Jeffrey Merritt McCumber Jr. v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )


Menu:
  •                                       In The
    Court of Appeals
    Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
    ________________
    NO. 09-22-00157-CR
    ________________
    JEFFREY MERRITT MCCUMBER JR., Appellant
    V.
    THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
    ________________________________________________________________________
    On Appeal from the 411th District Court
    Polk County, Texas
    Trial Cause No. 28,302
    ________________________________________________________________________
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    A jury convicted Jeffrey Merritt McCumber Jr. of continuous sexual abuse of
    a young child, “Angie,” and assessed punishment at sixty years of confinement.1 See
    
    Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 21.02
    . In two issues, McCumber complains the trial court
    erred by: 1) allowing the outcry witness to testify remotely; and 2) denying his
    1
    We use pseudonyms to refer to the alleged victim, a minor child, and the
    child’s family members. See Tex. Const. art. 1, § 30(a)(1) (granting crime victims
    “the right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and
    privacy throughout the criminal judicial process”).
    1
    Motion for Mistrial when two jurors were released by the bailiff and replaced by
    alternate jurors. As discussed below, we reverse the trial court’s judgment and
    remand for a new trial.
    I. BACKGROUND
    A. Abuse Allegations: Testimony of Angie and Testimony of Mother
    McCumber is Mother’s ex-boyfriend. They met in 2014 and moved in
    together shortly thereafter. Their relationship continued until March 2019, when
    Mother left McCumber. Mother and Angie testified that they lived with
    McCumber’s father for a period, and they lived in a travel trailer on McCumber’s
    sister’s property.
    Angie was twelve years-old during the trial. Angie testified that between the
    ages of six to eleven, Mother lived with McCumber; however, Angie only lived with
    them part of the time. Angie recalled McCumber doing things to her that made her
    feel bad, which she felt uncomfortable talking about. She did not recall the first time
    McCumber did something bad to her, but recalled they were living in the travel
    trailer, which she estimated was sometime around 2016 when she was around six or
    seven. Angie testified that McCumber touched her vagina but did not remember
    what he used to touch her. She initially denied that McCumber did anything else that
    made her feel uncomfortable.
    2
    At several points during her testimony, the record describes Angie “breathing
    distressfully” and she did not answer the pending question. The trial court briefly
    recessed the proceedings and conducted a hearing during which she testified that she
    had trouble being in the same room as McCumber and would prefer to be away from
    him in a less formal environment. Angie’s testimony then resumed via closed-circuit
    video, over no objection from the defense.
    Angie testified McCumber touched her every other night for at least several
    months. At certain times, Angie testified she did not recall the nature of the abuse or
    how often it happened. Angie said she did not remember telling the forensic
    interviewer that McCumber touched her female body part with his hand several
    times until she watched the video. Later, Angie testified that McCumber touched her
    vagina with his hand and that he did other things to her of a sexual nature, but said,
    “I don’t really remember that much though.” Angie then testified there were times
    that McCumber made her put her mouth on his penis, but when asked how many
    occasions, Angie answered, “I don’t really remember all that much.” She said it
    happened more than once. Angie remembered referring to McCumber’s penis as a
    “sausage” in her forensic interview and explained she used that word, because “I
    thought I was going to get in trouble if I just said the real word.”
    Angie testified that the first person she told about the abuse was Alyssa
    Crawford. The same day she told Crawford, Angie saw McCumber riding a bike,
    3
    which scared her. Crawford then started asking Angie questions, because she did not
    know why Angie became scared. Angie explained that McCumber threatened her
    and said if she ever told anyone, he would hurt Angie and her Mother, which is why
    she waited to tell.
    Mother testified when she left McCumber in 2019, Angie was living with
    McCumber’s cousins and no longer lived with Mother and McCumber. Angie
    testified she lived with McCumber’s cousins for about two years. Mother also said
    that Angie only lived with them for a few months, early in their relationship. Around
    2019, Mother ended her relationship with McCumber, and Angie began living with
    Mother again in 2020. Mother testified that Angie never reported the abuse to her
    and since her outcry, Angie has not wanted to discuss it at all, rather she seems to
    want to “just close it out like it never happened.”
