Bohyun Kim v. Myoung Ki Kim ( 2020 )

NUMBER 13-18-00269-CV
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
BOHYUN KIM, Appellant,
v.
MYOUNG KI KIM, Appellee.
On appeal from the 93rd District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Longoria and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes
Appellant Bohyun Kim appeals the trial court’s order granting appellee Myoung Ki
Kim’s motion for death penalty sanctions and for default judgment. By two points of error,
Bohyun claims the trial court erred because (1) it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to
preside over the suit; and (2) the imposed sanctions were excessive, shared no relation
to her alleged conduct, and were in violation of her due process rights. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
On April 1, 2016, Bohyun and Myoung entered into a mediated divorce settlement
agreement under which they agreed to share possession of their two minor children. That
agreement was reduced to a final decree on April 6, which included a provision dictating
that Bohyun had “[t]he exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the children
restricted to Hidalgo County, Texas.”1 Bohyun was also awarded the couple’s former
shared residence in Hidalgo County.
On September 23, 2016, Myoung filed suit against Bohyun in the trial court,
alleging common law fraud and seeking monetary relief 2 between $200,000 and
$1,000,000, after Bohyun left the country with their children. Myoung claims that Bohyun
fraudulently induced Myoung to relinquish his interest in their marital home in exchange
for Bohyun’s fraudulent agreement to abide by the geographic restriction with respect to
where their children would reside. In emails attached to Myoung’s petition, Bohyun
notified Myoung that she left the country with their children on June 20, 2016, claiming
that they would return on August 17. On August 17, however, Bohyun notified Myoung
that she and the children would not be returning.
On March 20, 2017, after Myoung had moved for default judgment, Bohyun filed
an original answer and general denial. Myoung subsequently propounded written
1 Though Bohyun argues otherwise on appeal, the decree explicitly dictates a geographic
restriction:
IT IS ORDERED that the primary residence of the children shall be Hidalgo County, Texas,
and the parties shall not remove the children from Hidalgo County, Texas for the purpose
of changing the primary residence of the children until modified by further order of the court
of continuing jurisdiction or by written agreement signed by the parties and filed with the
court.
2 Myoung specifically prayed for, in part, an “order requiring [Bohyun] to pay restitution [to him] in
the amount of his value in [their previously shared property].”
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interrogatories and requests for production on April 10. The interrogatories included the
following:
4. If any diaries, memoranda, journals, or calendars, including
electronic diaries, memoranda, journals, or calendars, . . . that exist
that relate to your decision to leave Hidalgo County, Texas, describe
each item and state its location.
5. Where are you currently living—please include your current address
and phone number.
6. Where are your children located—please include their current
address and phone number.
7. Why did you put your home up for sale.
8. Why have you not returned to Mission, Texas.
The requests for production included:
5. Produce all correspondence between you and anyone living in the
United States of America, whether electronic or on paper, from June
2016 until the present time.
6. Produce copies of all correspondence, electronic or otherwise,
between you and Chu Torres.
7. Produce copies of all attorney’s fee contracts with the Law Firm of
Torres, Cantu, and Associates, P.C.
8. Produce copies of all correspondence, contracts or emails between
you (or any of your agents) and any movers that moved personal
property in or out of your house in Mission, Texas.
9. Produce copies of any paperwork, showing how much you are asking
for the sale of your home.
On May 8, Bohyun responded by generally claiming that Myoung’s discovery
requests were “unreasonably frivolous, oppressive, or harassing . . . an invasion of
personal, constitutional, or property rights . . . [and] ask[ed] for information that is not
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relevant and is not reasonable [sic] calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible
evidence.”
On June 20, Myoung filed a “Motion to Compel Responses to Interrogatories and
Requests for Production,” challenging Bohyun’s refusals. The trial court held a hearing
on June 26 on Myoung’s motion to compel and ordered Bohyun to abide by requests for
production numbers five, eight, and nine, and to answer interrogatory question number
four. Myoung claimed in a later motion to the court that Bohyun failed to follow the court’s
orders.
