Calvin Tyson Arnold v. State ( 2017 )

NO. 12-16-00315-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
CALVIN TYSON ARNOLD, § APPEAL FROM THE 114TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Calvin Tyson Arnold appeals his conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child,
enhanced by a prior conviction. In two issues, he contends the evidence is legally insufficient to
support his conviction and that the trial court awarded unconstitutional court costs. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
When T.B. was seven or eight years old, she and her siblings, K.B. and V.B., went to visit
their uncle, Shaun MacArthur, at his apartment. When they arrived, MacArthur introduced them
to a man he called “Tyson,” who was staying with him for a few days. MacArthur left the
children with Tyson while he worked delivering newspapers that night. While everyone else was
sleeping, Tyson asked T.B. if she wanted to play “tickle monster.” While he was tickling her,
Tyson pushed T.B.’s underwear to the side and placed his finger inside her vagina. He then put
his penis inside her vagina. When he stopped, T.B. locked herself in the bathroom until her uncle
returned home from work. While in the bathroom, she noticed that she was bleeding and cleaned
herself. T.B. later told MacArthur that she thought she had started her period. MacArthur called
T.B.’s mother to tell her that T.B. was locked in the bathroom and that her period had started.
When T.B.’s mother arrived to pick up the children, T.B. did not tell her about the assault.
Approximately seven years later, T.B.’s mother was warning her about potential sexual
abuse and recounting a story from her past when T.B. told her mother about the assault. Her
mother took her to the police station to file a report. After an investigation, Appellant was
arrested and charged by indictment with aggravated sexual assault of a child, enhanced by a prior
conviction.1 Appellant pleaded “not guilty.” The jury found Appellant “guilty” as charged in the
indictment. Following a hearing on punishment, the jury sentenced Appellant to life
imprisonment. This appeal followed.
EVIDENTIARY SUFFICIENCY
In his first issue, Appellant contends the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s
determination that he was the person who sexually assaulted T.B.
Standard of Review
The Jackson v. Virginia legal sufficiency standard is the only standard that a reviewing
court should apply in determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a
criminal offense that the state is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 315–16, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2786–87, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); see Brooks v.
State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Legal sufficiency is the constitutional
minimum required by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to sustain a criminal
conviction. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 315–16, 99 S. Ct. at 2786–87; see also Escobedo v. State, 6
S.W.3d 1, 6 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d). The standard for reviewing a legal
sufficiency challenge is whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements
of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; see
also Johnson v. State, 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The evidence is examined
in the light most favorable to the verdict. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 320, 99 S. Ct. at 2789;
Johnson, 871 S.W.2d at 186. A successful legal sufficiency challenge will result in rendition of
an acquittal by the reviewing court. See Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 41–42, 102 S. Ct. 2211,
2217–18, 72 L. Ed. 2d 652 (1982).
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (West Supp. 2016). This is a first degree felony punishable by
imprisonment for life or any term of not more than ninety-nine years or less than five years and a fine not to exceed
$10,000. Id. § 12.32 (West 2011). Appellant pleaded “true” to the enhancement paragraph contained in the
indictment and his sentence was enhanced accordingly pursuant to section 12.42 of the penal code. See id. § 12.42
(West Supp. 2016).
2
The sufficiency of the evidence is measured against the offense as defined by a
hypothetically correct jury charge. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App.
1997). Such a charge would include one that “accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the
indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict
the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the
defendant is tried.” Id.Analysis
According to Appellant, the State failed to carry its burden of proving aggravated sexual
assault of a child because T.B. was unable to identify him as her assailant either before or during
trial. To satisfy the elements of aggravated sexual assault of a child, the State was required to
prove that Appellant intentionally or knowingly penetrated the sexual organ of T.B., a child under
fourteen at the time of the offense, by any means. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.
§ 22.021(a)(1)(A)(i), (a)(2)(B) (West Supp. 2016). Identity of a perpetrator may be proved by
either direct or circumstantial evidence. See Earls v. State, 707 S.W.2d 82, 85 (Tex. Crim. App.
1986). The fact that a victim fails to identify the defendant at trial goes to the weight and
credibility of the witness and is a matter for the jury’s consideration. Meeks v. State, 897 S.W.2d
950, 955 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, no pet.). It is the jury’s province to determine the
credibility of the child victim and other witnesses and the weight to be given to that evidence. See
Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
At trial, T.B. testified that a man she knew as “Tyson” was staying with her uncle while
she and her siblings were visiting. She stated that while everyone else slept, Tyson asked to play
“tickle monster” with her. While he was tickling her, Tyson moved her panties to the side and put
his fingers and penis in her vagina. When Tyson stopped, T.B. locked herself in the bathroom,
discovered that she was bleeding, and cleaned the blood from her panties. When her uncle
returned from work, she told him that she thought she had started her period. Not until several
years later did T.B. tell her mother about the assault. Her mother then contacted the police. T.B.
could not identify Tyson in the photos the police showed her before trial nor could she identify
him at trial. She testified that she had tried to block the assailant and the assault from her
memory.
