Carlos Enrique Lorduy v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-22-00159-CR
No. 10-22-00160-CR
No. 10-22-00161-CR
CARLOS ENRIQUE LORDUY,
Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
From the 443rd District Court
Ellis County, Texas
Trial Court Nos. 44583CR, 44584CR, and 44585CR
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Carlos Enrique Lorduy was charged by multiple grand jury indictments with the
third-degree felony offense of assault upon a person who was a member of Lorduy’s
family or household by impeding the person’s normal breathing or circulation (assault
family violence by strangulation), with the second-degree felony offense of aggravated
assault with a deadly weapon causing bodily injury, with the second-degree felony
offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon by threat, with the third-degree
felony offense of continuous violence against the family, and with the felony offense of
animal cruelty. The jury acquitted Lorduy of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon
by threat and animal cruelty. The jury found Lorduy guilty of assault family violence by
strangulation, aggravated assault with a deadly weapon causing bodily injury, and
continuous violence against the family. The jury assessed Lorduy’s punishment at four
years, eight years, and three years, respectively, in the penitentiary, and the trial court
imposed sentence accordingly. Lorduy brings this appeal and raises five issues.
Issues One, Four, and Five
In issue one, Lorduy contends that it was a double-jeopardy violation under the
Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution and a violation of Penal Code section
25.11(d) for the State to subject him to multiple prosecutions and multiple punishments,
purportedly circumventing legislative intent as it relates to allowable units of
prosecution. Despite the issue as set forth in Lorduy’s brief, Lorduy’s argument is that
his trial counsel was ineffective for not filing a pretrial motion to quash or set aside the
indictment and that, as a result, he was punished for the same offense in violation of the
multiple-punishment protections provided by the double-jeopardy clause of the Fifth
Amendment. In Lorduy’s fourth issue, he contends that the record as a whole
demonstrates his trial counsel was ineffective. Lorduy argues that trial counsel failed to
investigate the victim’s criminal and social history, failed to call an expert witness, failed
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to file a motion to dismiss under article 32.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and
failed to conduct pretrial discovery. In Lorduy’s fifth issue, he contends that prior
appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to properly raise an issue at the hearing on
his motion for new trial.
Issue one raises a double-jeopardy complaint and an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel complaint. We will address the double-jeopardy issue first and then address all
ineffective-assistance-of-counsel issues together.
Double Jeopardy
Lorduy contends that convicting him of “10 counts . . . violated legislative intent,
i.e., subject[ed] [him] to double jeopardy.” The “10 counts” referred to by Lorduy are the
specific underlying acts of bodily-injury assault alleged in the continuous-violence-
against-the-family indictment. Lorduy’s rationale is that the assault-family-violence-by-
strangulation and the aggravated-assault-with-a-deadly-weapon-causing-bodily-injury
convictions with the continuous-violence-against-the-family conviction exceed the
allowable units of prosecution. Lorduy relies on Ellison v. State, 425 S.W.3d 637 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.), to support his contention. In Ellison, the State
charged the defendant in two separate indictments with continuous violence against the
family. One indictment alleged two specific underlying acts of bodily-injury assault, and
the other indictment alleged three specific underlying acts of bodily-injury assault. Id. at
640. The problem in Ellison was that the same two underlying acts of bodily-injury assault
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were repeated in both indictments. Id. at 645. The court reasoned that “a double jeopardy
violation results if the State attempts to punish [the defendant] for any underlying bodily-
injury assault both under a separate assault count and as part of a continuous family
violence count.” Id. at 647. The court concluded that the “plain, clear language of section
25.11 indicates that the allowable unit of prosecution for double jeopardy purposes here
is a series of at least two bodily-injury assaults committed within a certain 12–months–
or–less period against a single victim in a dating relationship with [the defendant].” Id.
at 648. The court added that “section 25.11 indicates that only one punishment is
intended in cases of continuous family violence where the specific underlying acts of
bodily-injury assault upon which the defendant was convicted occurred against the same
victim and within the same period the continuous family violence occurred.” Id.However, “’the scope of [double jeopardy] protection afforded by a prior conviction’ for
continuous violence against the family thus would not reach any conduct falling outside
such allowable unit of prosecution, for which [the defendant] had not already been
punished.” Id. (quoting Bailey v. State, 44 S.W.3d 690, 693 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2001), aff’d, 87 S.W.3d 122 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)).
