in Re Baylor University ( 2020 )

Opinion issued November 24, 2020
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-20-00439-CV
———————————
IN RE BAYLOR UNIVERSITY, Relator
Original Proceeding on Petition for Writ of Mandamus
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In this original proceeding, Baylor University seeks mandamus relief from
the trial court’s order that denied its motion for protection and ordered the
deposition of Baylor’s president, Dr. Linda A. Livingstone.1 In its sole issue,
Baylor contends that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering the deposition.
1
The underlying case is Annie Andrews v. Baylor University, cause number 2019-
17683, pending in the 234th District Court of Harris County, the Honorable
Lauren Reeder presiding.
We conditionally grant mandamus relief.
Background
In March 2019, Annie Andrews,2 the real party in interest, filed suit against
Baylor and four other defendants. In her live pleading, the first amended petition,
Andrews alleged that in November 2017, multiple Baylor football players had
sexually assaulted her during a party at a campus residence hall. Andrews asserted
various causes of action against Baylor, including negligent supervision,
negligence-dangerous environment, premises liability, negligence-negligent
affirmative course of action and breach of duty of a special relationship. Baylor
answered, generally denied the allegations, and asserted a number of affirmative
defenses. In asserting its affirmative defenses, Baylor argued that it had no duty to
protect against the criminal acts of third parties and no duty to protect against a
dangerous condition inside Andrews’s leased space.
Andrews noticed Dr. Livingstone’s deposition for June 17, 2020, which
Baylor quashed. Andrews then filed a motion to compel, stating that “President
Livingstone is a fact witness in this case. In the wake of the rape scandal that had
embroiled Baylor’s football program, President Livingstone made representations
to prospective Baylor students, including Annie Andrews and her parents, about
2
Annie Andrews is a pseudonym to maintain confidentiality. See TEX. R. APP. P.
9.9.
2
the safety of Baylor’s campus several months before Annie was sexually assaulted
in her Baylor-owned and Baylor-assigned apartment.” Andrews continued, “As
demonstrated by her own statements, Dr. Livingstone is clearly a person with
unique personal knowledge relevant to the claims in this lawsuit. Dr. Livingstone,
for example, has personal knowledge regarding the safety of Baylor’s campus with
respect to the risk of sexual assault to prospective female students and ‘the many
changes’ that Baylor has allegedly made ‘to ensure a safer and healthier campus.’
Baylor has no good reason to object to producing Ms. Livingstone for deposition,
and has not articulated one.”
On May 11, 2020, Baylor filed a motion for protection and supplemental
response to Andrews’s motion to compel and attached Dr. Livingstone’s affidavit.
Baylor argued that Dr. Livingstone is an apex official who cannot be deposed
merely on allegations that she is a “fact witness.” Baylor maintained that Andrews
could not meet her burden to show that Dr. Livingstone has unique or superior
personal knowledge.
Dr. Livingstone’s affidavit stated:
3. Performance of my duties and responsibilities requires that I
oversee many general areas of University affairs, business, and
functions, including Academic Affairs; Advancement; Human
Resources; Marketing & Communications; Operations, Finance
& Administration; Student Life; and Athletics. Each of these
general areas is composed of additional sub-areas over which I
also have general oversight. The area of Student Life, for
example, is composed of Student Health &
3
Wellness/Counseling Services, Student Development, Student
Learning & Engagement, and Spiritual Life—and Athletics is
composed of Athletic Operations, Athletic Development,
Student-Athlete Health & Wellness, Internal Affairs, Financial
Services, Compliance, Branding & Engagement, Student
Athlete-Success, Personnel & Administration, Business
Operations, and several other sub-areas. As President, I
generally do not have any unique personal knowledge of the
day-to-day operations of any of these areas or sub-areas, nor do
I generally have any personal knowledge of the day-to-day
operations of any of these areas or sub-areas that would be
superior to that available from other sources. Baylor employs
officers, directors, staff, and other employees to whom I
delegate such day-to-day operations—and I perform my duties
and responsibilities based on reports and information provided
. . . to me by these officers, directors, staff, and other
employees.
