Approximately $23,606.00 United States Currency v. State ( 2020 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo
No. 07-19-00297-CV
APPROXIMATELY $23,606.00 UNITED STATES CURRENCY, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
On Appeal from the 100th District Court
Carson County, Texas
Trial Court No. 11734, Honorable Stuart Messer, Presiding
March 27, 2020
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before QUINN, C.J., and PIRTLE and PARKER, JJ.
Guinapauline Santos, Real Party in Interest, appeals the trial court’s summary
judgment granting the State’s forfeiture petition and awarding it the seized $23,606. By
her appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred by denying her motion to dismiss for
want of prosecution. Santos also contends the statutory forfeiture scheme violates
constitutional protections. We affirm.
Background
Santos moved the trial court to dismiss the State’s action for want of prosecution
on the failure of the State to prosecute the forfeiture action to final disposition within one
year. The Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provide that a trial court may dismiss for want
of prosecution when a case is “not disposed of within time standards promulgated by the
Supreme Court under its Administrative Rules.” See TEX. R. CIV. P. 165a(2). The relevant
time standard in this non-family-law, nonjury trial is one year. See TEX. R. JUD. ADMIN.
6.1(a)(2), reprinted in TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN., tit. 2, subtit. F app. (West Supp. 2019). The
particular rule states:
District and statutory county court judges of the county in which cases are
filed should, so far as reasonably possible, ensure that all cases are brought
to trial or final disposition in conformity with the following time standards:
*****
(2) Civil Nonjury Cases. –Within 12 months from appearance date.
Id. The application of Rule 6 is discretionary and nonbinding. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN.
§ 74.024(c)(1) (West 2013) (authorizing the Texas Supreme Court to promulgate
“nonbinding time standards for pleading, discovery, motions, and dispositions”); see also
Jones v. Morales, 318 S.W.3d 419, 427 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2010, pet. denied); In re
Fifty-One Gambling Devices, 298 S.W.3d 768, 774 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2009, pet.
denied). In other words, Rule 6 does not fix a bright line demarking the outward limit of a
trial court’s discretion to control its docket. See Jones, 318 S.W.3d at 427. By its own
terms, Rule 6 recognizes that, “in especially complex cases or special circumstances it
may not be possible to adhere to these standards.” TEX. R. JUD. ADMIN. 6.1(d).
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The relevant time frame is as follows. On June 6, 2016, the State filed its notice
of seizure and intended forfeiture. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 59.04 (West
2018). Santos filed her general denial on July 5, 2016. The State sent its Request for
Admissions on December 15, 2016. Santos’s response to the Request for Admissions
was due January 14, 2017, but was never filed.1 The State filed its motion for summary
judgment on November 29, 2017. Santos filed her response along with a motion to
dismiss for want of prosecution on December 13, 2017. A hearing on the motion for
summary judgment was set for February 6, 2018, but was not held. The parties entered
into a tacit agreement to informally abate the instant case pending disposition of a
factually similar case by the Texas Supreme Court in In re Callano, No. 18-0200. The
beginning date of that informal abatement is not entirely clear from the record; nor is the
date on which the parties considered the case informally reinstated. Nonetheless, the
Texas Supreme Court denied the petition for mandamus in In re Callano on April 13,
2018, without written opinion.
It appears that the parties did not immediately undertake further action in the
matter following issuance of the In re Callano decision. Yet, on May 9, 2019, the State
sought a hearing on its previously filed motion for summary judgment. After the trial court
reset the matter for hearing on June 3, 2019, Santos filed a motion asking, in the
alternative, that the trial court vacate the June 2019 setting and grant Santos a
1We note that trial counsel in this cause participated in In re Callano in this Court and the Texas
Supreme Court. Callano also involved a forfeiture, and counsel presented a similar argument there to that
postulated here. We noted in Callano that counsel acknowledged he deliberately failed to respond to
discovery there. In re Callano, No. 07-17-00435-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 11753, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo Dec. 18, 2017, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). We note here a similar concession by counsel
regarding the failure to answer the State’s request for admissions, though the concession is less clear as
to whether the omission was deliberate.
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continuance in order to complete discovery. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(g). Further delay
followed, and the trial court again reset the hearing for August 12, 2019. After that, Santos
filed her notice of challenge to the constitutionality of the statutory forfeiture scheme.
Ultimately, the trial court held a hearing on both the motions for summary judgment and
dismissal on August 12. It denied the latter and granted the former.
As the parties have presented, we examine the duration of the proceeding in two
distinct phases. We do so because, by agreement, the parties agreed to an informal
abatement of the cause while this Court and the Texas Supreme Court addressed similar
issues in an unrelated case. See In re Callano, No. 07-17-00435-CV, 2017 Tex. App.