In the case before us, the victim is the same in each charged offense. Lorduy’s
charge of continuous violence against the family alleged ten specific underlying acts of
bodily-injury assault occurring between January 1, 2018, and June 3, 2018. Lorduy’s
charge of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon was alleged to have occurred on June
Lorduy v. State Page 4
13, 2018, and his charge of assault family violence by strangulation was alleged to have
occurred on June 23, 2018; neither was included as a specific underlying act of bodily-
injury assault in the continuous-violence-against-the-family charge. Further, section
25.11(a) of the Penal Code limits the underlying acts of bodily-injury assault in charging
continuous violence against the family to “conduct that constitutes an offense under
Section 22.01(a)(1)” of the Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 25.11(a). Lorduy’s
charge of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is an offense under section 22.02 of
the Penal Code, and the assault-family-violence-by-strangulation charge is an offense
under section 22.01(b)(2)(B) of the Penal Code. These are not predicate offenses for the
offense of continuous violence against the family. Additionally, the conduct upon which
Lorduy’s charges of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon and assault family
violence by strangulation are based falls outside the allowable unit of prosecution
because Lorduy had not been punished for the conduct. See Ellison, 425 S.W.3d at 648.
We conclude the multiple punishments imposed do not exceed the allowable units of
prosecution or violate double-jeopardy protections.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
“Under Strickland v. Washington, [466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674(1984),] a defendant seeking to challenge counsel’s representation must establish that his
counsel’s performance (1) was deficient[ ] and (2) prejudiced his defense.” Smith v. State,
286 S.W.3d 333, 340 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). To show deficiency, a defendant must prove
Lorduy v. State Page 5
by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel’s representation objectively fell
below the standard of professional norms. Id. And to show prejudice, a defendant must
show there is a reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different. Id. “’Reasonable probability’ is
a ‘probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,’ meaning ‘counsel’s
errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
reliable.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 2068). A defendant
must overcome the strong presumption that trial counsel’s decisions and actions fell
within a wide range of professional and reasonable assistance. See Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d
828, 833 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
An ineffective-assistance claim may be raised in a motion for new trial. Smith, 286
S.W.3d at 340. We review the “denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion,
reversing only if no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court’s ruling.”
Burch v. State, 541 S.W.3d 816, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). And we are required “to view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling.” Id. “In determining
whether the trial court abused its discretion, an appellate court must not substitute its
own judgment for that of the trial court, and it must uphold the trial court’s ruling if it is
within the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id. If there are two reasonable views of the
evidence, the trial court’s ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id.Lorduy v. State Page 6
During the hearing on the motion for new trial, Lorduy’s trial counsel was
questioned regarding his investigation into the victim’s criminal and social history, his
reason for not calling an expert witness or filing a motion to dismiss, and the extent of his
pretrial discovery. All topics serve as the basis of Lorduy’s current complaints.
Double Jeopardy
The record reflects that Lorduy’s trial counsel did not file a pretrial motion to
quash or set aside the indictment on double-jeopardy grounds. Lorduy argued in his
motion for new trial that trial counsel’s failure to do so amounted to ineffective assistance.
We disagree.
“The multiple-punishments protection against double jeopardy does not prohibit
multiple jury verdicts of guilt within a single trial but only the imposition of multiple
convictions and multiple punishments.” Ex parte Chapa, No. 03-18-00104-CR, 2018 WL
3999741, at *6 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 22, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (citing Ex parte Aubin, 537 S.W.3d 39, 43 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017), Evans v.
State, 299 S.W.3d 138, 141 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009), and McGuire v. State, 493 S.W.3d 177,
201–02 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d)). When a conviction occurs in a
single criminal trial, the role of the double-jeopardy guarantee “is limited to assuring that
the court does not exceed its legislative authorization by imposing multiple punishments
for the same offense.” Aubin, 537 S.W.3d at 43 (quoting Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 165,
97 S.Ct. 2221, 2225, 53 L.Ed.2d 187 (1977)). It is only upon entry of a judgment for multiple
Lorduy v. State Page 7
offenses, after sentencing, that a multiple-punishments violation even occurs. Id. at 43–
44. If Lorduy’s trial counsel had filed a pretrial motion to quash or set aside the
indictment asserting a claim of multiple punishments in the trial court, it would have
been premature because the sentence had not been imposed and no judgment had been
entered that subjected Lorduy to multiple punishments for the same offense. Counsel is
not deficient for failing to raise meritless claims. See Ex parte Covarrubias, 665 S.W.3d 605,
623 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023).