    B. Hearing Regarding Remote Testimony of Outcry Witness and Ruling
    The State sought to have Crawford, the outcry witness, testify remotely, but
    McCumber objected, so the trial court held a hearing outside the jury’s presence to
    decide whether to allow Crawford to testify without being physically present at trial.
    During the hearing, the State called Polk County District Attorney Investigator Jason
    Thomas to explain the reasons the State wanted the court to allow Crawford to testify
    without being physically present in court. Thomas explained that he received the
    subpoenas from the clerk’s office on May 2 and began trying to locate the witnesses.
    4
    Initially, he could not locate Crawford. They had two addresses for Crawford, which
    he checked, but she no longer lived at either one. He described additional steps he
    took to locate Crawford by leaving a business card at her old address and attempting
    to contact her father in North Texas, which failed. Thomas testified he searched a
    computer database of public records but did not locate her that way. Thomas
    explained he could not find Crawford using social media, but Angie managed to
    locate her on Facebook by using a name other than “Alyssa Crawford.” Angie then
    told Thomas that Crawford sent pictures showing she was living in Colorado. Once
    he had information she was living there, he checked that state for a driver’s license
    and found an address in Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Thomas testified that on May 9,
    he learned Crawford was living in Colorado. Thomas explained that on May 9, he
    contacted the sheriff’s department in that county for their assistance, but on May 10,
    before the sheriff’s department could do so, Angie provided him Crawford’s phone
    number, and he spoke to her the same day. Thomas testified that Crawford told him
    that her husband fractured his spine, could not move around, and needed someone
    there to take care of him. Thomas explained they “made arrangements where we
    could get her here and back on the same day[,]” and Crawford tried to arrange for
    family to take care of her husband but could not. Thomas also testified that Crawford
    “remembered she has a court hearing today at 2:00” relating to an old criminal
    5
    charge in Colorado, which he confirmed with the county. Thomas said that Crawford
    would be available to testify by Zoom.
    During the hearing, Crawford also testified she moved from Polk County a
    month or two after reporting to police that McCumber sexually abused Angie.
    Crawford explained she moved because she was receiving threats from McCumber’s
    family for making the report. When asked who in particular was threatening her, she
    claimed “[i]t was a number of different people. Our house got broke into three
    different times. People were starting to drive by and say that we were fixing to die.”
    Crawford testified she did not have a registered phone number, she rented her
    property in a friend’s name, and “stayed as far under the radar as I could because the
    fear of [McCumber’s] family and friends finding me.” She testified she was scared
    to come back to Polk County to testify and did not trust that the district attorney’s
    office would protect her. Crawford added that her husband had a broken back, was
    homebound, and she was his caregiver. Crawford said she “asked around” to try to
    locate someone who could care for him if she returned to Texas to testify and could
    not find an alternate caregiver. Finally, Crawford testified she had a court appearance
    scheduled for that afternoon in Colorado in a criminal matter. Crawford testified that
    the main reason she did not want to return to testify was due to fear and denied she
    had anything physically wrong that prevented her from traveling.
    6
    The State argued the necessity of Crawford testifying remotely, noting her
    husband’s medical circumstances, and making herself difficult to find. The State
    distinguished these facts from the Haggard case and noted it submitted its subpoena
    application on April 27 but did not receive it until May 2. The defense argued that
    Crawford should not be allowed to testify remotely, the case was put on the trial
    docket almost a month before, and it took Thomas eight days to find her. The defense
    asserted that if the State had exercised due diligence and started looking for her
    earlier, they would have realized there was an issue and could have moved to
    continue the case. The defense further argued that under Haggard, there was a
    constitutional right to confront and cross-examine witnesses, and Crawford was “an
    integral witness.” The defense also argued that public policy did not allow for an
    exception in these circumstances.
    When the hearing ended, the trial court ruled that Crawford could testify
    remotely. However, the trial court did not make case specific findings relevant to
    supporting its conclusion of necessity to support its decision to excuse the general
    requirement under the Sixth Amendment that a witness be physically in the
    courtroom when they testify in a trial.2
    2
    U.S. CONST. amend. VI.
