal
determinations de novo. In re Labatt Food Serv., L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex. 2009).
Ellman, 419 S.W.3d at 520.
A party seeking to compel arbitration must (1) establish the existence of a valid
arbitration agreement; and (2) show that the claims asserted are within the scope of the
agreement. See In re Advance PCS Health L.P., 172 S.W.3d 603, 605 (Tex. 2005); Delfingen
US-Texas, L.P., v. Valenzuela, 407 S.W.3d 791, 797 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2013, no pet.). It is
undisputed that the Federal Arbitration Act governs the arbitration at issue in this case. Under
the FAA, we apply state contract law principles to determine whether a valid arbitration
agreement exists. J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003); Delfingen,
407 S.W.3d at 797. Once the party seeking to compel arbitration proves that a valid arbitration
agreement exists, a presumption attaches favoring arbitration and the burden shifts to the party
resisting arbitration to establish a defense to enforcement. Delfingen, 407 S.W.3d at 797. In the
context of enforcement, defenses refer to unconscionability, duress, fraudulent inducement, and
revocation. In re FirstMerit Bank, N.A., 52 S.W.3d 749, 756 (Tex. 2001); Delfingen, 407 SW.3d
at 797. Because the law favors arbitration, the burden of proving a defense to arbitration is on
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the party opposing it. IHS Acquisition No. 171, Inc. v. Beatty-Ortiz, 387 S.W.3d 799, 807
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.), citing J.M. Davidson, 128 S.W.3d at 227.
Analysis of the MAA and SPD/Employee Injury Benefit Plan
An arbitration agreement is illusory if one party can avoid its promise to arbitrate by
unilaterally amending the provision or terminating it altogether. In re Odyssey Healthcare, Inc.,
310 S.W.3d 419, 424 (Tex. 2010); In re ReadyOne Industries, Inc., 400 S.W.3d 164, 170
(Tex.App.--El Paso 2013, orig. proceeding). The MAA is a four-page agreement consisting of
thirteen paragraphs. It requires ReadyOne and Carreon to arbitrate covered claims which occur
on or after the effective date of the agreement, October 1, 2007. Paragraph 5 addresses the scope
of the agreement to arbitrate and provides that all claims that ReadyOne or claimant may have
which arise from any injury suffered by claimant in the course and scope of employment,
including but not limited to, claims for negligence, gross negligence, and all claims for personal
injuries. Paragraph 10, titled “Termination of Agreement” provides that:
Company shall have the right to prospectively terminate this Agreement.
Termination is not effective for Covered Claims which accrued or occurred prior
to the date of the termination. Termination is also not effective until ten (10) days
after reasonable notice is given to Claimant.
Paragraph 10 is not illusory because it does not permit ReadyOne to unilaterally or
retrospectively terminate the agreement and it requires ReadyOne to provide ten days’ notice to
prospectively terminate. See In re Halliburton Co., 80 S.W.3d 566, 569-70 (Tex. 2002); In re
ReadyOne, 400 S.W.3d at 170-71 (finding the same provision contains the proper savings clause
under Halliburton and is not illusory).
Carreon counters that the MAA is not a stand-alone arbitration agreement, but rather is
incorporated by reference in the SPD/Employee Injury Benefit Plan. This ERISA plan contains
the following provision:
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AMENDMENT OR TERMINATION OF PLAN
The Company presently intends to continue the Plan indefinitely, but the
Company reserves the right to amend, modify, or terminate the Plan at any time;
provided, however, no amendment or termination of the Plan will reduce the
amount of any benefit then due and payable under the Plan to or with respect to
you in connection with an Injury occurring prior to the date of such amendment or
termination. Any such amendment or termination will be adopted pursuant to
formal written action of a representative authorized to act on behalf of the
Company.
Because the “Amendment or Termination of Plan” provision of the SPD/Employee Injury
Benefit Plan does not contain a saving clause which complies with Halliburton, Carreon argues
that the MAA is illusory.
Carreon relied on language in the Arbitration Acknowledgement and SPD/Employee
Injury Benefit Plan to support his position that these documents are incorporated by reference in
the MAA. Documents incorporated into a contract by reference become part of that contract. In
re 24R, Inc., 324 S.W.3d 564, 567 (Tex. 2010); In re Bank One, N.A., 216 S.W.3d 825, 826
(Tex. 2007). Carreon first pointed to a document referred to as the Receipt and Arbitration
Acknowledgment1 which states as follows:
RECEIPT OF MATERIALS. By my signature below, I acknowledge that I
have received and read (or had the opportunity to read) the Benefits Schedule,
Summary Plan Description (the ‘SPD’) for the Employee Injury Benefit Plan, and
Mutual Agreement To Arbitrate Claims, effective 10/01/2007.
ARBITRATION. I acknowledge that this includes a mandatory company policy
requiring that certain claims or disputes (that cannot otherwise be resolved
between the Company and me) must be submitted to an arbitrator, rather than a
judge and jury in court. I understand that by receiving this Mutual Agreement To
Arbitrate Claims and becoming employed (or continuing my employment) with
the Company at any time on or after 10/01/2007, I am accepting and agreeing to
comply with these arbitration requirements. I understand that the Company is
also accepting and agreeing to comply with these arbitration requirements. All
covered claims brought by my spouse, children, parents, estate, successors and
assigns are also subject to this Mutual Agreement To Arbitrate Claims, and any
decision of an arbitrator will be final and binding on such persons and the
1
Carreon signed the Spanish language version of this document.
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Company.
The receipt portion of this document merely requires Carreon to acknowledge that he has
received and read, or had an opportunity to read, various documents, including the MAA and
SPD. The arbitration portion of the document requires Carreon to acknowledge that one of the
documents he received is a mandatory company policy which requires both he and ReadyOne to
arbitrate certain claims. The receipt and arbitration acknowledgement document does not
incorporate the MAA or the SPD by reference. See In re ReadyOne, 400 S.W.3d at 169-73; Sun
Fab Industrial Contracting, Inc. v. Lujan, 361 S.W.3d 147, 152-53 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2011, no
pet.).
Carreon also argued the SPD incorporated the MAA by reference. The “Program
Highlights” section of the SPD, contains the following:
What if I am still not satisfied with how my injury is handled?
In addition to a formal benefit appeals process, there is an Arbitration Policy
attached to the back of this booklet. The Arbitration Policy will help resolve
any other injury-related disputes between you and the Company quickly and
fairly. Arbitration is a process in which a skilled, independent arbitrator (similar
to a judge) hears both sides of the situation and then makes a final and binding
decision. Decisions by the arbitrator generally must be made according to the
same principles of law that control decisions by courts. Arbitrators can award the
same damages or remedies as a court of law. [Emphasis in original].
We recently considered an incorporation-by-reference argument based on the same document in
a mandamus proceeding involving ReadyOne and concluded that the SPD does not incorporate
the MAA by reference. In re ReadyOne, 400 S.W.3d at 169-73. We will adhere to that decision
here. Finding that the MAA is not illusory, we sustain the sole issue presented by ReadyOne.
We reverse the trial court’s order denying ReadyOne’s motion to compel arbitration and remand
the cause to the trial court with instructions to enter an order compelling arbitration.
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December 10, 2014
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ.
(Rivera, J., not participating)
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