LEXIS 11753 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Dec. 18, 2017, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).
Santos maintains that the first time period in excess of one year that preceded that
the State’s motion for summary judgment should have prompted the trial court to dismiss
the State’s action for want of prosecution. That period is measured from the date Santos
made her appearance to the date that the State filed its motion for summary judgment.
She also contends that the nearly thirteen-month period following that abatement period
required dismissal of the State’s case. She measures this second period from April 13,
2018, when the Texas Supreme Court issued its decision in In re Callano to May 9, 2019,
when the State again requested a hearing on its motion for summary judgment.
Analysis
We review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for want of prosecution by
the abuse of discretion standard. MacGregor v. Rich, 941 S.W.2d 74, 75 (Tex. 1997) (per
curiam); Jones, 318 S.W.3d at 427. Here, because Santos sought dismissal based on
the State’s failure to adhere to the disposition standard in Rule 6.1, we rely on that rule’s
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own provisions, calling for the disposition of the case within one year “as far as reasonably
possible” but also allowing for “special circumstances” that may excuse the delay in
excess of one year. See TEX. R. JUD. ADMIN. 6.1(a), (d).
We first examine the initial delay, that from the time of appellant’s appearance to
the time the State filed its motion for summary judgment. This span was approximately
seventeen months. In the trial court’s denial of the motion to dismiss, it cited Santos’s
failure to participate in discovery. Indeed, as we have noted before in response to such
conduct, the failure to participate in discovery serves as an impediment to the efficient
disposition of the case. See In re Callano, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 11753, at *3. It is
“rather problematic to dismiss the State’s suit because of a delay in its timely disposition
when the delay was caused, in part, by [a litigant]’s deliberate disregard of her obligation
to cooperate in discovery.” Id. at *4. Given this, Santos’s refusal to cooperate in discovery
as evinced by her failure to respond to the requests for admissions provided the trial court
with basis to deny her motion to dismiss.
We also note that, sometime after she filed her motion to dismiss, Santos agreed
to further delay the disposition of the case pending disposition of In re Callano. That too
is a consideration available to the trial court in assessing whether to grant the motion to
dismiss. See Bishop v. Wollyung, 705 S.W.2d 312, 314–15 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
1986, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (despite ten-year delay in prosecution of suit, concluding that trial
court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendant’s motion to dismiss for want of
prosecution when defendant acquiesced in the delay).
Santos next points to the delay following the Texas Supreme Court’s decision in
In re Callano on April 13, 2018. About a year passed before the State requested a hearing
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on its motion for summary judgment. During that interim, Santos still had yet to supply
her discovery responses to the State’s outstanding discovery requests. She also moved
for a continuance to conduct additional discovery per her Rule 166a(g) motion filed May
23, 2019. In it, she maintained that she had sought but been unable to obtain recently
requested depositions and sought, among other remedies, further delay of the proceeding
so that she could conduct further discovery. It should be noted that the State had
responded to Santos’s initial discovery requests and, since then, had not been asked to
supply anything further until May 2019.
It was also months after the State filed its request to reset the summary judgment
hearing that Santos filed her notice of intent to challenge the constitutionality of the
forfeiture statutes. This also invited further delay given the procedural hurdles created by
statute when one challenges the constitutionality of a statute.2
The foregoing circumstances lay before the trial court. They were indicia it
reasonably could have considered in deciding to deny dismissal. Thus, its decision to
deny that motion was not an instance of abused discretion. See Enexco, Inc. v. Staley,
No. 05-15-01047-CV, 2017 Tex. App. LEXIS 109, at *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 9, 2017,
no pet.) (mem. op.) (observing that special circumstances, such as a venue challenge
and a plea in abatement, “made it unlikely, if not impossible, for the case to be disposed
2 Texas law calls on a party who files a petition, motion, or other pleading challenging the
constitutionality of a statue to also file a specific form, which the court must serve on the Attorney General
of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 402.010(a) (West Supp. 2019). The trial court may not enter a final
judgment holding a statute of the state unconstitutional before the 45th day after the date such notice was
served on the attorney general. See id. § 402.010(b). “The purpose of this statute is to provide the attorney
general with the opportunity to be heard on issues important to the laws of the state—the laws the attorney
general’s office is charged with defending and enforcing.” In re State, 489 S.W.3d 454, 454–55 (Tex. 2016)
(orig. proceeding) (quoting In re State, No. 04-14-00282-CV, 2014 Tex. App. LEXIS 5653, at *2 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio, May 28, 2014, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.)).
