Ross Mandel and Lea Mandel v. Lewisville Independent School District, County of Denton, City of Plano, and Claussner Holdings, LLC , 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 6983 ( 2016 )


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  •                             COURT OF APPEALS
    SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
    FORT WORTH
    NO. 02-15-00222-CV
    ROSS MANDEL AND LEA MANDEL                                      APPELLANTS
    V.
    LEWISVILLE INDEPENDENT                                            APPELLEES
    SCHOOL DISTRICT, COUNTY OF
    DENTON, CITY OF PLANO, AND
    CLAUSSNER HOLDINGS, LLC
    ------------
    FROM THE 431ST DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY
    TRIAL COURT NO. 2013-70534-431
    ----------
    OPINION
    ----------
    This is an appeal from a denial of a bill of review.1 In one issue that
    contains several supporting arguments, appellants Ross Mandel and Lea Mandel
    contend that the trial court’s November 2012 default judgment against them
    violated their right to due process and that the trial court therefore erred by
    1
    See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(f).
    granting the summary judgment motions filed in the bill of review proceeding by
    appellees Lewisville Independent School District (Lewisville ISD), County of
    Denton (Denton County), City of Plano (Plano), and Claussner Holdings, LLC
    (Claussner). We affirm.
    Background Facts
    In a prior, restricted appeal that involved all of the same parties at issue
    here (other than Claussner), we affirmed the trial court’s default judgment against
    appellants for delinquent ad valorem taxes on their Plano residence.2 We set out
    the chronology of events between the parties as follows:
    On July 29, 2011, Lewisville ISD filed its original petition
    against the Mandels . . . for payment of delinquent 2010 property
    taxes on the Mandels’ home. Lea Mandel was served by personal
    service of process on August 5, 2011. Ross Mandel was served by
    personal service of process on August 16, 2011. The Mandels did
    not answer. . . . While the case was pending, at some point in the
    following months, [a lienholder] paid the delinquent 2010 taxes.
    Lewisville ISD filed its first amended original petition on June
    7, 2012, eliminating its cause of action for 2010 taxes and alleging
    that the Mandels were delinquent on their 2011 taxes. Lewisville
    ISD’s certificate of service appended to its amended petition stated
    that it served the Mandels with a copy of the amended petition
    pursuant to Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 21a.[3] The Mandels did
    2
    See Mandel v. Lewisville ISD, 
    445 S.W.3d 469
    , 485 (Tex. App.—Fort
    Worth 2014, pet. denied).
    3
    The Mandels disputed in this bill of review proceeding whether service of
    the amended petition under rule 21a was accomplished. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 21a
    (stating that notices required to be served, other than the citation, may be served
    in various ways, including in person, by mail, or by e-mail). Appellees contend, in
    part, that Texas law did not require service of the amended petition under rule
    21a.
    2
    not answer. . . . On November 2, 2012, [Plano] intervened. On
    November 13, 2012, [Denton County] intervened. [Plano] and
    [Denton County] each sought to recover delinquent 2011 property
    taxes owed by the Mandels.
    On November 15, 2012, the case was called to trial. The
    Mandels did not appear. . . . On the same date, the trial court
    signed a final default judgment against the Mandels . . . for the
    amounts owed to Lewisville ISD, [Plano], and [Denton County] for
    the delinquent 2011 taxes, including penalties and interest until paid.
    The judgment also ordered foreclosure of the tax liens on the
    property, issuance of an order of public sale of the property,
    payment to the taxing entities of the amounts owed from the
    proceeds, and issuance of a writ of possession to the purchaser of
    the property at the sale.
    On November 16, 2012, the Denton County District Clerk
    mailed a notice of the judgment to each of the Mandels, as well as a
    billing statement for the court costs. On January 4, 2013, the
    Denton County District Clerk issued an order of sale for foreclosure
    of the tax liens and for court costs recovered in the default judgment.