Discovery & Investigation
Trial counsel indicated in his testimony that he did not file any pretrial discovery
motion because the trial court had a standing pretrial order that required disclosure by
the State to trial counsel. Trial counsel’s testimony reflected that he reviewed discovery,
including photographs, and had “two red-rope folders of discovery.” The victim was
disclosed by the State as a witness, so pursuant to the trial court’s standing pretrial order,
the State was required to disclose any “[p]rior felony or misdemeanor convictions
involving moral turpitude” of the victim. It is also clear from the record that Lorduy
provided trial counsel with a great deal of information regarding the victim’s background
and history. The record reflects that trial counsel asked the victim on cross-examination
about her supervised visitation with her child, her past drug problem, her
methamphetamine use, her medication for psychotic behavior, the reasons for losing
custody of her child, her use of physical force against her mother, her poor relationship
Lorduy v. State Page 8
with her mother, her attacking Lorduy, her failure to report Lorduy’s abuse when it
occurred, her striking Lorduy’s dog, and her personal psychological and emotional
issues. The trial court noted when ruling on Lorduy’s motion for new trial that the trial
was a “pitched battle,” much of it over trial counsel trying to get “bad stuff” into evidence
about the victim, which trial counsel “succeeded tremendously” in doing.
Lorduy does not complain on appeal of any unfair surprise resulting from the
State’s failure to disclose information during the trial. In fact, the State filed a three-page
document titled “State’s Discovery Responses” that alleged eight prior convictions,
crimes, wrongs, or bad acts on the part of Lorduy. The State’s disclosure also invited trial
counsel to “review the [State’s] file for any information that has not been disclosed.”
Furthermore, the State filed a notice of intention to use extraneous offenses pursuant to
article 38.371, State’s Notice of Expert Witnesses, State’s Supplemental Notice of Expert
Witnesses, and State’s Notice of Intent to Call Witnesses. Trial counsel filed a Request for
Notice of Intent to Offer Extraneous Conduct and Evidence of Conviction. Also included
in the clerk’s record is a document titled “State’s Production of Discoverable Items in
Compliance with Article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,” which included
the following:
The undersigned parties hereby acknowledge that the State
provided discovery equal to or greater than is required by Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure Article 39.14. The undersigned parties hereby
acknowledge that the items referenced in the discovery receipt(s) have been
delivered by the State to the Defense and the items referenced in the
Lorduy v. State Page 9
discovery receipt(s) were received by the Defense on the dates specified
there-in.
The document was signed by Lorduy, his lawyer, and the State’s attorney. Lorduy has
not shown that the State failed to disclose evidence or that there was any unknown
evidence beneficial to Lorduy that could have been disclosed by the filing of discovery
motions or interviewing the State’s witnesses. See Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 747, 756–57
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). Additionally, Lorduy does not state
what the investigation or interview would have revealed that reasonably could have
changed the result of this case. See Stokes v. State, 298 S.W.3d 428, 432 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d).
Expert Witness
Trial counsel testified that he did not request a trauma expert because the victim’s
injuries were very severe. Trial counsel indicated that having a trauma expert look at the
victim’s injuries and Lorduy’s injuries would not have been exculpatory to Lorduy.
Counsel particularly emphasized a mark on the victim’s forehead that the victim claimed
was cause by Lorduy striking her with a gun. Trial counsel concluded that if he “had to
try it all over again[,] I still would not call a, quote, trauma expert.” Lorduy did not
adduce evidence showing that such an expert was available or that the expert could have
offered beneficial testimony. See Jones v. State, 500 S.W.3d 106, 116 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2016, no pet.) (citing Cantu v. State, 993 S.W.2d 712, 719 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio 1999, pet. ref’d)).
Lorduy v. State Page 10
Article 32.01 Motion to Dismiss
Lorduy’s next complaint is that trial counsel was ineffective when he failed to file
a motion to dismiss under article 32.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure after 180 days
had elapsed since Lorduy had been arrested. See TEX. CODE CRIM PROC. ANN. art. 32.01.
Article 32.01 “prevents citizens from being left in jail or on bail for long periods of time
without being indicted.” Ex parte Martin, 6 S.W.3d 524, 529 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). “The
State must indict within the period set by article 32.01, show good cause for the delay, or
suffer the dismissal of the charges.” Id. “[U]pon dismissal of the charges, the accused
repossesses certain liberty interests; he is out of jail and off bail until the grand jury
presents an indictment.” Id. The relief is only temporary, and article 32.01 has no
application once an indictment is returned. Brooks v. State, 990 S.W.2d 278, 285 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999).
The record before us reflects that Lorduy was on bond while this matter was
pending, and a little over thirty days lapsed between the 180-day deadline after his arrest
and the date of indictment. Trial counsel could not recall whether he considered filing a
motion to dismiss under article 32.01 and agreed that, regardless, the State would have
presented the case to the grand jury and that the grand jury would have indicted Lorduy.