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of within the twelve-month time frame in the administrative rules”). We overrule Santos’s
first issue.
Constitutionality of Forfeiture Statute
Santos next contends that statutory framework of the civil forfeiture procedure
deprives citizens of “due process in determining their right to retain possession and
ownership of the property.” We overrule the issue.
An appellant’s failure to cite legal authority or provide substantive analysis in
support of her issues constitutes inadequate briefing and waives the complaint. Dimock
Operating Co. v. Sutherland Energy Co., LLC, No. 07-16-00230-CV, 2018 Tex. App.
LEXIS 2865, at *31 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 24, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.);
Sunnyside Feedyard, L.C. v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 106 S.W.3d 169, 173 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2003, no pet.). Here, Santos deems the civil forfeiture system unconstitutional
and a denial of due process because those who prosecute and adjudicate the suits
allegedly encounter financial benefit. For instance, “[t]he current system . . . ha[s] criminal
prosecutor[s] in charge of arranging deals with law enforcement agencies to split the
profits from law enforcement[‘]s seizing property” and “[t]he prosecutor’s office profits to
the tune of hundreds of thousands of dollars over the years, [and] millions of dollars in
profits that go right back into . . . making the prosecutor’s office have things to make the
prosecutor[‘]s occupation better.” Yet, not only prosecutors fall within the sights of her
attack. Allegedly, “[p]rofits from forfeiture cases go into the county general revenue fund,
and the county general revenue fund is where the Judge’s office also obtains budget
consideration for things such as additional staff, additional equipment and resources,
travel reimbursement, etc.” Even “[t]he Appellate Courts . . . profit from increased
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revenue,” in her estimation. And, because of this, the forfeiture statute, Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure art. 59.01 et seq., purportedly transgresses the limits of due process.
Missing from her diatribe, however, is citation to factual support underlying her
contentions. The same is true concerning citation to legal authority, controlling or merely
analogous.3 Appellant says little about the legal parameters of due process. Nor does
she attempt to explain why those parameters encompass the Texas forfeiture statute.
Instead, her writing appears to suggest little more than a personal viewpoint on the
supposed inequities of historic and current forfeitures.
That legal authority exists touching upon aspects of her complaint cannot be
denied. See, e.g., Ward v. Monroeville, 409 U.S. 57, 59, 93 S. Ct. 80, 34 L. Ed. 2d 267
(1972) (acknowledging precedent holding that it violates the Fourteenth Amendment and
deprives a defendant in a criminal case of due process to subject her liberty or property
to the judgment of a court the judge of which has a direct, personal, substantial, pecuniary
interest in reaching a conclusion adverse to the defendant).4 But, this Court, as opposed
to appellant, recalled it. From appellant, we encounter silence when it comes to whether
or how such existing authority applies to the situation at bar. And, most importantly, our
3 Allusion is made to various United States Supreme Court opinions. See, e.g., Timbs v. Indiana,
___ U.S. ___, ___, 139 S. Ct. 682, 203 L. Ed. 2d 11 (2019) (involving whether the “Excessive Fines Clause”
found in the 8th Amendment to the United States Constitution applies to the States via the 14th
Amendment); Honeycutt v. United States, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 1626, 198 L. Ed. 2d 73 (2017)
(describing the issue as “whether, under [21 U.S.C.] § 853, a defendant may be held jointly and severally
liable for property that his co-conspirator derived from the crime but that the defendant himself did not
acquire”); Leonard v. Texas, ___ U.S. ___, 137 S. Ct. 847, 197 L. Ed. 2d 474 (2017) (Thomas, J.,
concurring) (discussing one justice’s views on whether the Due Process Clause requires a State to carry
its burden under a civil forfeiture statute by clear and convincing evidence). No effort is made by appellant,
though, to explain how they pertain to or control the dispute at bar.
4 At first blush, one could question whether appellant’s attenuated trickle-down theory would fall
within the test mentioned in Ward. In view of appellant’s lack of attention to that, though, we do not address
that now.
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obligation to adjudicate appellate disputes does not encompass an obligation to contrive
appellant’s argument for her.
Simply put, an appellant’s contention that the forfeiture statute is unconstitutional
is a serious matter. Our rules of appellate procedure obligate her to present more than a
skeleton bereft of flesh, bereft of analysis and citation to the evidentiary record and
controlling legal authority on such an important topic. That was not done here.
Consequently, appellant waived her constitutional attack upon article 59 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure.
Having overruled both issues presented on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s
summary judgment.
Brian Quinn
Chief Justice
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