    The Denton County Sheriff published notice of the sale and on
    March 13, 2013, mailed a copy of the notice to the Mandels. The
    property was sold at a sheriff’s sale on the Denton County
    Courthouse steps to Claussner on April 2, 2013.[4]
    In the restricted appeal, appellants argued that (1) the citation by which
    Ross was served with Lewisville ISD’s original petition did not strictly comply with
    certain rules of civil procedure, (2) Lewisville ISD was required to serve them with
    a new citation when it filed its amended petition because the amended petition
    asserted a new cause of action for a different tax year, (3) Plano and Denton
    County were required to (and failed to) serve appellants with citation when they
    intervened, and (4) they were denied due process because they did not receive
    4
    
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 472
    –73.
    3
    adequate notice of the order of sale of the property.5 We rejected each of these
    arguments.6
    Before we issued our decision in the restricted appeal, appellants filed a
    petition for bill of review in the trial court, contending that the November 2012
    default judgment is void. They argued that rule of civil procedure 21a required
    Lewisville ISD to serve its amended petition on them and that Lewisville ISD did
    not do so. They raised the same contention with respect to the intervention
    petitions filed by Plano and Denton County. Finally, they contended that the
    resulting sheriff’s sale of the home was improper because the default judgment
    was taken without proper service and was therefore allegedly void.
    Appellees filed answers to the petition for bill of review.     Appellants
    amended the petition; they again contended that their right to due process had
    been violated because they had not been served under rule 21a with Lewisville
    ISD’s amended petition or the intervention petitions filed by Plano and Denton
    County. They contended that the November 2012 judgment was obtained in
    violation of their due process rights “because they were not served with the
    pleadings upon which the default judgment was based.”
    All parties sought summary judgment. Appellants argued that they were
    not served with Lewisville ISD’s amended petition or the other taxing entities’
    5
    
    Id. at 474–85.
          6
    See 
    id. at 485.
    4
    intervention petitions under rule 21a and that those petitions asserted a new
    cause of action and sought more onerous relief than Lewisville ISD’s original
    petition. Appellants contended, “Due process does not permit a default judgment
    on a claim never served on the defendants. As such, this Court should . . . set
    aside the default judgment.” Appellants attached a declaration to their motion in
    which Ross stated that neither he nor Lea received Lewisville ISD’s amended
    petition or the intervention petitions filed by Denton County and Plano. They also
    contended that Lewisville ISD had admitted that it had not served the amended
    petition upon appellants.7 They contended that when taxing entities are on notice
    that service has not been received by a citizen, the entities have a due process
    obligation to take “additional steps to provide citizens notice before taking their
    property.” Finally, they argued that because they did not receive constitutionally
    adequate notice of the taxing entities’ claims for the 2011 taxes, they were not
    required to prove traditional bill-of-review elements, including that they had a
    meritorious claim or defense.
    Claussner argued that appellants’ claim seeking to void the sheriff’s sale of
    the property, which was conducted in accordance with the trial court’s order of
    sale, was legally unsupported even if they prevailed in setting aside the default
    7
    In a response to an interrogatory in discovery, Lewisville ISD stated that it
    sent the amended petition to appellants by certified mail but that the certified mail
    was returned as unclaimed. Lewisville ISD admitted that it knew that appellants
    had not received the amended petition when Lewisville ISD sought the default
    judgment against them.
    5
    judgment.      Claussner contended that appellants’ only recourse, if any, was
    “against the Taxing Authorities.” It argued, “Even if this Court were to set aside
    the Default Judgment (which it cannot and should not), this Court may not set
    aside the tax sale to Claussner.”
    Lewisville ISD asserted, among other arguments, that appellants were not
    entitled to a bill of review because they did not have a meritorious defense to the
    delinquency of the 2011 taxes and because they were not legally entitled to
    receive a copy of Lewisville ISD’s amended petition. With respect to the latter
    argument, Lewisville ISD asserted that rule of civil procedure 117a8 negated any
    need for service of the amended petition upon appellants under rule 21a.
    Lewisville ISD contended, “Property owners have a legal duty to know whether or
    not the taxes assessed on their property have been paid and this is especially
    true when suit has been filed to collect delinquent taxes assessed on their
    property. This necessarily includes taxes becoming delinquent after a lawsuit
    has been filed.”
    Denton County adopted Lewisville ISD’s summary judgment motion. The
    county also contended that it was not required to serve appellants with its
    intervention petition.    The county argued that this court resolved that exact
    argument against appellants in the restricted appeal; thus, the county asserted
    that the doctrines of res judicata and law of the case precluded appellants’
    8
    See Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a.
