Bridgeport Independent School District v. Michael Williams, in His Official Capacity as the Commissioner of Education, and the Texas Education Agency ( 2014 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00387-CV
Bridgeport Independent School District, Abilene Independent School District, Denton
Independent School District, Grapevine-Colleyville Independent School District, Copperas
Cove Independent School District, Stephenville Independent School District, Grand Saline
Independent School District, Groesbeck Independent School District, Hallsville
Independent School District, Rule Independent School District, Alice Independent School
District, Alvarado Independent School District, Alvord Independent School District,
Ballinger Independent School District, Beckville Independent School District, Blackwell
Consolidated Independent School District, Brownsboro Independent School District,
Bruceville-Eddy Independent School District, Bullard Independent School District,
Calallen Independent School District, Carlisle Independent School District, Carthage
Independent School District, Castleberry Independent School District, Chapel Hill
Independent School District (Tyler), Chico Independent School District, Chireno
Independent School District, Coleman Independent School District, Colorado Independent
School District, Cross Plains Independent School District, Decatur Independent School
District, Diboll Independent School District, Eagle Mountain-Saginaw Independent School
District, Eula Independent School District, Everman Independent School District, Fabens
Independent School District, Floresville Independent School District, Floydada
Independent School District, Frankston Independent School District, Gainesville
Independent School District, Garner Independent School District, Gary Independent
School District, Godley Independent School District, Harleton Independent School District,
Hawkins Independent School District, Hawley Independent School District, Henderson
Independent School District, Hudson Independent School District, Hughes Springs
Independent School District, Huntington Independent School District, Jarrell Independent
School District, Jourdanton Independent School District, Keene Independent School
District, Kerens Independent School District, La Vernia Independent School District, Lake
Worth Independent School District, Laneville Independent School District, Leonard
Independent School District, Linden-Kildare Consolidated Independent School District,
Lingleville Independent School District, Lipan Independent School District, Little Cypress-
Mauriceville Consolidated Independent School District, Lorena Independent School
District, Monahans-Wickett-Pyote Independent School District, Nordheim Independent
School District, Palestine Independent School District, Pecos-Barstow-Toyah Independent
School District, Perryton Independent School District, Petersburg Independent School
District, Pewitt Consolidated Independent School District, Ponder Independent School
District, Port Neches-Groves Independent School District, Quitman Independent School
District, San Saba Independent School District, Seagraves Independent School District,
Shallowater Independent School District, Silsbee Independent School District, Sinton
Independent School District, Slidell Independent School District, Snook Independent
School District, Spring Hill Independent School District, Springtown Independent School
District, Sweetwater Independent School District, Tatum Independent School District,
Taylor Independent School District, Three Rivers Independent School District, Tornillo
Independent School District, Trinity Independent School District, Valley View Independent
School District (Valley View), Van Independent School District, Vernon Independent
School District, Waskom Independent School District, White Settlement Independent
School District, Winona Independent School District, Woodson Independent School
District, Center Independent School District, Corrigan-Camden Independent School
District, Crane Independent School District, Elgin Independent School District, Florence
Independent School District, Gregory-Portland Independent School District, Groveton
Independent School District, Iraan-Sheffield Independent School District, Mumford
Independent School District, Needville Independent School District, Presidio Independent
School District, Rio Hondo Independent School District, Smyer Independent School
District, Southside Independent School District, Wells Independent School District,
Longview Independent School District, Appellants
v.
Michael Williams, in his Official Capacity as the Commissioner of Education, and the
Texas Education Agency, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NOS. D-1-GN-12-003824, D-1-GV-13-000270,
HONORABLE AMY CLARK MEACHUM, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
The appellant school districts appeal from the trial court’s order of dismissal granting
the plea to the jurisdiction of appellees Michael Williams and the Texas Education Agency (TEA).