    7
    C. Testimony of Outcry Witness Alyssa Crawford
    Crawford testified remotely via Zoom. Crawford said that in June 2020, she
    picked Angie up from Mother. As they exited Angie’s neighborhood, they saw
    McCumber riding a bicycle in front of them. Crawford testified that Angie panicked
    and tried to climb in the floor of Crawford’s vehicle, because she did not want
    McCumber to see her. Crawford explained that later that evening, Angie became
    very upset when eating hot dogs at her house and told Crawford that McCumber
    used to wake her up at night “by putting his hands in her pants and touching her
    private areas” then Angie said he made her “suck on his sausage, because she was
    uncomfortable using the word ‘penis[.]’” Crawford testified that Angie said it
    happened about ten times, started when she was seven and went on for years.
    Crawford explained that when Angie lived with Mother and McCumber, Angie cried
    every time Crawford took her home, because she did not want to go back but never
    said why. Angie told Crawford she did not talk about this sooner, because
    McCumber threatened to kill Mother, and she did not want to get in trouble.
    Crawford told Mother she was taking Angie to the police station and Mother met
    them at the Polk County Sheriff’s Department in Livingston. Crawford said that she
    later gave a statement to the Sheriff’s Department that was consistent with her
    testimony.
    8
    D. Testimony of Kaycee Hendrix
    Kaycee Hendrix, who conducted Angie’s forensic interview, testified that
    Angie could answer her questions, seemed mature for her age, and could distinguish
    between the truth and a lie. Hendrix said that Angie was uncomfortable talking about
    her relationship with McCumber and seemed embarrassed. Rather than answer
    verbally, Angie asked if she could write her answers down, which she did. Hendrix
    testified that Angie made an outcry of abuse and described the sexual activity in
    writing. Hendrix testified she did not see any indication that someone told Angie
    what to say.
    E. Testimony of Krysti Griffin
    Krysti Griffin, the sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE), also testified. In
    June 2020, Griffin examined Angie, who was referred by law enforcement. Griffin
    obtained a history from Mother then from Angie. She noted that Angie seemed
    “immature for her age” and “how she related to her mother seemed immature.”
    Griffin testified the abuse allegedly occurred in 2016, four years before the exam,
    and they named McCumber as the perpetrator. Griffin testified that Mother reported
    that McCumber had touched Angie inappropriately and made her perform oral sex
    on him. Griffin read the narrative Angie provided without objection, but noted Angie
    could not talk about it, she had to write it out. The narrative read by Griffin was as
    follows:
    9
    “Patient reports: My mom started dating a guy – his name is Jeffery –
    for maybe about three years. We lived with his dad for a while. Then
    we lived with his sister, then we got a trailer and put it right next to his
    sister’s house. That’s the only place I lived with him. I’m not sure what
    day but it was like 3 in the morning, he would come in my room. I wake
    up at like 4 or 5 to go to school. He would do it right before my mom
    got up, and he would hear her and then run to the living room and act
    like he was just waking up. He would try to touch my vagina.
    ...
    So like a normal person, I would try to pretend I was asleep. I would go
    to my room about 9 at night and basically stay up all night. He did like
    that every other night. That was like four years ago. I haven’t saw [sic]
    him in like four years.”
    Griffin confirmed she was not testifying about the patient’s or Mother’s veracity.
    F. Testimony of Lieutenant Craig Finegan
    Lieutenant Craig Finegan of the Polk County Sheriff’s Office testified that he
    oversees the Criminal Investigation Division and handles child sex abuse cases.
    Finegan testified that they received a report from Crawford, who Angie outcried to.
    Crawford and Angie came to the sheriff’s office and met with a deputy. Finegan
    explained that this situation involved a delayed outcry, so they did not need a SANE
    exam immediately. They scheduled the forensic interview within a few days, which
    Finegan attended. Finegan testified that Angie alleged oral penetration. Finegan
    testified that Angie provided consistent information to the SANE and Crawford, and
    Angie provided appropriate details. Finegan agreed the case came down to a
    credibility issue and timeframe issue of whether it was possible. Finegan testified
    10
    that Angie was interviewed several times, he reviewed all the statements, and “there
    were no signs” that the incident did not happen as the girl said.