On June 29, Myoung filed his “Motion to Order [Bohyun’s] Appearance at
Deposition.” Myoung contended he inquired on Bohyun’s available dates on March 21
and received no response. Myoung then unilaterally scheduled a deposition for April 17,
notifying Bohyun of his intent to take her oral deposition. Bohyun failed to appear.
On July 21, Bohyun responded to Myoung’s motion to order her appearance.
Bohyun stated she has “at all times during the pendency of this suit . . . resided in Korea.”
Bohyun claimed Myoung was also currently in Korea, and the two parties were “involved
in civil litigation in a Korean court of law.” Bohyun alternatively requested that the Court
order her deposition to be taken “telephonically in Korea” on a mutually agreed upon date.
Bohyun subsequently filed a “Traditional Motion for Summary Judgment,” arguing
Myoung’s suit is barred by the statute of frauds, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
On July 24, the trial court heard Myoung’s motion to order Bohyun’s appearance
for deposition, Bohyun’s motion for summary judgment, and Myoung’s request for
continuance on Bohyun’s motion for summary judgment. Bohyun did not attend. The court
took Bohyun’s motion for summary judgment under advisement, abated Myoung’s motion
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to order appearance, and ordered both parties to personally appear before the court on
September 18. The September hearing was moved to October 23, after counsel for one
of the parties expressed unavailability. On October 23, Bohyun failed to appear in person,
and the trial court granted Myoung’s motion to compel Bohyun’s appearance for
deposition.
On November 1, Myoung served Bohyun notice for an oral and videotaped
deposition to be taken on November 15. Bohyun filed a “Motion to Quash [Myoung’s]
Notice of Deposition,” claiming that Myoung failed to coordinate with Bohyun for an
appropriate time and date and that neither Bohyun nor Bohyun’s counsel were available
on the date and time requested. On November 27, the court denied Bohyun’s motion to
quash.
On December 5, Myoung filed a “Motion for Death Penalty Sanctions and for
Default Judgment” on the basis that Bohyun refused to comply with discovery requests
and repeatedly disregarded the trial court’s orders. Bohyun responded, arguing that the
requested sanctions were excessive because the “majority of the conduct [Myoung]
complains of is [Bohyun’s] failure and inability to travel 7,140 miles to attend her
deposition and attend status conference hearings.” Bohyun maintained that Myoung
could “easily obtain the discovery they are requesting by conducting [her] deposition by
remote means.”
On January 17, 2018, the trial court entered an order granting Myoung’s motion
for death penalty sanctions and for default judgment. The court’s order states:
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IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Death
Penalty Sanctions are imposed against Defendant and that all of
Defendant’s pleadings are stricken from the record.[3]
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that BOHYUN
KIM, Defendant herein, is liable to MYOUNG KI KIM, Plaintiff herein, in the
amount of $137,450.00, plus pre-judgment interest at the rate-of 5% from
September 23, 2016 until the date of Judgment, plus all costs of court, plus
post-judgment interest at the rate of 5% on the entire judgment from the
date of this Judgment until satisfied. . . .
All other and further relief, not expressly granted herein, is hereby DENIED.
This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Jurisdiction
Bohyun first argues that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to preside
over the suit. The issue of whether the trial court lacks jurisdiction is to be reviewed de
novo by this Court. See Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226
(Tex. 2004); Chavez v. McNeely, 287 S.W.3d 840, 843–44 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2009, no pet.).
The Texas Constitution provides that a district court’s jurisdiction “consists of
exclusive, appellate, and original jurisdiction of all actions, proceedings, and remedies,
except in cases where exclusive, appellate, or original jurisdiction may be conferred by
this Constitution or other law on some other court, tribunal, or administrative body.” TEX.
CONST. art. V, § 8; see also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 24.008 (providing that the district
court possesses “the jurisdiction provided by Article V, Section 8, of the Texas
Constitution,” and “may hear and determine any cause that is cognizable by courts of law
3 Bohyun argues on appeal that Myoung’s suit is barred by res judicata. The trial court’s order,
however, struck Bohyun’s pleadings. As such, the merits of Bohyun’s res judicata defense are not before
us on appeal.