Because we conclude that appellants’ claims are not ripe, we affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
The TEA receives federal grants under the federal No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB),
and then distributes the grants to local school districts. See Tex. Educ. Code § 7.031; see generally
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20 U.S.C. §§ 6301–7941. The NCLB requires states to set accountability standards for schools and
to monitor compliance by schools and requires the schools to demonstrate “adequate yearly progress.”
See 20 U.S.C. § 6311. To comply with this requirement, TEA adopted section 97.1004, which sets
accountability standards and performance monitoring for determining Texas schools’ “Adequate
Yearly Progress” “in accordance with the [NCLB].” See 19 Tex. Admin. Code § 97.1004 (Texas
Education Agency, Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)). The section currently states that the
“determination of AYP for school districts and charter schools in 2012 is based on specific criteria
and calculations, which are described in excerpted sections of the 2012 AYP Guide provided in this
subsection.”1 Id. § 97.1004(b). The AYP Guide provides an appeals process for a school district to
challenge an AYP designation determination. See id.
Appellants sued TEA and Michael Williams in his official capacity as the
Commissioner of Education for injunctive and declaratory relief under section 2001.038 of the
Administrative Procedure Act (APA), see Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038, and section 37.003 of the
Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.003. They
challenged the validity of the AYP Guide, arguing that TEA did not have statutory authority to adopt
it. Appellants also asserted claims of ultra vires actions and violations of Article I, section 3 of the
1
Section 97.1004 was first adopted in 2005 and has been amended annually through 2012 to
set AYP standards for each year. See 30 Tex. Reg. 3995 (adopted to be effective July 14, 2005);
30 Tex. Reg. 7036 (amended to be effective Nov. 3, 2005); 31 Tex. Reg. 7988 (amended
to be effective Sept. 20, 2006); 32 Tex. Reg. 4753 (amended to be effective Aug. 8, 2007);
33 Tex. Reg. 8167 (amended to be effective Sept. 30, 2008); 34 Tex. Reg. 5912 (amended to be
effective Sept. 1, 2009); 35 Tex. Reg. 9500 (amended to be effective Oct. 31, 2010);
36 Tex. Reg. 4799 (amended to be effective Aug. 2, 2011); 37 Tex. Reg. 6592 (amended to be
effective Sept. 2, 2012).
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Texas Constitution. See Tex. Const. art. I, § 3 (equal protection clause); City of El Paso v. Heinrich,
284 S.W.3d 366, 372–77 (Tex. 2009) (describing ultra vires claims).
Further, ninety-two appellants sought judicial review of preliminary 2012 AYP
designation determinations under section 7.057 of the Education Code and section 2001.171 of the
APA. See Tex. Educ. Code § 7.057(d); Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.171. The school districts appealed
pursuant to the procedure provided in the AYP Guide and sought relief based on their contention that
the AYP Guide was an “improperly adopted rule.” TEA denied the appeals. Although the school
districts’ claims were referred to the State Office of Administrative Hearings, no contested hearing
was conducted. After a prehearing conference, the Administrative Law Judge dismissed the claims
for “failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.” The school districts filed motions for
rehearing, but TEA determined that “[n]o action was necessary” because the school districts “did not
properly invoke the Commissioner’s contested case jurisdiction.” The suit for judicial review was
consolidated with appellants’ suit asserting claims for injunctive and declaratory relief.
Appellees filed a plea to the jurisdiction. They challenged the trial court’s jurisdiction
to consider any of appellants’ claims. They argued that appellants had failed to allege facts to
establish that they had “any legal right or privilege that has been interfered with or impaired” as
required by section 2001.038 of the APA and that appellants’ pleadings did not meet the requirements
of the UDJA because the UDJA was not an independent grant of jurisdiction. They also challenged
appellants’ standing, raised sovereign immunity, and urged that, to the extent appellants’ claims were
moot or not ripe, appellants were seeking an advisory opinion.
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Appellants filed a response as well as a motion for summary judgment with evidence.