    G. Verdict
    The jury convicted McCumber of continuous sexual abuse of a young child
    and assessed punishment at sixty years of confinement.
    II. ANALYSIS
    A. Was it Error to Allow the Outcry Witness to Testify Remotely?
    In his first issue, McCumber argues that the trial court committed reversible
    error by allowing the outcry witness, Crawford, to testify remotely. Specifically, he
    contends that although the trial court found there was a necessity, the trial court
    failed to provide case-specific reasons for the necessity finding and the record did
    not support a finding that Crawford’s remote testimony furthered an important
    public policy. We agree.
    1. Confrontation Clause Generally
    The Confrontation Clause set forth in the Sixth Amendment states that “[i]n
    all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with
    the witnesses against him[.]” U.S. CONST. amend. VI. The United States Supreme
    Court has long recognized the Confrontation Clause protects a criminal defendant’s
    right to physically confront witnesses testifying against him. See Haggard v. State,
    
    612 S.W.3d 318
    , 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (citing Coy v. Iowa, 
    487 U.S. 1012
    ,
    11
    1017 (1988)); see also Maryland v. Craig, 
    497 U.S. 836
    , 844 (1990). This does not
    mean that the Confrontation Clause affords criminal defendants the “absolute right
    to a face-to-face meeting with witnesses against them at trial.” Craig, 
    497 U.S. at 844
    . Although the right is not absolute, face-to-face confrontation may not “easily
    be dispensed with.” 
    Id. at 850
    .
    2. Necessity and Case-Specific Findings
    The trial court’s conclusory finding that “there is a necessity shown” is
    insufficient to establish why allowing Crawford to testify remotely was necessary to
    further an important public policy. Both Craig and Coy help explain why, since both
    cases involved statutes that protected child witnesses who were testifying against
    those who harmed them and the defendant’s rights under the Confrontation Clause.
    See 
    id.
     at 840–42; Coy, 
    487 U.S. at 1014
    . In Coy, the Court noted that whether
    exceptions existed to the right to face-to-face confrontation were left for “another
    day” but “would surely be allowed only when necessary to further an important
    public policy.” Coy, 
    487 U.S. at 1021
     (citations omitted). Subsequently, the Supreme
    Court in Craig held that exceptions could exist to in-person confrontation,
    recognizing the State’s compelling interest in protecting minor victims of sex crimes
    from the additional trauma and embarrassment created by face-to-face
    confrontations in court. See Craig, 
    497 U.S. at 852
    .
    12
    In Coy, the procedure that was challenged involved a screen placed between
    the defendant and two witnesses, which prevented the children from seeing the
    defendant while they testified against him. See Coy, 
    487 U.S. 1012
    , 1014-15. In that
    case, the trial court failed to make particularized findings about the procedure it
    followed being necessary to further an important public policy. 
    Id. at 1021
    . Without
    the individualized finding that these “particular witnesses needed special
    protections,” the Supreme Court concluded that “the judgment here could not be
    sustained by any conceivable exception” to the Confrontation Clause. 
    Id.
    In Craig, the Supreme Court discussed its prior holding in Coy, noting that in
    Coy, the use of the procedure violated the defendant’s right to confront the witnesses.
    See Craig, 
    497 U.S. at
    844–45 (citing Coy, 
    487 U.S. at
    1014–15, 1021). The Court
    went on to explain that “any exception . . . ‘necessary to further an important public
    policy’” meant “only upon a showing of something more than the generalized,
    ‘legislatively imposed presumption of trauma’ underlying the statute at issue in that
    case.” 
    Id.
     (quoting Coy, 
    487 U.S. at 1021
    ). Craig differed from Coy in that the trial
    court made “individualized findings” that each child witness needed special
    protection, which left the Supreme Court to answer the question reserved in Coy:
    “whether use of the procedure is necessary to further an important state interest.” Id.
    at 845, 852 (emphasis added). The Court in Craig examined a Maryland statute that
    allowed “a judge to receive, by one-way closed-circuit television, the testimony of
    13
    an alleged child abuse victim upon determining that the child's courtroom testimony
    would result in the child suffering serious emotional distress, such that he or she
    could not reasonably communicate.” Craig, 
    497 U.S. at 840
    . The Supreme Court
    then answered that question by holding face-to-face confrontation might be
    dispensed with only when (1) it furthered an important public policy, and (2) the
    reliability of the testimony could be assured where the witness testified under oath,
    was fully cross-examined, and the judge, jury, and defendant could see the victim.