4. I understand that the plaintiff in the above-captioned lawsuit
has asked to take my deposition in connection with an incident
that occurred at Baylor’s University Parks Apartments in
November 2017. Further, I have reviewed Plaintiff’s First
Amended Petition and Jury Demand . . . for the purpose of
making this affidavit—and understand that this petition
contains Plaintiff’s allegations relating to that incident.
5. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of the incident
described in the petition, nor do I have any first-hand personal
knowledge of any conduct, actions, or events that occurred at
University Parks on the night of the incident, including without
limitation the alleged “loud party,” drinking, intoxication,
incapacitation, rape, and sexual exploitation made the basis of
the plaintiff’s allegations.
6. Additionally, while I may have knowledge of some facts that
relate to this incident and the plaintiff’s allegations by reason of
my position as Baylor’s President, I do not have any unique
personal knowledge related to the incident or allegations, nor
do I have any personal knowledge related to the incident or
4
allegations that would be superior to that available from other
sources.
a. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of the day-to-
day management or operation of University Parks,
including without limitation the supervision of tenants
and inspections of their rooms; the enforcement of any
policies and procedures related to alcohol, sexual
activity, and curfew; and the implementation of any
safety and security policies and procedures. While I have
general knowledge of Baylor’s practices and policies
regarding the management and operation of residence
halls, my knowledge of these matters is neither unique
nor superior to the knowledge possessed by those to
whom I have delegated such responsibilities and on
whom I rely to keep me informed on these matters.
b. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of the selection,
hiring, training or supervision of the University Parks
staff and its community leaders. While I have general
knowledge of Baylor’s practices and policies regarding
the selection, hiring, training and supervision of
residence hall staff, my knowledge of these matters is
neither unique nor superior to the knowledge possessed
by those to whom I have delegated such responsibilities
and on whom I rely to keep me informed on these
matters.
c. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of the physical
security in place at University Parks. While I have
general knowledge of Baylor’s practices and policies
regarding the physical security in place at university
residence halls, my knowledge of these matters is neither
unique nor superior to the knowledge possessed by those
to whom I have delegated such responsibilities and on
whom I rely to keep me informed of these matters.
d. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of any process
by which the plaintiff or any other student, athlete or
otherwise, was assigned to or selected University Parks
5
for housing. While I have general knowledge of Baylor’s
practices and policies regarding housing, my knowledge
of these matters is neither unique nor superior to the
knowledge possessed by those to whom I have delegated
such responsibilities and on whom I rely to keep me
informed on these matters.
e. I have no first-hand, personal knowledge of any process
by which the plaintiff or any other student, athlete or
otherwise, was recruited by or to any Baylor athletic
program. While I have general knowledge of Baylor’s
practices and policies regarding the recruitment of
student athletes, my knowledge of these matters is neither
unique nor superior to the knowledge possessed by those
to whom I have delegated such responsibilities and on
whom I rely to keep me informed on these matters.
f. I did not personally participate in, and have no first-hand,
personal knowledge of the Title IX investigation, or any
other investigation, of the incident made the basis of the
plaintiff’s allegations. Again, while I have general
knowledge of Baylor’s Title IX policies, my knowledge
of these matters is neither unique nor superior to the
knowledge possessed by those to whom I have delegated
such responsibilities and on whom I rely to keep me
informed on these matters.
7. I also understand that the plaintiff has specifically expressed an
intent to take my deposition on the topic of the following
statement that I made after being hired, but shortly before
assuming my position as Baylor’s President:
I would also acknowledge that mistakes have been made
that were not addressed appropriately, particularly with
regard to sexual violence on campus. The lessons
learned from those mistakes and the many changes made
to ensure a safer and healthier campus for all of our
students have resulted in Baylor being a better place now
then we were two, three, and certainly five years ago.
6
Again, while I have knowledge of some facts relating to this
statement by reason of my position as Baylor’s President, I do
not have any unique or superior knowledge related to the facts
underlying this statement. More specifically, as incoming
President, this statement was made on the basis of knowledge
and information provided to me by other sources, not on the
basis of any first-hand personal knowledge.