    6
    petition for bill of review. Plano adopted Denton County’s and Lewisville ISD’s
    summary judgment motions and contended that the procedures for service in a
    tax suit created by rule 117a satisfied due process.
    The trial court granted the summary judgment motions filed by appellees
    and denied appellants’ motion. The court ordered that the “default judgment for
    [Lewisville ISD], [Denton County], and [Plano] . . . entered on November 15, 2012
    is hereby SUSTAINED/AFFIRMED.” Appellants brought this appeal.
    Rule 117a and Due Process
    In one issue that contains several supporting arguments, appellants
    contend that the November 2012 default judgment violated due process and that
    the trial court therefore erred by granting summary judgment for appellees and by
    denying appellants’ petition for bill of review. In a summary judgment case, the
    issue on appeal is whether the movant established that no genuine issue of
    material fact existed and that the movant was entitled to judgment as a matter of
    law.   Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v.
    Fielding, 
    289 S.W.3d 844
    , 848 (Tex. 2009); see also Shackelford v.
    Cartercopters, LLC, No. 02-10-00414-CV, 
    2011 WL 3835638
    , at *2 (Tex. App.—
    Fort Worth Aug. 31, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“The review of a grant of
    summary judgment on a petition for bill of review is the same standard of review
    as for grants of summary judgment in other types of cases.”). We review a
    summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 
    315 S.W.3d 860
    ,
    862 (Tex. 2010). A defendant who conclusively negates at least one essential
    7
    element of a cause of action is entitled to summary judgment on that claim. Frost
    Nat’l Bank v. Fernandez, 
    315 S.W.3d 494
    , 508 (Tex. 2010), cert. denied, 
    562 U.S. 1180
    (2011). When multiple parties move for summary judgment and the
    trial court grants one motion while denying another, we review the parties’
    summary judgment evidence and determine all questions presented. Little v.
    Delta Steel, Inc., 
    409 S.W.3d 704
    , 709 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.).
    A bill of review is an equitable proceeding brought by a party seeking to set
    aside a prior judgment that is no longer subject to challenge by a motion for new
    trial or appeal. Caldwell v. Barnes, 
    975 S.W.2d 535
    , 537 (Tex. 1998); see In re
    Child, No. 02-15-00118-CV, 
    2016 WL 1403320
    , at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
    Apr. 7, 2016, no pet. h.). It is brought as a separate suit from the case in which
    the challenged judgment was rendered. Morris v. O’Neal, 
    464 S.W.3d 801
    , 805
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).
    The fundamental policy that finality must be accorded to judgments makes
    the grounds upon which a bill of review will be granted narrow. See King Ranch,
    Inc. v. Chapman, 
    118 S.W.3d 742
    , 751 (Tex. 2003), cert. denied, 
    541 U.S. 1030
    (2004). Generally, to be entitled to relief, a bill of review petitioner must plead
    and prove three elements: (1) the petitioner has a meritorious defense to the
    underlying cause of action; (2) the petitioner was prevented from making that
    defense by the fraud, accident, or wrongful act of the opposing party, or because
    of official mistake; and (3) these actions were unmixed with any fault or
    negligence on the part of the petitioner. Child, 
    2016 WL 1403320
    , at *2. When a
    8
    bill of review is premised on an alleged lack of service of process or notice, such
    as where the petitioner is seeking to set aside a default judgment, the petitioner
    is relieved of having to prove the first two elements. 
    Morris, 464 S.W.3d at 805
    n.1; see Mabon Ltd. v. Afri-Carib Enters., Inc., 
    369 S.W.3d 809
    , 812 (Tex. 2012);
    Interaction, Inc. v. State, 
    17 S.W.3d 775
    , 778 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000, pet.
    denied) (“[W]hen a defendant does not receive notice of a lawsuit, the defendant
    is relieved of its burden to prove that fraud, accident, or wrongful act prevented it
    from making its defense.”).
    The connecting thread of appellants’ arguments is their contention that rule
    21a required Lewisville ISD to serve its amended petition on them and required
    Denton County and Plano to serve their intervention pleadings on them.