    See 
    id. at 850, 857
    . Under the statute at issue in Craig, the Supreme Court explained
    that to meet constitutional requirements, individualized findings were required
    before a court could allow a witness to testify remotely on whether the child would
    be traumatized by the defendant's presence in the courtroom, not by the courtroom
    generally, and whether the child would suffer more than de minimis emotional
    distress if required to testified in the defendant’s presence. 
    Id. at 855-857
    .
    At issue here is the first prong, specifically whether the trial court made the
    requisite case specific findings that Crawford’s remote testimony was necessary to
    further an important public policy. See id.; see also Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 327.
    We do not address the second prong (reliability) in our analysis. See Haggard, 612
    at 327 (explaining the Court did not need to resolve the reliability issue where its
    holding relied on the remote testimony “furthered an important public policy”).
    14
    In Haggard, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals addressed a witness’s
    remote testimony in a criminal proceeding and whether it violated the Confrontation
    Clause. See id. at 320–21. In holding that the remote testimony violated the
    Confrontation Clause, the Court reiterated the requirement of a “‘finding of
    necessity’” that is “‘case-specific.’” See id. at 325 (quoting Craig, 
    497 U.S. at 855
    ).
    “[T]he trial court commits constitutional error when it dispenses with the accused’s
    confrontation right based on an insufficient finding of necessity.” Finley, 655 S.W.3d
    at 513 (citing Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 327–28). While the trial court offered
    evidence at the hearing before making a generic finding of “necessity,” its finding
    was not case-specific. See Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 325 (citation omitted) (noting
    precedent’s emphasis on a trial court’s case-specific finding of necessity); Finley,
    655 S.W.3d at 515 (trial court erred when it allowed witness to testify wearing a
    mask “in the absence of a sufficient particularized finding as to her particular need
    to do so”); see also Craig, 
    497 U.S. at
    842–43 (providing case specific findings that
    testifying in the courtroom would result in each child witness suffering serious
    emotional distress such that each of them could not reasonably communicate).
    Romero v. State, 
    173 S.W.3d 502
     (Tex. Crim. App. 2005), also helps to
    illustrate what circumstances will not warrant dispensing with face-to-face
    confrontation. There, the Court of Criminal Appeals discussed compelling interests
    that might justify a procedure that excused the defendant’s right to in-person
    15
    confrontation. See 
    id. at 506
    . In concluding that the defendant’s right to
    confrontation was violated where an adult witness testified in disguise because he
    was afraid of the defendant, the Court explained,
    At best, the disguise worked to allay the witness’s subjective fear of
    retaliation. But some degree of trauma is to be expected in face-to-face
    confrontations. Calming an adult witness’s fears is quite a different
    thing from protecting a child victim from serious emotional trauma.
    Adults are generally considered to be made of sterner stuff and capable
    of looking after their own psychological well-being. And the difference
    is especially great when the adult witness is not the victim, but merely
    a bystander who observed events, and when the basis of the witness’s
    fear is simply that the defendant committed a violent crime and gave
    the witness a bad look. If those circumstances are sufficient to justify
    infringing on a defendant’s right to face-to-face confrontation, then
    such infringement can be carried out against anyone accused of a
    violent crime. That outcome would violate the principle that face-to-
    face confrontation may be deprived only in exceptional situations.
    
    Id.
    Crawford offered three excuses for not testifying in person. At trial, the State
    did not argue any of these reasons furthered an important public policy. See Craig,
    
    497 U.S. at 856
    ; Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 327. The trial court failed to specify which
    of these reasons it relied on and why they presented a compelling public policy
    interest warranting a court to extend an exception to the Confrontation Clause’s
    requirement that allows a defendant to confront the witnesses who testify against
    him in court.