The parties also filed additional briefing with the trial court. Following a hearing on appellants’
motion for summary judgment and appellees’ plea to the jurisdiction, the trial court granted the plea
without stating the grounds for its ruling and dismissed appellants’ claims. This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
Appellants raise 12 issues on appeal. They state their issues as follows:
1. Are Appellees creatures of state law, or do they have additional powers
granted to them by the United States Congress to adopt and enforce state rules
to implement federal law?
2. Did the Texas Legislature strip Appellees of authority to adopt rules regulating
federal grant applications in a 1995 re-write of the Education Code?
3. Are the rules, orders and acts of Appellees ultra vires?
4. Are the rules of Appellees among “the school laws of this state” within the
meaning of Education Code Section 7.057(a)?
5. Do the rules, orders and acts of Appellees aggrieve the Appellants?
6. Do federal laws, rules or grant terms establish the rules needed to apply AYP
ratings to Appellants?
7. Are Appellants’ injuries redressable by order of the trial court?
8. Does sovereign immunity bar Appellants’ claims?
9. Have Appellees improperly applied rating standards that were never proposed
or adopted as rules?
10. Have Appellees violated state law by applying their 2012 AYP Guide to
student performance after only one test administration?
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11. Do the well-pleaded facts and summary-judgment evidence establish a lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction over Appellants’ claims?
12. Did the trial court err in dismissing this case?
Appellants primarily attack the 2012 AYP Guide, its “bridge study” methodology,2 and the use of
single test administration to determine AYP designations.
In their briefing, appellees argue that appellants’ issues are moot because the United
States Department of Education (USDE) granted TEA a waiver in September 2013 from the
requirement that it issue AYP designation determinations. See 20 U.S.C. § 7861 (authorizing
waivers of statutory and regulatory requirements of NCLB); In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc.,
166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex. 2005) (noting that case becomes moot if controversy ceases to exist on
appeal); William v. Lara, 52 S.W.3d 171, 184 (Tex. 2001) (noting that “a controversy must exist
between the parties at every stage of the legal proceeding, including the appeal” for plaintiff to have
standing and that, if controversy ceases to exist, case becomes moot); Texas Health Care Info.
Council v. Seton Health Plan, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 841, 846–47 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied)
(“A case becomes moot when: (1) it appears that one seeks to obtain a judgment on some
controversy, when in reality none exists; or (2) when one seeks a judgment on some matter which,
when rendered for any reason, cannot have any practical legal effect on a then-existing controversy.”).
2
The “bridge study” methodology converts test result data between the State of Texas
Assessments of Academic Readiness and the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills.
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Appellees include in their appendix to their brief, among other documents, a letter
from TEA to the school district administrators dated November 1, 2013.3 TEA notified the
administrators that, in September 2013, the USDE “granted the State of Texas a conditional waiver
for specific provisions of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (ESEA), as
reauthorized by the [NCLB].” TEA further stated:
A key change resulting from the NCLB waiver is the elimination of the AYP
designation . . . . With the granting of the NCLB waiver, AYP has been superseded
to allow for a more flexible, state-specific approach to identifying schools in need of
intervention.
TEA also noted that the waiver was conditional until “USDE reviews and approves Texas’s proposed
guidelines for teacher and principal evaluation and support systems, which will be submitted in
Spring 2014.”
Appellants argue that their claims are not moot because USDE’s waiver is “an
extremely complicated, short-lived, and conditional agreement” that “expires in May, of its own
terms.”4 While the parties join issue with whether the conditional waiver moots appellants’ claims,
we view the controlling issue “more precisely as one of ripeness.” See Patterson v. Planned
Parenthood, 971 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tex. 1998). The ripeness doctrine “emphasizes the need for a
3
Although the letter is not in the appellate record, we take judicial notice of undisputed facts
contained in the letter because they impact our jurisdictional inquiry. See Tex. R. Evid. 201;
Freedom Commc’ns, Inc. v. Coronado, 372 S.W.3d 621, 623–24 (Tex. 2012) (citing Texas Rule of
Evidence 201 and noting that appellate courts may take judicial notice of relevant facts outside
record to determine jurisdiction).