    Appellants argue that because the amended petition and intervention pleadings
    were not served, the default judgment violates their right to due process and is
    void. Appellees argue, in part, that rule 117a negated any need for the service of
    the amended petition or the intervention petitions under rule 21a and that rule
    117a complies with due process.
    Rule 21a states that every “notice required by [the rules of civil procedure],
    and every pleading . . . required to be served under Rule 21,9 other than the
    9
    Rule 21 states in part,
    Every pleading . . . must be filed with the clerk of the court in writing,
    must state the grounds therefor, must set forth the relief or order
    sought, and at the same time a true copy must be served on all other
    parties, and must be noted on the docket.
    9
    citation to be served upon the filing of a cause of action[,] . . . may be served by
    delivering a copy to the party to be served.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 21a(a) (emphasis
    added).     Notices and pleadings covered by rule 21a may be served
    electronically, in person, by mail, or by e-mail, among other means. Id.; see also
    In re E.A., 
    287 S.W.3d 1
    , 2 (Tex. 2009) (explaining that the service requirement
    and methods contained in rule 21a generally apply to “all pleadings and court
    papers except the original petition”). Generally, when a defendant has been
    served with an original petition by citation, the rules of civil procedure require the
    service of an amended petition, without citation, when the amended petition
    seeks a more onerous judgment10 than prayed for in the original pleading. 
    E.A., 287 S.W.3d at 3
    –5; 
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 478
    (stating that “service under rule
    21a suffices to satisfy the requirement of service of an amended petition
    asserting a new cause of action as well as one that seeks more onerous relief”);
    Garduza v. Castillo, No. 05-13-00377-CV, 
    2014 WL 2921650
    , at *2 (Tex. App.—
    Dallas June 25, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“The issuance and service of citation
    is only required for an original petition. Thereafter neither issuance [nor] service
    of citation is required for subsequently amended petitions, just service pursuant
    Tex. R. Civ. P. 21(a).
    10
    The parties dispute whether Lewisville ISD’s amended petition requested
    more onerous relief than its original petition. Appellants contend that the
    amended petition sought more onerous relief because it added a new cause of
    action for a different tax year (2011 instead of 2010) and alleged greater liability
    than the original petition. For the reasons stated below, we need not resolve that
    issue.
    10
    to rule 21a of each amended petition that requests more onerous relief.” (citation
    omitted)).   Failure to serve such an amended petition generally renders any
    default judgment granted on the amended petition void. See Pride v. Williams,
    No. 05-11-01189-CV, 
    2013 WL 3788627
    , at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 17, 2013,
    no pet.) (mem. op.); Olive Tree Apartments v. Trevino, No. 04-09-00740-CV,
    
    2010 WL 1817797
    , at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 5, 2010, no pet.) (mem.
    op.).
    Rule 117a applies to suits for collection of delinquent ad valorem taxes,
    like this case. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a (“In all suits for collection of delinquent
    ad valorem taxes, the rules of civil procedure governing issuance and service of
    citation shall control the issuance and service of citation therein, except as herein
    otherwise specially provided.”). Rule 117a explicitly relates to “citation” in tax
    suits but contains language that more generally applies to the notice of
    pleadings, including pleadings filed after the original petition, required in such
    suits. See 
    id. The rule
    provides that a citation in a tax suit must state
    that in addition to the taxes all interest, penalties, and costs allowed
    by law up to and including the day of judgment are included in the
    suit; and that all parties to the suit, including plaintiff, defendants,
    and intervenors, shall take notice that claims for any taxes on said
    property becoming delinquent subsequent to the filing of the suit and
    up to the day of judgment, together with all interest, penalties, and
    costs allowed by law thereon, may, upon requests therefor, be
    recovered therein without further citation or notice to any parties
    thereto. Such citation need not be accompanied by a copy of
    plaintiff's petition and no such copy need be served. Such citation
    shall also show the names of all taxing units which assess and
    collect taxes on said property not made parties to such suit, and
    shall contain, in substance, a recitation that each party to such suit
    11
    shall take notice of, and plead and answer to, all claims and
    pleadings then on file or thereafter filed in said cause by all other
    parties therein, or who may intervene therein and set up their
    respective tax claims against said property. After citation or notice
    has been given on behalf of any plaintiff or intervenor taxing unit, the
    court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine the tax claims of
    all taxing units who are parties plaintiff, intervenor or defendant at
    the time such process is issued and of all taxing units intervening
    after such process is issued, not only for the taxes, interest,
    penalties, and costs which may be due on said property at the time
    the suit is filed, but those becoming delinquent thereon at any time
    thereafter up to and including the day of judgment, without the
    necessity of further citation or notice to any party to said suit; and
    any taxing unit having a tax claim against said property may, by
    answer or intervention, set up and have determined its tax claim
    without the necessity of further citation or notice to any parties to
    such suit.
    Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a(4) (emphasis added). The rule also provides a form for
    citation by personal service in tax suits, and the form includes the following
    language:
    All parties to this suit, including plaintiff, defendants, and
    intervenors, shall take notice that claims not only for any taxes which
    were delinquent on said property at the time this suit was filed but all
    taxes becoming delinquent thereon at any time thereafter up to the
    day of judgment, including all interest, penalties, and costs allowed
    by law thereon, may, upon request therefor, be recovered herein
    without further citation or notice to any parties herein, and all said
    parties shall take notice of and plead and answer to all claims and
    pleadings now on file and which may hereafter be filed in this cause
    by all other parties hereto, and by all of those taxing units above
    named, who may intervene herein and set up their respective tax
    claims against said property.
    Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a(6).
    Lewisville ISD’s original petition, filed in July 2011, stated,
    All the parties of this suit, including Plaintiff, Defendant(s) and
    lntervenor(s), shall take notice that claims for any and all taxes
    12
    becoming delinquent on said property at any time subsequent to the
    filing of this suit, up to the day of Judgment, may upon request
    therefore be recovered herein without further Citation or Notice, and
    that such claims for such delinquent taxes shall include all penalties,
    interest[,] and costs allowed by law.
    Similar language appeared on the citation that accompanied Lewisville
    ISD’s original petition. In accordance with rule 117a(6), the citation stated,
    All parties to this suit, including Plaintiff, Defendant(s), and
    Intervenors, shall take notice that claims not only for any taxes which
    were delinquent on said property at the time this suit was filed but all
    taxes becoming delinquent thereon at any time thereafter up to the
    day of judgment, including all interest, penalties, and costs allowed
    by law thereon, may upon request therefor, be recovered herein
    without further citation or notice to any parties herein, and all said
    parties shall take notice of and plead and answer to all claims and
    pleadings now on file and which may hereafter be filed in this cause
    by all other parties hereto, and by all of those taxing units above
    named, who may intervene herein and set up their respective tax
    claims against said property.[11]
    See 
    id. In resolving
    the restricted appeal, we relied on rule 117a to hold that
    Denton County and Plano were not required to serve appellants with citation
    when those entities filed their intervention petitions. See 
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 480
    –81; see also Stoker v. City of Fort Worth, No. 02-08-00103-CV, 
    2009 WL 2138951
    , at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth July 16, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“In a
    suit to collect delinquent taxes due on property, any taxing unit having a tax claim
    11
    At the 2012 hearing in which the trial court granted the default judgment,
    in response to an argument made by the lienholder, the court stated, “[I]t would
    seem to me that the parties were put on notice of the taxing [authorities’] intent to
    seek payment of past due taxes as well as future taxes if they happen to become
    due and owing prior to the time that a judgment’s entered . . . .”
    13
    against the property may intervene and have its tax claim determined without the
    necessity of further citation or notice to any parties to the suit.”). We explained,
    “In essence, rule 117a(4) means that taxing units named in a citation as having
    claims for delinquent taxes on particular property, but not parties to the tax suit,
    may later join the suit without further service of process or notice.” 
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 482
    (emphasis added). We concluded that as applied in this manner,
    rule 117a did not violate due process because the citation that appellants
    received provided them with
    sufficient notice that they were being sued by Lewisville ISD for
    delinquent ad valorem taxes on real property located at a specific
    address. By naming both the City and the County, which later
    intervened, the citation served with Lewisville ISD’s original petition
    gave the Mandels all the notice to which they were entitled and gave
    them the opportunity to appear and defend the suit. Nothing in the
    record before us intimates that they were misled or placed at a
    disadvantage by the citation and pleadings.