    Even though the trial court failed to make any findings, we will discuss each
    of the excuses Crawford offered to explain her absence in turn. First, she said she is
    16
    her husband’s caregiver in their home in Colorado, and he needs her there since he
    suffers from a broken back. Yet Crawford testified that nothing physically prevented
    her from traveling, and she didn’t present any evidence that she would suffer a
    financial hardship if she was required to pay someone to take care of him while she
    was gone. To be fair, Crawford did testify that she “asked around” but could not
    locate anyone to care for him, but she did not specify what those inquiries entailed.
    Still, the “mere inconvenience to a witness[]” is insufficient to dispense with a
    defendant’s rights guaranteed by the Confrontation Clause. See Haggard, 612
    S.W.3d at 327 (noting that traveling for court to testify can be frustrating and
    difficult for reasons including finances, hectic schedules, sheer distance, etc., but
    such things were not sufficient to allow remote testimony). Crawford denied that she
    had any health issues that would prevent her traveling. The State doesn’t point to a
    Texas statute like the Maryland statute that allows a witness to testify remotely, and
    without individualized findings a trial court must make before allowing a witness to
    testify remotely, this record doesn’t support a conclusion that a compelling public
    policy interest warrants allowing Crawford to testify remotely given the role she had
    as the outcry witness in the trial.
    Second, Crawford testified that she had a scheduled court appearance in
    Colorado at 2:00 the afternoon testimony began to address a criminal matter of her
    own, which the district attorney’s investigator confirmed. That said, the trial court
    17
    didn’t make an individualized finding that the court appearance in Colorado was the
    reason it was necessary to allow the witness to testify remotely and a sufficient
    reasons to justify dispensing with McCumber’s right to confront her in court.
    For example, the trial court did not explain why Crawford could not have
    appeared in Texas for trial on a day that didn’t conflict with the day she was
    scheduled to appear in court in Colorado. And the trial court didn’t explain what
    efforts it made, if any, to contact the court in Colorado to determine whether the
    court scheduling issues to the extent they conflicted could be ironed out so that
    McCumber’s constitutional rights could be preserved.
    Even though the State has an interest in ensuring that criminal defendants
    appear for proceedings, it did little during the hearing to develop the record about
    whether the day Crawford was scheduled to appear the trial could be rescheduled for
    another day. The State didn’t immediately subpoena Crawford when it learned on
    April 20, 2022, that the matter was set for trial on May 9, as it waited until April 27
    to request subpoenas, which it then received from the clerk’s office on May 2. The
    jury was sworn on Monday, May 9, and testimony did not begin until Thursday, May
    12. The record shows it took the district attorney’s office eight days to locate
    Crawford. “[W]e do not think it is an important public policy to allow the State to
    procure a witness’s testimony remotely when the State had sufficient time and ability
    18
    to subpoena the witness, and the witness was available to appear and testify, but the
    State chose not to.” Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 327.
    Third, and the reason Crawford mainly relied on, was that McCumber’s
    friends and family had threatened her, and she was afraid to return to Texas. A
    careful review of her testimony from the hearing shows Crawford never accused
    McCumber of threatening her or of inducing others to do so. Instead, she alleged
    that his family and friends did so. She could not specifically identify who threatened
    her; in the hearing, she simply responded: “It was a number of different people.”
    Crawford complained her house was broken into three times and “[p]eople were
    starting to drive by and say that we were fixing to die,” but neither she nor the State
    explained how McCumber was tied to these break-ins or “people.” Crawford told
    the court given the past threats, she was “in a bit of fear to show up in person because
    of the family and friends that [McCumber] does have in the area[.]” Despite
    testifying that she did not trust the district attorney’s office to protect her if she
    returned and had not protected her in the past, neither she nor the State ever
    suggested Crawford reported the threats to law enforcement.
    As the Court of Criminal Appeals explained, “some degree of trauma is to be
    expected in face-to-face confrontations.” See Romero, 
    173 S.W.3d at 506
    . On this
    record and given that Crawford is an adult witness, we cannot say that having a “bit
    of fear to show up” based on threats made by the defendant’s unidentified friends
    19
    and family warrants dispensing with a defendant’s constitutional rights. 
    Id.
     Were we
    to dispense with the right to physical confrontation in cases when an adult witness
    expressed “a bit of fear” from threats from unnamed sources when those fears are
    not proven to be grounded on anything more than the witness’s subjective belief, an
    adult witnesses would rarely have to testify in-person. See 
    id.