4
Appellants do not dispute the USDE’s waiver or the elimination of AYP standards
and designations.
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concrete injury for a justiciable claim to be presented” and “examines when [an] action may be
brought.” Id. at 442. It “focuses on whether the case involves ‘uncertain or contingent future events
that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.’” Id. (citation omitted). “By
maintaining this focus, the ripeness doctrine serves to avoid premature adjudication.” Id. Whether
claims are ripe is “determined at the time of adjudication.” Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 250
(Tex. 2001); see id. (“Ripeness should be decided on the basis of all the information available to the
court. Intervening events that occur after decision in lower courts should be included, just as must be
done with questions of mootness.” (citation omitted)); see also Robinson v. Parker, 353 S.W.3d 753,
755 (Tex. 2011) (“Although a claim is not required to be ripe at the time of filing, if a party cannot
demonstrate a reasonable likelihood that the claim will soon ripen, the case must be dismissed.”
(citing Perry, 66 S.W.3d at 251)).
We find the Texas Supreme Court’s analysis in Patterson instructive. In the context
of federally funded programs, a family planning service provider challenged the constitutionality of
a rider to the state’s “family planning appropriation” that declared “‘no state funds may be used to
dispense prescription drugs to minors without parental consent.’” 971 S.W.2d at 440 (quoting General
Appropriations Act, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 1452, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 5535, 5675). The plaintiff’s
alleged injury was the loss of eligibility for federal funds. See id. at 441. In concluding that the
plaintiff’s injury remained contingent and that its challenge to the rider was not ripe, the court
recognized that the constitution is the foundation for the ripeness and other justiciability doctrines.
Id. at 442–43. The supreme court also explained the “pragmatic, prudential aspect” of the ripeness
doctrine in addition to the constitutional justiciability issues presented:
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Moreover, avoiding premature litigation prevents courts from “entangling themselves
in abstract disagreements over administrative policies” while at the same time serving
to “protect the agencies from judicial interference until an administrative decision has
been formalized and its effects felt in a concrete way by the challenging parties.”
Id. at 443 (citations omitted). The court noted that the contingencies as to the plaintiff’s claims
included “what the federal government will do if the state carries out its plan” and “what exactly the
state will do.” Id. at 444.
Similar to the noted contingencies in Patterson, whether the USDE’s waiver becomes
unconditional and what the state’s plan will be going forward if the waiver expires remain uncertain.
See id.; see also Brantley v. Texas Youth Comm’n, 365 S.W.3d 89, 102–03 (Tex. App.—Austin 2011,
no pet.) (concluding that claim challenging enactment was not ripe because plaintiff “neither alleged
nor presented evidence that [enactment] has had or is threatening to have any tangible impact on her”
and that plaintiff’s “asserted interest in declaratory and injunctive relief rests upon the sorts of
‘uncertain or contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at
all’ that characterize unripe claims” (quoting Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442)).
Informed by the supreme court’s analysis in Patterson, we conclude that appellants’
alleged injury remains contingent and that appellants’ claims are not ripe for review. See 971 S.W.2d
at 444. Thus, we would be issuing an advisory opinion were we to address appellants’ issues. See
Robinson, 353 S.W.3d at 756 (concluding that petitioners “failed to present a sufficiently ripe,
justiciable claim” because “no showing that Petitioners have suffered a concrete injury” and
expressing “no opinion on whether, even if case was ripe, [Petitioners] would have standing” because
“‘[t]he essence of the ripeness doctrine is to avoid premature adjudication . . . [and] to hold otherwise
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would be the essence of an advisory opinion, advising what the law would be on a hypothetical set
of facts’” (quoting Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 444)); Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 443 (noting that “courts
of this state are not empowered to give advisory opinions” and that “[t]his prohibition extends to
cases that are not yet ripe”); see also Tex. Const. art. II, § 1 (separation of powers).
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, we affirm the district court’s order granting appellees’ plea to
the jurisdiction.
__________________________________________
Melissa Goodwin, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: May 23, 2014
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