In addition to T.B.’s testimony, the jury heard other witnesses testify that Appellant uses
the name “Tyson.” T.B.’s brother, K.B., testified that he met Appellant only once before trial, at
3
his uncle’s apartment, and that Appellant went by the name “Tyson.” He further testified that
T.B. was with him when he spent the night at his uncle’s while Tyson was present. K.B. stated
that he remembers faces well and remembered Appellant because they played video games
together while his uncle was at work. T.B.’s mother also testified that she knew Appellant as
“Tyson” and that she met him on the day she took her children to MacArthur’s home to spend the
night.
MacArthur testified that he went to high school with Appellant and that Appellant went by
his middle name, “Tyson.” MacArthur claimed to not know anyone else named “Tyson” and
stated that he introduced Appellant to people as “Tyson.” MacArthur further stated that Tyson
stayed with him at his apartment for a few days. Contrary to his prior statement to police,
MacArthur testified that he did not remember whether T.B. visited while Tyson was living with
him.
Given all the evidence presented at trial, T.B.’s inability to identify Appellant from a
photograph does not render the evidence insufficient. Rather, when a child victim can provide
only the name of her assailant, but a relative testifies that the child could only be referring to the
defendant and identifies him at trial, the evidence of identity is legally sufficient. Couchman v.
State, 3 S.W.3d 155, 162-63 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref’d). Based on T.B.’s
testimony and the witness testimony establishing that Appellant uses the name “Tyson,” the jury
could reasonably conclude that Appellant was the man named “Tyson” who sexually assaulted
T.B. at her uncle’s home. See Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899; see also Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d
9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 914; Earls, 707 S.W.2d at 85; Couchman, 3
S.W.3d at 162-63. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we conclude
the jury was rationally justified in finding Appellant guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a child.
See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 315–16, 99 S.Ct. at 2786–87; see also Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 895.
Having determined that the evidence is sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction, we overrule
his first issue.
COURT COSTS
In his second issue, Appellant argues that this Court should modify the trial court’s
judgment to remove unconstitutional court costs.
4
Applicable Law
The imposition of court costs upon a criminal defendant is a “nonpunitive recoupment of
the costs of judicial resources expended in connection with the trial of the case.” Johnson v.
State, 423 S.W.3d 385, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). The consolidated fee statute requires a
defendant to pay a court cost of $133 on conviction of a felony. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN.
§ 133.102(a)(1) (West Supp. 2016). The money received is divided among a variety of state
government accounts according to percentages dictated by the statute. See id. § 133.102(e) (West
Supp. 2016); Salinas v. State, 523 S.W.3d 103, 105 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). The court of
criminal appeals has held the statute unconstitutional with respect to two of these accounts: an
account for “abused children’s counseling” and an account for “comprehensive rehabilitation.”
See Salinas, 523 S.W.3d at 105. As a result, the court held that any fee assessed pursuant to the
statute must be reduced pro rata to eliminate the percentage of the fee associated with these
accounts. Id. The court further held that its holding applies only to (1) a defendant who raised the
appropriate claim in a petition for discretionary review before the date of the court’s opinion, if
the petition is still pending on that date and the claim would otherwise be properly before the
court on discretionary review, or (2) a defendant whose trial ends after the mandate in Salinas
issues. Id. at 113.
Analysis
Here, the final judgment shows a court cost assessment of $579. The bill of costs shows
that the $133 consolidated court cost fee was assessed. However, because (1) no petition for
discretionary review is pending on Appellant’s claim, and (2) the proceedings in the trial court
ended on December 21, 2016—prior to the court of criminal appeals’s decision in Salinas—the
court’s holding in that case does not apply. See id. Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s second
issue.
DISPOSITION
Having overruled Appellant’s two issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
JAMES T. WORTHEN
Chief Justice
Opinion delivered October 18, 2017.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
5
COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
OCTOBER 18, 2017
NO. 12-16-00315-CR
CALVIN TYSON ARNOLD,
Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
Appeal from the 114th District Court
of Smith County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 114-1218-16)
THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the
judgment.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment
of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court
below for observance.
James T. Worthen,
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.