Prior Appellate Counsel
Lorduy argues that his prior appellate counsel who represented him in the trial
court during the hearing on his motion for new trial was ineffective for failing to
Lorduy v. State Page 11
introduce a probable cause affidavit and arrest warrant. Lorduy attempted to
supplement the record by motion requesting the probable cause affidavit and arrest
warrant be included in the record; however, Lorduy’s request was denied. Despite our
denial of Lorduy’s request to supplement the record, appellate counsel attached the
documents to his brief that Lorduy sought to have included in the record. We cannot
consider material not introduced into evidence, nor can we consider the documents
attached to Lorduy’s brief. See Caldwell v. State, 672 S.W.2d 244, 245 (Tex. App.—Waco
1983, pet. ref’d).
Trial counsel should ordinarily be afforded an opportunity to explain his actions
before being denounced as ineffective. Rylander v. State, 101 S.W.3d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2003). When the record is silent, as in this case, regarding the reasons for counsel’s
conduct, a finding that counsel was ineffective requires impermissible speculation by the
appellate court. Gamble v. State, 916 S.W.2d 92, 93 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996,
no pet.). Thus, absent specific explanations for counsel’s decisions, a record on direct
appeal will rarely contain sufficient information to evaluate or decide an ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim. See Bone, 77 S.W.3d at 833. “[A]n application for a writ of
habeas corpus is the more appropriate vehicle to raise ineffective assistance of counsel
claims.” Rylander, 101 S.W.3d at 110. To warrant reversal without affording counsel an
opportunity to explain his actions, “the challenged conduct must be ‘so outrageous that
no competent attorney would have engaged in it.’” Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521, 533–
Lorduy v. State Page 12
34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (quoting Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2005)).
The record before us is completely silent as to prior appellate counsel’s strategy on
not seeking admission of a probable cause affidavit or arrest warrant in the trial court
before the hearing on the motion for new trial. A record such as this cannot adequately
reflect the failings of counsel sufficiently enough for an appellate court to fairly evaluate
the merits of such a serious allegation. See Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011).
Accordingly, we cannot say that Lorduy has established that his prior appellate
counsel was ineffective. See Smith, 286 S.W.3d at 339–41.
Based upon the evidence, the trial court could reasonably have found that Lorduy
has not shown (1) that trial counsel’s representation objectively fell below the standard
of professional norms, or (2) that the result of the proceeding would have been different.
See id. at 340.
We conclude, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial
court’s ruling, that the trial court acted within its sound discretion in denying Lorduy’s
motion for new trial.
We therefore overrule Lorduy’s first, fourth, and fifth issues.
Lorduy v. State Page 13
Issue Two
In his second issue, Lorduy contends that the trial court erred by denying his
motion for mistrial due to the State’s introduction of prior instances of misconduct in
front of the jury.
AUTHORITY
The grant of a motion for mistrial is only an appropriate remedy in extreme
circumstances for a narrow class of highly prejudicial and incurable errors. See Ocon v.
State, 284 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). The grant of a mistrial is “an extreme
remedy” utilized only when residual prejudice remains after less drastic alternatives are
explored. Id. at 884–85. “A mistrial halts trial proceedings when error is so prejudicial
that expenditure of further time and expense would be wasteful and futile.” Id. at 884.
The denial of a motion for mistrial is reviewed for an abuse of discretion and must be
upheld if it was within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. “An appellate court
views the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, considering only
those arguments before the court at the time of the ruling.” Id.. . . [T]he appropriate test for evaluating whether the trial court
abused its discretion in overruling a motion for mistrial is a tailored version
of the test originally set out in Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 259–60 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998), a harm analysis case. See Hawkins [v. State], 135 S.W.3d
[72,] 77 [(Tex. Crim. App. 2004)]. The Mosley factors that we consider in
determining whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying a
mistrial . . . are: (1) the prejudicial effect, (2) curative measures, and (3) the
certainty of conviction absent the misconduct. [See id.;] Mosley, 983 S.W.2d
at 259.
Lorduy v. State Page 14
Watson v. State, No. 10-14-00359-CR, 2016 WL 3452777, at *3 (Tex. App.—Waco June 22,
2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting Abbott v. State, 196
S.W.3d 334, 347 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet ref’d)).