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or equity”). Unless a contrary showing is made, “[c]ourts of general jurisdiction
presumably have subject matter jurisdiction.” Subaru of Am., Inc. v. David McDavid
Nissan, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 212, 220 (Tex. 2002).
Bohyun contends that Chapter 9 of the Texas Family Code confers exclusive
continuing subject-matter jurisdiction to the court that rendered the divorce decree to
clarify and to enforce the decree’s property division. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.002
(“[T]he court that rendered the decree of divorce or annulment retains the power to
enforce the property division as provided by Chapter 7, including a property division and
any contractual provisions . . . .”). This jurisdiction, however, does not encompass all
tangentially related decree matters. See Pearson v. Fillingim, 332 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex.
2011) (per curiam) (“[I]t is beyond the power of the [divorce] court to ‘amend, modify, alter,
or change the division of property made or approved in the decree of divorce or
annulment.’” (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.007(a))); Moore v. Moore, 568 S.W.3d
725, 730 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2019, no pet.) (“[T]here is no such limitation in Chapter 9
for suits involving the division of real property—which includes the division of oil, gas, and
other mineral interests.”); Chavez, 287 S.W.3d at 845 (holding that although a party’s
breach of contract action was “based upon an agreement incorporated into a final divorce
decree,” the action to recover money damages invoked the general jurisdiction of the
district court).
Here, Myoung sought no divestment or enforcement of any property awarded in
the decree. Myoung narrowly and unequivocally requested “relief for damages he
suffered when [Bohyun] committed fraud during the divorce proceedings.” Moreover, the
trial court’s judgment in the amount of $137,450.00 reflects Myoung’s request for relief;
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the order did not modify, amend or enforce the decree’s property division in any manner.
Therefore, we conclude the trial court had jurisdiction to hear Myoung’s common law fraud
action. See Chavez, 287 S.W.3d at 845; see also Ishee v. Ishee, No. 09-15-00197-CV,
2017 WL 2293150, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 25, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.). We
overrule Bohyun’s first issue.
B. Death Penalty Sanctions
Bohyun next avers that the trial court erred by assessing death penalty sanctions
after she failed to comply with Myoung’s discovery requests because: (1) her conduct did
not warrant death penalty sanctions; (2) no direct relationship exists between the
sanctions and conduct; (3) the sanctions were more severe than necessary; and (4) the
sanctions were imposed in violation of her constitutional due process rights
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 215.2 allows a trial court to sanction a party for
failure to comply with a discovery order or request. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2. Discovery
sanctions serve three purposes: (1) to secure the parties’ compliance with the discovery
rules; (2) to deter other litigants from violating the discovery rules; (3) to punish parties
who violate the discovery rules; and (4) to compensate the aggrieved party for expenses
incurred. Pressil v. Gibson, 558 S.W.3d 349, 353 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018,
no pet.). Among the sanctions available under rule 215.2 are orders “striking out
pleadings or parts thereof,” “dismissing with or without prejudice the actions or
proceedings or any part thereof,” and “rendering a judgment by default against the
disobedient party.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2(b)(5). These sanctions, which adjudicate a claim
and preclude presentation of the merits of the case, are often referred to as “death
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penalty” sanctions. See Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 840 (Tex. 2004); GTE
Commc’ns Sys. Corp. v. Tanner, 856 S.W.2d 725, 732 (Tex. 1993) (orig. proceeding).
The decision to impose a sanction is left to the discretion of the trial court and will
be set aside only upon a showing of abuse of discretion. Altesse Healthcare Sols., Inc. v.
Wilson, 540 S.W.3d 570, 574 (Tex. 2018) (per curiam). Though the trial court is given the
broadest discretion in choosing the appropriate sanctions, imposed sanctions must be
“just.” Petroleum Sols., Inc. v. Head, 454 S.W.3d 482, 489 (Tex. 2014). Reviewing courts
generally follow a two-part test in determining whether a particular sanction for discovery
abuse is just. Id. “First, a direct relationship must exist between the offensive conduct, the
offender, and the sanction imposed. . . . Second, a sanction must not be excessive, which
means it should be no more severe than necessary to satisfy its legitimate purpose.” Id.;
Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 842 (“[I]n all but the most egregious and exceptional cases, the trial
court must test lesser sanctions before resorting to death penalty sanctions.”).