On May 15, 2020, Andrews responded to Baylor’s motion for protection,
arguing that Dr. Livingstone has “unique knowledge of at least two specific
elements of Annie’s claims: that Baylor knew its campus was unsafe due to a
sexual assault problem on campus and that Baylor failed to adequately warn Annie
about that problem.” Andrews further stated that Dr. Livingstone’s “statements
directly related to elements of [her] dangerous condition cause of action.” In
specifically arguing that Dr. Livingstone has unique and superior knowledge of
discoverable information, Andrews argued that “While Dr. Livingstone may not
know, for example, the tragic details of Annie’s sexual assault, Dr. Livingston
clearly has unique and superior personal knowledge regarding her own statements
and representations to students and their parents about sexual violence at Baylor,
including, for example, the reasons she made her statements, the circumstances in
which they were made, what she meant by the words she used, whether her
statements are authentic, what information she relied upon in making them, the
sources of her information, etc.” Andrews further argued, “In fact, Dr. Livingstone
may be the only person who can give competent testimony on many of these
7
matters.” Andrews then explained how she had already attempted to question a
Baylor police officer who was in charge of sexual-assault investigations on campus
about the “meaning of one of Dr. Livingstone’s statements, and the witness
“refused to speculate as to what Dr. Livingstone meant.”
Baylor replied to Andrews’s response, arguing that Andrews had not
explained how Dr. Livingstone’s general comments on safety and sexual violence
establish that she has any unique or superior personal knowledge concerning what
Baylor knew about sexual assaults on its campus, or the adequacy or inadequacy of
any warnings given to Andrews. Baylor asserted that Dr. Livingstone’s statements
themselves demonstrate that she did not have unique or superior knowledge
because she stated that she was beginning her responsibilities at Baylor and she
expressly addressed the work done by others.
At the hearing on the motion for protection, Baylor pointed out that Dr.
Livingstone had just started her tenure at the time she made the statements and that
everything Dr. Livingstone knew at the time would have been from information
provided by others, either through reports or through interviews and discussions.
Baylor framed the issue as “what institutional knowledge did Baylor have as to the
truth or falsity of those statements? What information did Baylor have as to the
basis of those statements?” Baylor stated, “All of these matters of institutional
8
knowledge that someone other than President Livingstone would have better
knowledge of.” Baylor further argued,
It’s sort of an axiomatic thing, that only an individual will have
the unique subjective knowledge of what their own thoughts
were at any given time or moment. But that is not what . . .
Crown Central requires. And in fact if that were the standard,
Your Honor, every apex deposition could be allowed. Because
we could always state that the apex official is the only person
who knows what’s going on in their own mind at the time of
any sort of communication or action.
Andrews argued that “[Dr. Livingstone] personally injected herself into
these facts by sending a direct e-mail message, two of them, to Annie Andrews and
to—their mother also was a recipient, as I understand it.” Andrews admitted that
she has not alleged a negligent misrepresentation case but that she still had time to
amend pleadings to make those allegations.
Baylor then argued, “What the plaintiffs have basically conceded she does
not have is unique or superior knowledge.” “I understand they have created an
argument. But creating an argument on an apex issue, Your Honor, is not
enough.”
On May 19, 2020, the trial court denied Baylor’s motion for protection and
ordered Baylor to present Dr. Livingstone for deposition. Baylor then sought
mandamus relief on June 12, 2020, arguing that the trial court abused its discretion
in denying its motion for protection and ordering the deposition of Dr. Livingstone.
9
Baylor also sought temporary relief to stay Dr. Livingstone’s deposition, which we
granted on June 23, 2020.
Analysis
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
Generally, to be entitled to mandamus relief, the relator must demonstrate
that the trial court abused its discretion and that it has no adequate remedy by
appeal. See In re Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 148 S.W.3d 124, 135–36 (Tex. 2004)
(orig. proceeding); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839–40 (Tex. 1992) (orig.
proceeding). A trial court clearly abuses its discretion if it reaches a decision so
arbitrary and unreasonable as to amount to a clear and prejudicial error of law.
Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839. With respect to the resolution of factual issues, the
reviewing court may not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court, and the
relator must establish that the trial court could reasonably have reached only one
decision. Id. at 839–40. A trial court has no discretion in determining what the
law is or in applying the law to the facts. Id. at 840. Thus, a clear failure by the
trial court to analyze or apply the law correctly will constitute an abuse of
discretion. In re Allstate Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co., 85 S.W.3d 193, 195 (Tex. 2002)
(orig. proceeding).