    We conclude the trial court failed to make the required individualized findings
    on necessity and that, on this record, the State failed to show that allowing Crawford
    to testify remotely was necessary to further an important public policy. See Haggard,
    612 S.W.3d at 325, 327; Finley, 655 S.W.3d at 515 (holding trial court erred by
    allowing victim to testify while wearing a mask in the absence of a sufficient
    particularized finding about her need to do so); see also Craig, 
    497 U.S. at 845, 852
    .
    B. Was the Denial of Face-to-Face Confrontation Harmful?
    Having determined the trial court erred by allowing Crawford’s remote
    testimony, we turn to our harm analysis. We review a denial of physical, face-to-
    face confrontation for harmless error. See Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328; see also
    Coy, 
    487 U.S. at 1021
    . Constitutional error is harmful unless we determine “beyond
    a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or punishment.”
    Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a); see also Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328. “The State has the
    burden, as beneficiary of the error, to prove that the error is harmless beyond a
    reasonable doubt.” Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328 (citations omitted).
    20
    When a defendant is denied physical confrontation, our harm analysis “cannot
    include consideration of whether the witness’ testimony would have been
    unchanged, or the jury’s assessment unaltered, had there been confrontation[]” since
    “such an inquiry would obviously involve pure speculation.” Coy, 
    487 U.S. at
    1021–
    22; Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328. Rather, we assess harm based on “‘the remaining
    evidence.’” Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328. We do not employ the presumption set
    forth in Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 
    475 U.S. 673
    , 684 (1986), that the damaging
    potential of the cross-examination was fully realized in denial of confrontation cases.
    See Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 329. Even so, four of the Van Arsdall factors are helpful
    in determining harm, including 1) the importance of the witness’s testimony in the
    State’s case, 2) whether the testimony was cumulative, 3) presence or absence of
    evidence corroborating or contradicting the witness’s testimony on material points,
    and 4) the overall strength of the prosecution’s case. See id. (noting these factors are
    helpful in determining harm) (citing Van Arsdall, 
    475 U.S. at 684
    ). Importantly, we
    should also consider “any circumstance apparent in the record that logically informs
    the harm issue.” See 
    id.
     (citing Snowden v. State, 
    353 S.W.3d 815
    , 822 (Tex. Crim.
    App. 2011)).
    Crawford’s testimony was significant for the prosecution’s case. The State
    characterized her as “important[,]” and the defense described her as “integral.”
    21
    Crawford testified about what Angie told her regarding the abuse, the circumstances
    of the outcry, and Angie’s demeanor.
    Although portions of Crawford’s testimony may have been cumulative,
    including that McCumber touched Angie’s vagina and the fact that oral sex occurred,
    other portions of her testimony were not. Crawford relayed the words Angie used
    during the outcry that McCumber made her “suck on his sausage” and said Angie
    became very emotional while eating a hot dog. Crawford observed and testified to
    Angie’s reaction to seeing McCumber on a bicycle earlier in the day of her outcry.
    Crawford told the jury that when Angie saw him, she panicked, unfastened her
    seatbelt, and tried to climb in the floorboard of Crawford’s car and was the sole
    witness to do so.
    Some of Crawford’s testimony was contradicted and some corroborated by
    other evidence. No other evidence corroborated or contradicted Angie’s demeanor
    during the outcry. Angie’s testimony that the abuse started when she was six or seven
    aligned with Crawford’s testimony that Angie reported the abuse began when she
    was about seven, though Angie testified it happened every other night for about a
    year whereas Crawford said the abuse went on for three years and occurred ten times.
    Also, Crawford’s testimony corroborated Angie’s term for describing McCumber’s
    sexual organ, which Angie said she used because she was afraid she would “get in
    trouble” for saying, “the real word.” Angie’s narrative read by the SANE during her
    22
    testimony did not mention oral sex, but elsewhere the SANE testified that Angie
    alleged oral penetration. Also consistent with Crawford’s testimony, Lieutenant
    Finegan said generally that Angie alleged oral penetration.