    
    Id. However, we
    did not directly answer the question presented here, which is
    whether rule 21a, rather than rules relating to the service of citation, required
    service of the amended pleading or the intervention petitions upon appellants or
    whether, instead, rule 117a negated that requirement.12
    12
    Instead, we appeared to assume, without explicitly deciding, that rule 21a
    applied and held that there was no error on the face of the record under rule 21a
    because Lewisville ISD’s amended petition recited that it was served by certified
    mail. 
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 479
    –80. In other words, we concluded that service
    under rule 21a was adequate on the face of the record in the restricted appeal,
    but we did not explicitly hold that service was necessary when considering the
    effect of rule 117a. See 
    id. Contrary to
    appellants’ argument on appeal, we
    cannot conclude that service of Lewisville ISD’s amended petition was legally
    14
    We apply rules of civil procedure in accordance with their plain language.
    Simulis, L.L.C. v. G.E. Capital Corp., 
    276 S.W.3d 109
    , 113 (Tex. App.—Houston
    [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.); Burrhus v. M&S Supply, Inc., 
    933 S.W.2d 635
    , 640
    (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied) (“[R]ules that are specific and clear
    are given their plain meaning unless a literal interpretation would produce an
    absurd result or defeat the intent of the enacting body.”). The plain language of
    rule 117a signifies that in a suit for delinquent taxes, once a citation complying
    with the rule has been properly served, the party serving the citation along with
    intervening parties who do not serve citation may obtain a judgment for all taxes
    becoming delinquent before the rendition of the judgment “without further . . .
    notice” to any defendant. Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a(4). In other words, the rule
    contemplates that after a citation is served, the party serving the citation and
    other parties may plead new claims and seek more onerous relief without further
    notice. See 
    id. The rule
    expressly provides that no copy of the plaintiff’s petition
    need be served and explicitly places the burden on a defendant to “take notice
    of, and plead and answer to, all claims and pleadings then on file or thereafter
    filed in said cause by all . . . parties therein.” 
    Id. (emphasis added).
    The rule
    requires the citation to inform the defendant of this burden to respond to all
    pleadings on file at the time of the citation’s service or filed in the future, and the
    citations served on Ross and Lea in this case did so. Tex. R. Civ. P. 117a(6);
    necessary simply because Lewisville ISD attempted to serve the amended
    petition.
    15
    see also Tex. Tax Code Ann. § 33.45 (West 2015) (stating that a party in a suit
    for tax delinquency must “take notice of and plead and answer to all claims and
    pleadings filed by other parties that have been joined or have intervened, and
    each citation must so state”).
    Thus, the rules of civil procedure, which generally require the service of
    notice and pleadings, and rule 117a, which expressly negates the requirement of
    serving notice or pleadings in tax suits following the service of the citation,
    conflict. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 21(a), 21a(a), 117a(4). We conclude that rule 117a,
    which is the more specific rule, prevails in tax suits to the extent of the conflict.
    See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.026(b) (West 2013); In re Mem’l Hermann
    Hosp. Sys., 
    464 S.W.3d 686
    , 716 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding) (“[C]onflicts
    between general and specific provisions favor the specific, and when the literal
    terms of the two provisions cannot both be true, the terms of the specific
    provision ordinarily will prevail.”).
    For these reasons, under the prevailing language of rule 117a, we must
    reject appellants’ principal contention, which is that rule 21a required Lewisville
    ISD to serve its amended petition on appellants. We hold that no such service
    was required under the unambiguous language of rule 117a.
    Appellants also argue, however, that due process required service of the
    amended petition even if rule 117a did not.         They argue that rules of civil
    procedure cannot foreclose federal and state constitutional attacks by parties
    deprived of constitutionally adequate notice.
    16
    Due process generally requires service of an amended pleading seeking a
    more onerous judgment. See 
    E.A., 287 S.W.3d at 5
    –6. But the supreme court’s
    decision in Mexia Independent School District v. City of Mexia leads us to
    conclude that the notice provided by rule 117a is constitutionally adequate
    without the necessity of service of amended or intervening pleadings. 