A party may properly seek mandamus relief to determine whether the trial
court correctly ordered an apex deposition. See In re Alcatel USA, 11 S.W.3d 173,
10
175 (Tex. 2000) (orig. proceeding); In re Miscavige, 436 S.W.3d 430, 435 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2014, orig. proceeding) (“Mandamus relief is appropriate when a
trial court allows an apex deposition to go forward in violation of the standard
governing such discovery.”).
A party to a lawsuit is entitled to discovery “that is relevant to the subject
matter of the claim, and which appears reasonably calculated to lead to the
discovery of admissible evidence.” Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp. v. Garcia, 904
S.W.2d 125, 127 (Tex. 1995) (quoting Monsanto Co. v. May, 889 S.W.2d 274, 276
(Tex. 1994)). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 199.1 allows a party to take the oral
deposition of “any person.” TEX. R. CIV. P. 199.1(a); Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at
127. However, the person noticed for deposition has the right to protection “from
undue burden, unnecessary expense, harassment or annoyance, or invasion of
personal, constitutional, or property rights.” Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at 127; see
also TEX. R. CIV. P. 192.6(b) (allowing trial court to grant protective order in favor
of person from whom discovery is sought).
“An apex deposition is the deposition of a corporate officer at the apex of
the corporate hierarchy.” AMR Corp. v. Enlow, 926 S.W.2d 640, 642 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1996, orig. proceeding). A corporate official, or the corporate
entity on the official’s behalf, invokes the protection of the apex deposition
doctrine by filing a motion for protection accompanied by the affidavit of the
11
official “denying any knowledge of relevant facts.” Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at
128. This Court has rejected a “mechanical application of Crown Central in
determining the sufficiency of an affidavit to invoke the apex doctrine.” In re TMX
Fin. of Tex. Inc., 472 S.W.3d 864, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, orig.
proceeding). In determining the sufficiency of a corporate official’s affidavit, the
question is whether the official “sufficiently denied knowledge of any relevant
facts regarding” the subject matter of the litigation. See In re Tex. Genco, LP, 169
S.W.3d 764, 768 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005, orig. proceeding); In re Burlington N.
& Santa Fe Ry. Co., 99 S.W.3d 323, 326 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, orig.
proceeding) (“BNSF properly initiated the apex guideline proceedings set forth in
Crown Central by moving for protection and filing Rose’s affidavit denying any
knowledge of relevant facts.”); In re El Paso Healthcare Sys., 969 S.W.2d 68, 73
(Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, orig. proceeding) (“El Paso Healthcare established by
its motion and affidavit that Rolfe is a corporate president who does not participate
in the day-to-day administration of units within this particular hospital and who
possesses no discoverable personal knowledge. This is sufficient to satisfy El Paso
Healthcare’s burden under Crown Central Petroleum Corp.”).
Once the corporate official moves for protection and files a sufficient
affidavit, the burden shifts to the party seeking the apex deposition to demonstrate
that the official has unique or superior personal knowledge of discoverable
12
information. See In re Burlington, 99 S.W.3d at 326. “The trial court evaluates
the motion first by deciding if the party seeking the deposition has ‘arguably
shown that the official has any unique or superior personal knowledge of
discoverable information.” In re Alcatel, 11 S.W.3d at 175–76. The Texas
Supreme Court has explained that, for character of knowledge to be unique or
superior, “there must be some showing beyond mere relevance, such as evidence
that a high-level executive is the only person with personal knowledge of the
information sought or that the executive arguably possesses relevant knowledge
greater in quality or quantity than other available sources.” Id. “If the party
seeking the deposition has ‘arguably shown that the official has any unique or
superior personal knowledge of discoverable information,’ the trial court should
deny the motion for protection and the party seeking discovery should be entitled
to take the apex depositions.” Id. at 176 (quoting Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at
128).
If the party seeking the deposition cannot show that the corporate official
has any unique or superior personal knowledge of discoverable information, the
trial court should grant the motion for protection and require the party seeking the
deposition to “attempt to obtain the discovery through less intrusive methods.”
Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at 128; see In re Alcatel, 11 S.W.3d at 176. “Less
intrusive methods” depend on the circumstances of the case, but can include
13
depositions of lower-level employees, the deposition of the corporation itself, and
interrogatories and requests for production of documents directed to the
corporation. Crown Cent., 904 S.W.2d at 128.