Instructions by the trial court “to the jury are generally considered sufficient to
cure improprieties that occur during trial,” and “we generally presume that a jury will
follow the judge’s instructions.” Gamboa v. State, 296 S.W.3d 574, 580 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009). “A witness’s inadvertent reference to an extraneous offense is generally cured by
a prompt instruction to disregard.” Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 878 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (per curiam). “An exception exists where the reference was clearly calculated to
inflame the minds of the jury or was of such damning character as to suggest it would be
impossible to remove the harmful impression from the jurors’ minds.” Rojas v. State, 986
S.W.2d 241, 250 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).
DISCUSSION
The following exchange transpired between the State’s attorney and the victim
during the trial:
Q. . . . Now, did you go to the police after this event?
A. I did not.
Q. Why is that?
A. I was afraid.
Q. What were you afraid of?
Lorduy v. State Page 15
A. What would happen. What would happen.
Q. By “what would happen,” what do you mean?
A. Well, for one thing, we were going through a custody battle with my
mom and he had been in trouble for abusing me.
Trial counsel asked to approach and objected to the last question and answer on the
grounds that it was “a violation of the motion in limine . . . she just accused my client of
some sort of abuse that they were going through with CPS.” Trial counsel also requested
that the victim’s response be stricken and that the State should be prohibited from going
into the subject. The State’s attorney indicated that he was not planning on getting into
the matter without first taking up the matter outside the presence of the jury. The trial
court indicated he thought “we were on the first incident” and that the victim was talking
about “something prior.” Trial counsel then moved for a mistrial, and the trial court
overruled the motion. Once the bench conference concluded, the trial court sustained
Lorduy’s objection, ordered the answer stricken, and ordered the jury to disregard.
Considering the Mosley factors, we cannot say that the trial court abused its
discretion in overruling the motion for mistrial. It is unclear whether the State’s
attorney’s question was even intended to solicit a response from the victim that Lorduy
“had been in trouble for abusing me.” Additionally, the State’s attorney’s
acknowledgement that he was not planning on getting into such matters without first
taking it up outside the presence of the jury appears to indicate it was not his intent to
inject an extraneous act. Any prejudicial effect from what appears to be an unsolicited
Lorduy v. State Page 16
response to the State’s attorney’s question was curable by the trial court’s instruction to
disregard. No evidence was presented to rebut the presumption that the jury obeyed the
trial court’s instruction to disregard. Finally, the evidence favorable to the conviction was
strong and came directly from the victim with much of the abuse documented with
photographs. The victim testified that she could not count the times Lorduy had abused
her. Lorduy attempted to portray the victim as the instigator, which was by the jury’s
verdict rejected. Because the record contains ample evidence to convict, the single
mention that Lorduy had been in trouble for abusing the victim is insufficient to warrant
disturbing the trial court’s discretion to overrule Lorduy’s motion for mistrial.
We therefore overrule Lorduy’s second issue.
Issue Three
In this issue, Lorduy contends that the trial court erred by holding a 702 Hearing
in the presence of the jury. See generally TEX. R. EVID. 702. Lorduy argues in his brief that
Rules 104(a) and (c), 702, 401, and 402 require a trial court to make three separate inquires
before expert testimony may be admitted. Therefore, it is Lorduy’s position that Rules
702 and 104(a) and (c) were violated because the expert witness was qualified in the
presence of the jury.
AUTHORITY
. . . To preserve error for appellate review: (1) the complaining party
must make a timely objection specifying the grounds for the objection, if the
grounds are not apparent from the context; (2) the objection must be made
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at the earliest possible opportunity; and (3) the complaining party must
obtain an adverse ruling from the trial court.
Rogers v. State, 291 S.W.3d 148, 151 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, pet. ref’d) (citing TEX. R.
APP. P. 33.1(a)(1), and Saldano v. State, 70 S.W.3d 873, 887 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). An
objection that does not invoke the trial court’s “gatekeeper” function to conduct a hearing
outside the presence of the jury will not preserve any possible error on that ground. See
Pouncy v. State, No. 01-01-01048-CR, 2002 WL 31388799, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] Oct. 24, 2002, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
DISCUSSION
Lorduy did not object during trial, nor did he request that the trial court conduct
a gatekeeping hearing outside the presence of the jury when the complained of expert
witnesses were called to the witness stand by the State’s attorney. Thus, Lorduy failed to
preserve any potential error. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; TEX. R. EVID. 103(a).
We overrule Lorduy’s third issue.
Conclusion
Having overruled Lorduy’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
MATT JOHNSON
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Johnson, and
Justice Smith
Lorduy v. State Page 18
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed August 23, 2023
Do not publish
[CR25]
Lorduy v. State Page 19