    134 Tex. 95
    , 
    133 S.W.2d 118
    (1939). There, the supreme court examined the statute that
    preceded rule 117a. 
    Id. at 96,
    133 S.W.2d at 119; see 
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 481
    (comparing rule 117a with the former statute). The factual background of the
    case involved an action by the City of Mexia against a debtor, A.N. Pigford, for
    delinquent taxes. Mexia 
    ISD, 134 Tex. at 98
    , 133 S.W.2d at 120. Mexia ISD
    intervened and also sought a delinquency judgment against Pigford but did not
    serve Pigford with citation. 
    Id. According to
    the former statute (like rule 117a),
    the citation from the city’s original petition notified Pigford that other taxing units
    had been made parties and that Pigford should “take notice of, and plead and
    answer to, all claims and pleadings now on file and hereafter filed.” 
    Id. The city
    contended that the former statute was unconstitutional, but the supreme court
    disagreed, stating,
    The Act in question undertakes to require all parties to take
    notice of all subsequent pleadings filed in the suit and it is contended
    by appellee that it is unconstitutional, because, if followed, it would
    deprive Pigford of his property without due process of law, in that it
    would permit an impleaded taxing unit to file a [cross-action] and
    recover judgment against Pigford for foreclosure of its lien without
    any citation to him thereon. The general rule is that the legislature in
    its discretion may prescribe what notice shall be given to a
    defendant in a suit, subject to the condition that the notice
    17
    prescribed must conform to the requirement of due process of law.
    The requirement of due process of law is met if the notice prescribed
    affords the party a fair opportunity to appear and defend his
    interests. The statute in question applies only to a particular class of
    suits—that is, suits brought by taxing units to foreclose tax liens on
    property. The citation served on the defendant must disclose to him
    the nature of the suit. He is charged with knowledge of the law and
    therefore must know from the nature of the suit that there is a
    possibility of cross-actions by others. In other words, he is notified
    that an effort will be made to sell the particular piece of property for
    taxes and that all other defendants in the suit, as well as taxing units
    not parties thereto, who have an interest in the property have been
    invited to present their claims and to participate in the sale.
    Section 4 of the Act requires that the citation contain a recitation
    calling his attention to the fact that he is [required] to take notice of
    all pleadings then on file and such as may thereafter be filed by any
    and all parties. It is a [well-recognized] rule that a defendant who
    has once entered his appearance in a cause is charged with notice
    of all amendments thereafter filed, including pleas of intervention
    and cross-actions by other defendants. If a defendant, merely
    because he has entered his appearance in an ordinary suit, can be
    required to take notice of all subsequent pleadings, interventions
    and cross-actions by the public generally, we see no reason why in a
    particular class of suits a defendant, who has been served with
    citation that specifically warned him of the necessity of taking notice
    of subsequent pleadings, cannot be required to take notice of cross-
    actions of a particular kind by a particular class of claimants. We
    think the notice required by the statute affords all defendants a fair
    opportunity to be heard and therefore it does not violate the due
    process clause of our Constitution.
    
    Id. at 100–02,
    133 S.W.2d at 121–22 (emphasis added) (citations omitted).
    More recently, an intermediate court of appeals held that a citation
    complying with rule 117a comports with due process because such a citation
    gives a defendant notice of the claim for a tax deficiency and a fair opportunity to
    contest the claim. Conseco Fin. Servicing v. Klein ISD, 
    78 S.W.3d 666
    , 675–76
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.); see Sgitcovich v. Sgitcovich, 150
    
    18 Tex. 398
    , 404, 
    241 S.W.2d 142
    , 146 (1951) (“The requirement of due process of
    law is met if the notice prescribed affords the party a fair opportunity to appear
    and defend his interests.”), cert. denied, 
    342 U.S. 903
    (1952).
    We conclude that the citations served on appellants satisfied due process,
    without the need of service of the amended or intervening pleadings, because
    the citations notified appellants of the potential for future tax delinquencies
    sought by Lewisville ISD, Denton County, or Plano; instructed them to remain
    apprised of those potential claims; and gave them a fair opportunity to defend
    against the claims. See Mexia ISD, 134 Tex. at 
    100–02, 133 S.W.2d at 121
    –22;
    Conseco Fin. 