Merely having some knowledge of the subject matter of a dispute is not
enough to compel an apex deposition. See In re Alcatel USA, 11 S.W.3d at 179
(stating that Crown Central is “not satisfied by merely showing that a high-level
executive has some knowledge of discoverable information”). As the Texas
Supreme Court has held, “Allowing apex depositions merely because a high-level
corporate official possesses apex-level knowledge would eviscerate the very
guidelines established in Crown Central.” Id. at 177.
The apex deposition doctrine “does not provide automatic protection to all
high-ranking corporate officers whose depositions have been noticed.” In re Titus
Cnty., 412 S.W.3d 28, 35 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, orig. proceeding). The
doctrine does not, for instance, protect corporate officials who have “first-hand
knowledge of certain facts.” See Boales v. Brighton Builders, Inc., 29 S.W.3d 159,
168 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied) (holding that apex
doctrine did not apply because appellants did not seek to depose apex witness
because of his corporate position).
14
B. Unique or superior personal knowledge3
In its sole issue, Baylor argues that Andrews failed to satisfy the apex
deposition standard as delineated in Crown Central and its progeny. Specifically,
Baylor argues that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering Dr. Livingstone’s
deposition because Andrews failed to show that Dr. Livingstone has unique or
superior personal knowledge of discoverable information.
In response to the mandamus petition, Andrews argues that she satisfied her
burden to show that Dr. Livingstone has unique or superior knowledge of
discoverable information because Dr. Livingstone authored at least two statements
prior to Andrews’s allegations, and, because Dr. Livingstone is the author of her
statements, “Dr. Livingstone unquestionably has unique and superior knowledge
about them.” Andrews further argues that Dr. Livingstone is the “only person who
can answer basic questions concerning the meaning and intent of her statements.”
The record shows that Andrews wants to question Dr. Livingstone about
various communications that she made prior to the events that form the basis of
this litigation. One such communication occurred in a Texas Tribune article from
May 30, 2017, in which Dr. Livingstone wrote,
3
We note at the outset that Andrews did not argue below or in her response to the
mandamus petition that the apex-deposition doctrine did not apply or that Dr.
Livingstone’s affidavit was insufficient to deny any knowledge of relevant facts.
Thus, we confine our analysis to addressing whether the trial court abused its
discretion in determining that Andrews satisfied her burden to show that Dr.
Livingstone has unique or superior knowledge of discoverable information.
15
Over the past few weeks, I have often been asked what I would
tell parents who have students coming to Baylor this fall or who
are considering Baylor for next year. As the mother of a
daughter who is a rising college senior, I would tell parents that
Baylor is an exceptional academic institution where students
meet lifelong friends and have transformational experiences. I
would also acknowledge that mistakes have been made that
were not addressed appropriately, particularly with regard to
sexual violence on campus. The lessons learned from those
mistakes, and the many changes made to ensure a safer and
healthier campus for all of our students, have resulted in Baylor
being a better place now than we were two, three and certainly
five years ago.
I am confident that students coming to Baylor today will
experience a safer and healthier environment.
Andrews also wants to question Dr. Livingstone about a June 1, 2017 e-mail
she received, in which Dr. Livingstone wrote:
As I express my excitement in returning to Baylor and eagerly
anticipate our days ahead, I also wish to commend Dr. David
Garland and the entire Baylor community for their tremendous
work over the past year to create a better Baylor as we emerge
from the challenges and heartbreak surrounding incidents of
sexual violence in our community. All have joined hands to
renew our commitment to providing a safe and welcoming
home on campus for our students and to redouble our efforts to
advance Baylor’s distinctive Christian mission in higher
education.
In her response to Baylor’s motion for protection, Andrews argued that
although Dr. Livingstone may not know the details of Andrews’s sexual assault,
Dr. Livingstone “clearly has unique and superior personal knowledge regarding
her own statements and representations to students and their parents about sexual
16
violence at Baylor, including, for example, the reasons she made her statements,
the circumstances in which they were made, what she meant by the words she
used, whether her statements are authentic, what information she relied upon in
making them, the sources of her information, etc.” Andrews explained that she
wants to depose Dr. Livingstone because she is the only person who can testify as
to her intent in making the statements and that the information gleaned from Dr.