    Absent Crawford’s testimony, we cannot characterize the prosecution’s case
    as strong. We know that child victims may struggle to relay details about their abuse
    given the time that may have elapsed, their age when the abuse occurred, and the
    ensuing trauma. That said, Angie testified repeatedly that she did not recall what
    McCumber used to touch her or where, how many times it occurred, or giving an
    interview. At other times, Angie testified McCumber touched her vagina with his
    hand and did other things of a sexual nature but then said, “I don’t really remember
    that much[.]” Elsewhere, Angie testified that McCumber made her put her mouth on
    his penis more than once. When asked by the defense about her forensic interview
    and whether her testimony was “remembering based off of just watching the video
    from before[,]” Angie responded, “I think so, because I didn’t really remember that
    much from the video because I didn’t’ even – because whenever I watched the video
    I didn’t like remember a lot of stuff.”
    Finally, we turn to other circumstances in the record that logically inform the
    harm issue. See 
    id.
     Lieutenant Finegan testified that this case comes down to
    credibility and timeframe issues. Discrepancies also existed in the testimony on
    when the abuse allegedly occurred. Mother testified that her relationship with
    23
    McCumber began in 2014 and ended in 2019, and Angie only lived with them for a
    few months early in their relationship. On the other hand, Angie testified that she
    lived with McCumber two to three years. Angie testified that the abuse began in
    2016, and occurred when they lived in a travel trailer. The State focused on
    Crawford’s outcry testimony in opening statements. In its closing statement, the
    State emphasized Crawford’s testimony that this occurred over several years. In
    closing arguments, the State also explained that as the outcry witness, Crawford
    could testify to hearsay statements Angie made and noted Crawford’s testimony
    about the circumstances of the outcry. The defense likewise emphasized Crawford’s
    testimony concerning where the abuse allegedly occurred and the circumstances of
    the outcry. Additionally, the record shows that the jury had questions about Angie’s
    testimony and portions were read back to the jury, including what she told Crawford.
    The testimony read for the jury was:
    QUESTION: Were there times where he exposed his penis or his male
    sex organ to you?
    ANSWER: Yes, sir.
    QUESTION: And were there times that he made you put your mouth
    on that?
    ANSWER: Yes, sir.
    ...
    QUESTION: Do you remember making a statement to Alyssa
    Crawford?
    ANSWER: Kind of, but not that much. I don’t really remember that
    much from it.
    ...
    QUESTION: Do you remember telling [Crawford] that he made you
    put your mouth on his penis as many as ten times?
    24
    ANSWER: Not really. I don’t know.
    QUESTION: Did that happen on more than one occasion?
    ANSWER: Yes, sir.
    After examining the remaining evidence and considering the emphasis placed
    on Crawford’s testimony as the outcry witness, we are unable to satisfy ourselves
    beyond a reasonable doubt that Crawford’s testimony did not move “‘the jury from
    a state of non-persuasion to one of persuasion’” and cannot say the error did not
    contribute to the conviction. See Langham v. State, 
    305 S.W.3d 568
    , 582 (Tex. Crim.
    App. 2010) (quoting Scott v. State, 
    227 S.W.3d 670
    , 690–91 (Tex. Crim. App.
    2007)); Haggard v. State, Nos. 09-17-00319-CR, 09-17-00320-CR, 
    2021 WL 2557955
    , at *6 (Tex. App.—Beaumont June 23, 2021, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
    designated for publication) (citations omitted). Based on the record, the State failed
    to meet its burden of establishing from the other evidence that the error was harmless
    beyond a reasonable doubt. See Haggard, 612 S.W.3d at 328; see also Tex. R. App.
    P. 44.2(a). Therefore, we sustain McCumber’s first issue. We do not address
    McCumber’s second issue, because even if sustained, it would afford him no greater
    relief. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
    III. CONCLUSION
    Having sustained McCumber’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s
    judgment and remand for a new trial.
    25
    REVERSED AND REMANDED.
    ________________________________
    W. SCOTT GOLEMON
    Chief Justice
    Submitted on February 27, 2023
    Opinion Delivered June 21, 2023
    Do Not Publish
    Before Golemon, C.J., Horton and Wright, JJ.
    26
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 09-22-00157-CR

Filed Date: 6/21/2023

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 6/23/2023