    Servicing, 78 S.W.3d at 675
    –76. Although appellants contend that
    they were not “fairly put on notice that a judgment might result for another tax
    year without some kind of notice before the . . . default judgment,”13 the citations
    provided them with this exact notice, informing them that the taxing units were
    seeking taxes “delinquent on said property at the time this suit was filed [and] all
    taxes becoming delinquent thereon at any time thereafter up to the day of
    judgment . . . without further citation or notice.” And as explained above, the
    citations received by appellants informed them that they were to take notice of all
    13
    Appellants rely, in part, on a letter they received informing them that the
    2010 taxes had been paid. But that letter also informed appellants that the
    lawsuit remained pending and would not be dismissed until “all school taxes,
    court costs, and abstract fees [were] paid.” The letter stated, “Please be advised
    that the District may take judgment for any unpaid school taxes, court costs[,]
    and abstract fees that remain unpaid without further notice to you.”
    19
    current and future pleadings. Nonetheless, the record does not indicate that
    appellants appeared in the lawsuit prior to the date of the default judgment.
    In their argument concerning due process, appellants rely on the Supreme
    Court’s decision in Jones v. Flowers, 
    547 U.S. 220
    , 
    126 S. Ct. 1708
    (2006).
    There, the Court stated that before a state may take property and sell it for
    unpaid taxes, due process requires the state to provide the owner notice and
    opportunity for hearing appropriate to the nature of the case. 
    Id. at 223,
    126 S.
    Ct. at 1712. The Court held that such due process had not been provided to the
    owner because he first learned of the allegation of a tax delinquency on the
    property after the property had been sold and because attempts to notify him by
    certified mail had been returned as unclaimed. 
    Id. at 223–24,
    239, 126 S. Ct. at
    1712
    –13, 1721. This case is distinguishable from Jones because here, before
    the trial court’s judgment and before the sale of the property, appellants received
    notice that suit had been filed for delinquent taxes and that recovery in the suit
    could include any taxes that were delinquent on the day of the judgment. See
    
    Mandel, 445 S.W.3d at 483
    (distinguishing Jones on the ground that the sale “of
    the Mandels’ home in this case was . . . with the protections afforded by service
    of citation on the Mandels, providing notice and an opportunity to appear in court
    for a meaningful hearing before the final judgment ordering sale of their home for
    payment of the delinquent taxes”).
    For all of these reasons, we hold that under rule 117a, appellants were not
    entitled to service under rule 21a (or otherwise) of Lewisville ISD’s amended
    20
    petition or the other entities’ intervention pleadings, and we also hold that the
    provisions within rule 117a do not violate due process facially or as applied.14
    We conclude that the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment for
    appellees15 and by denying appellants’ petition for bill of review. We overrule
    appellants’ sole issue.
    Conclusion
    Having overruled appellants’ only issue, we affirm the trial court’s final
    summary judgment denying appellants’ petition for bill of review.
    /s/ Terrie Livingston
    TERRIE LIVINGSTON
    CHIEF JUSTICE
    PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and GABRIEL, JJ.
    DELIVERED: June 30, 2016
    14
    In light of these related holdings, we conclude that we need not address
    other arguments, which concern issues such as whether setting aside the
    judgment would require setting aside the sale of the property, whether appellants’
    bill of review could be defeated by certain defenses raised by appellees, or
    whether the trial court erred by excluding certain summary judgment evidence.
    See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand down a written
    opinion that is as brief as practicable but that addresses every issue raised and
    necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”); QuikTrip Corp. v. Goodwin, 
    449 S.W.3d 665
    , 677 n.19 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2014, pet. denied).
    15
    Appellants argued that Claussner had no standing to move for summary
    judgment because “no claims were asserted against it.” We disagree because
    appellants explicitly sued Claussner and asked the trial court to void the deed to
    Claussner. See Austin Nursing Ctr., Inc. v. Lovato, 
    171 S.W.3d 845
    , 848 (Tex.
    2005) (explaining that the “issue of standing focuses on whether a party has a
    sufficient relationship with the lawsuit so as to have a ‘justiciable interest’ in its
    outcome”).
    21