Livingstone will be relevant in arguing its claims at trial, including that “Baylor
knew its campus was unsafe due to a sexual assault problem on campus and that
Baylor failed to adequately warn Annie about that problem.”
Here, the record reflects that Dr. Livingstone has general knowledge of
most, if not all, of the various aspects of Baylor University, but Dr. Livingstone’s
affidavit disclaims unique and superior personal knowledge regarding the
underlying lawsuit’s allegations and further states that she performs her duties
based on reports and information provided to her by others.
Andrews has not pointed to any evidence in the mandamus record to show
that Dr. Livingstone has unique or superior personal knowledge on whether Baylor
knew its campus was unsafe or that Baylor failed to adequately warn Andrews
about that problem.4 In her response to this mandamus petition, Andrews
4
Andrews argues that Dr. Livingstone is the only one who can answer questions
about her statements. To prove her assertion, Andrews points out that upon
deposing a Baylor police officer in charge of investigating sexual assaults, the
17
acknowledges that “other Baylor employees might have knowledge regarding
specific instances of sexual violence on Baylor’s campus, and other employees
might know of ‘mistakes’ made by Baylor or ‘lessons’ that Baylor allegedly
learned.” Such an acknowledgement undermines the trial court’s finding that Dr.
Livingstone has unique or superior personal knowledge. The record also shows
that Dr. Livingstone began serving as president in June 2017, within weeks of
making the subject communications in late May and early June 2017. The fact that
Dr. Livingstone had been Baylor’s president for such a short time, while not
dispositive, also undermines the trial court’s finding that Dr. Livingstone had
unique or superior personal information of discoverable information. Although Dr.
Livingstone likely has some information about the issues identified by Andrews,
that is not enough to meet the Crown Central test. See In re Alcatel, 11 S.W.3d at
officer could not answer questions related to Dr. Livingstone’s subjective intent in
making her statements. We disagree that merely showing that a witness cannot
answer questions about an apex official’s subjective intent satisfies the deposition-
seeking party’s burden to demonstrate that the apex official has unique and
superior knowledge. If we agreed with Andrews’s argument, the apex guidelines
would be eviscerated for any apex official who has ever made a public statement.
See In re Alcatel, 11 S.W.3d 173, 177 (Tex. 2000) (“Allowing apex depositions
merely because a high-level corporate official possesses apex-level knowledge
would eviscerate the very guidelines established in Crown Central.”); see also In
re Continental Airlines, Inc., 305 S.W.3d 849, 859 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2010, orig. proceeding) (stating that “[CEO’s] subjective intent in making
the subject public statements does not establish anything regarding negligence,
proximate cause, or damages.”); In re Daisy Mfg. Co., 976 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi 1998, orig. proceeding) (stating, “Merely because a
corporate official espouses a generalized opinion concerning the safety of one of
his company’s products does not imbue that official with unique or superior
knowledge of the product.”).
18
179 (stating that Crown Central is “not satisfied by merely showing that a high-
level executive has some knowledge of discoverable information”).
We therefore conclude that Andrews did not satisfy her burden to show that
Dr. Livingstone has unique or superior personal knowledge. Andrews must
therefore attempt to obtain discovery through less intrusive methods before it may
depose Dr. Livingstone.5 In re Alcatel, 11 S.W.3d at 176 (“The party seeking the
apex deposition is required to pursue less intrusive means of discovering the
information only when that party cannot make the requisite showing concerning
unique or superior knowledge.”).
Because we conclude that Andrews failed to show that Dr. Livingstone
possessed unique or superior knowledge of discoverable information, the trial
court’s order cannot be supported under Crown Central. Accordingly, we
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in ordering Dr. Livingstone’s
deposition.
We sustain Baylor’s sole issue.
Conclusion
We conditionally grant Baylor’s petition for writ of mandamus. We order
the trial court to vacate its May 19, 2020 order that denied Baylor’s motion for
5
The mandamus record reflects that the parties have only engaged in limited
discovery. Specifically, the record reflects that at the time this original proceeding
was filed, only two depositions, Andrews and a Baylor police officer, had been
completed.
19
protection and ordered the deposition of Dr. Livingstone. The writ will only issue
if the trial court fails to do so. We lift the stay entered on June 23, 2020.
Sherry Radack
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Landau and Adams.
20