As a procedural matter, we note that no reporter’s record was filed in this case.
Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 37.3(c) provides that, when no reporter’s record has
been filed because appellant failed to pay for the reporter’s record, appellate courts may
consider and decide certain issues nonetheless if (1) a clerk’s record has been filed and
(2) appellant was given notice and a reasonable opportunity to cure. TEX. R. APP. P.
37.3(c)(2). In this case, a clerk’s record has been filed, but Bohyun did not request the
reporter’s record, nor did she pay the reporter’s fee. This Court gave Bohyun notice and
an opportunity to cure. Bohyun has since notified this Court of her wishes to proceed
without the reporter’s record. Because the requirements of rule 37.3(c)(2) have been
satisfied, we proceed accordingly. See id.
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Myoung argues that, irrespective of Bohyun’s failure to request the reporter’s
record, the clerk’s record affirmatively shows the trial court’s order was just because:
(1) Bohyun had an established history of deliberately disregarding the court’s orders; (2) a
hearing was held specifically for the trial court to consider sanctions, and Bohyun was
represented by counsel though Bohyun was not present; and (3) the trial court issued
death penalty sanctions, as its order states, only “after considering the evidence and
hearing the arguments of counsel.”
According to the clerk’s record, seven months prior in July 2017, following a
hearing on Myoung’s motion to compel responses to interrogatories and requests for
production, the trial court issued an order requiring that Bohyun supplement her
responses; Bohyun failed to comply. On October 23, both parties were ordered to appear
in person for Myoung’s motion to compel Bohyun’s appearance at a deposition; Bohyun
did not appear. Then after failing to appear at a court-ordered deposition on November
15, Bohyun also did not appear at the November 27 hearing on her motion to quash. See
TransAm. Nat. Gas Corp. v. Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 918 (Tex. 1991) (orig. proceeding)
(providing that death penalty sanctions “should not be assessed absent a party’s flagrant
bad faith or counsel’s callous disregard for the responsibilities of discovery under the
rules”); 5 Star Diamond, LLC v. Singh, 369 S.W.3d 572, 579 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no
pet.) (concluding that prolonged general resistance to discovery, despite multiple orders
compelling responses, justified death-penalty sanction); see also Buck v. Estate of Buck,
291 S.W.3d 46, 55–56 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2009, no pet.) (“In
determining whether to impose death penalty sanctions, the trial court is not limited to
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considering only the specific violation for which sanctions are finally imposed but may
consider everything that has occurred during the history of the litigation.”).
Moreover, we presume the omitted reporter’s record supports the sanctions order.
See In re Le, 335 S.W.3d 808, 813–14 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, orig.
proceeding) (“In the context of a “death penalty” sanctions case, . . . it is incumbent upon
[the appellant] to provide this court with a record that would enable this court to determine
whether the trial court abused its discretion. . . . [T]his court cannot and will not find an
abuse of discretion on an incomplete record.”); McFarland v. Szakalun, 809 S.W.2d 760,
764 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ denied) (providing that a trial court did
not abuse its discretion in applying its sanction because “[w]hen the record is incomplete,
we must assume that the portion omitted supports the correctness of the trial court’s
judgment”). Therefore, following consideration of the limited record before us, we cannot
say the trial court abused its discretion. See In re Le, 335 S.W.3d at 813–14.
With respect to Bohyun’s claim that the court’s sanctions violated her due process
rights, we note that a proper application of a sanction rule will, as a matter of law, support
a presumption that due process rights have been satisfied. McFarland, 809 S.W.2d at
765. Because we found no abuse of discretion, we reject this claim.
We overrule Bohyun’s last issue on appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
GREGORY T. PERKES
Justice
Delivered and filed the
5th day of March, 2020.
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