Daniel Ogbonna and Kingsley Ekworomadu, Olimax Group Inc., Olimax Manufacturing, LLC and Royalbrave Inc. v. Nelia Cruickshank ( 2023 )


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  • Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion and Memorandum Concurring Opinion
    filed August 15, 2023.
    In The
    Fourteenth Court of Appeals
    NO. 14-21-00558-CV
    DANIEL OGBONNA, KINGSLEY EKWOROMADU, OLIMAX GROUP
    INC., OLIMAX MANUFACTURING, LLC, AND ROYALBRAVE INC.,
    Appellants
    V.
    NELIA CRUICKSHANK, Appellee
    On Appeal from the 281st District Court
    Harris County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 2020-64885
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Appellants Daniel Ogbonna, Kingsley Ekworomadu, Olimax Group, Inc.,
    Olimax Manufacturing, LLC, and RoyalBrave, Inc. appeal from the trial court’s
    judgment favoring appellee Nelia Cruickshank. Cruickshank sued appellants
    alleging, among other things, that she, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu agreed to form
    a partnership to sell personal protective equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19
    pandemic and Ogbonna and Ekworomadu failed to comply with that agreement.
    Based on a jury verdict largely favoring Cruickshank, the trial court entered
    judgment requiring Ogbonna and Ekworomadu to pay Cruickshank specified
    damages for the failure to comply with the agreement as well as for fraud. The
    court also ordered Ogbonna and Ekworomadu to pay Cruickshank’s attorney’s
    fees. In three issues on appeal, appellants assert that Cruickshank was not entitled
    to any recovery for breach of a partnership agreement, fraud, or attorney’s fees. We
    affirm.
    Background
    In early 2020, during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic,
    Cruickshank, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu discussed the creation of a new business
    venture to answer the growing need for PPE equipment, such as isolation gowns.
    There is no dispute in this case that the three individuals agreed to work together in
    some capacity or that they did not initially, or at any time, memorialize their
    agreement in a formal writing. Ogbonna has business experience and a Master of
    Business Administration degree, Ekworomadu has engineering and project
    management experience, and Cruickshank has extensive experience in marketing
    within the healthcare industry. In order to get the business up and running quickly,
    the parties began by using an existing bank account owned by Olimax Group, Inc.,
    a company owned by Ogbonna. The parties also incorporated Olimax
    Manufacturing as part of their PPE business. RoyalBrave Inc., another entity
    involved in this case, was owned by Ekworomadu.1 The business was referred to at
    times as Olimax Medical Supplies, and Cruickshank was referred to as CEO.
    The business appears to have been quickly successful, making millions in
    1
    Although Olimax Group, Olimax Manufacturing, and RoyalBrave are all listed as
    appellants in this appeal, none of the issues on appeal directly concern them as parties.
    2
    profits in just a few months, but disputes began to arise regarding the nature of the
    business relationship between Cruickshank, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu, and
    Cruickshank ultimately filed the present lawsuit in October 2020. In her petition,
    Cruickshank raised claims for breach of an agreement to form a partnership, fraud,
    fraud by nondisclosure, and breaches of fiduciary duties. At trial, Cruickshank
    principally asserted that she, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu had agreed to form a
    partnership to sell PPE equipment and that she was entitled to an equal partnership
    share in the business. Meanwhile, Ogbonna and Ekworomadu insisted that the two
    of them had started a PPE business and invited Cruickshank to participate on the
    basis of her receiving only a share of the profits she generated and not the profits
    of the business as a whole and certainly not an equal partnership share.
    The 35-question jury charge submitted numerous claims, defenses, and
    measures of damages. Because of the structure of the charge, not all of the
    questions were answered or are relevant to this appeal. Question no. 1 asked
    whether Cruickshank, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu had an agreement to form a
    partnership to sell PPE, and it provided several instructions to guide the
    determination, including a list of “[f]actors indicating the creation of a
    partnership.” The jury answered “[y]es” to this question. Question no. 2 asked
    whether Olimax Manufacturing was property of the partnership, and the jury again
    answered “[y]es.” In response to Question no. 3, the jury found that Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu failed to comply with the agreement. Questions four through eight
    inquired about various defenses or excuses for noncompliance by Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu, including statute of frauds, prior material breach, repudiation, fraud,
    and waiver, but the jury did not find any of the defenses applied in this case. In
    response to Question no. 9, the jury found that Cruickshank’s damages for
    Ogbonna’s and Ekworomadu’s failures to comply amounted to $5,130,673.
    3
    Question no. 15 asked whether Ogbonna and Ekworomadu had complied
    with a list of fiduciary duties, and the jury found that they had complied. In
    response to Question no. 22, the jury found that Ogbonna and Ekworomadu
    committed fraud against Cruickshank based on the instructions and definitions
    provided. In Question no. 23, the jury found her damages for fraud to be $525,000.
    In its judgment, the trial court stated that “Cruickshank and [] Ogbonna and
    [] Ekworomadu formed a partnership to sell personal protective equipment. [And]
    Plaintiff’s interest in the partnership was terminated no later than November 16,
    2020.” The court awarded Cruikshank the amounts found by the jury as damages
    on her breach of the agreement and fraud claims as well as $866,248.67 in
    attorney’s fees plus additional amounts in the event of an appeal. The court further
    ordered that the parties take nothing on their remaining claims.
    Breach of Agreement to Form a Partnership
    In their first issue, appellants contend that Cruickshank was not entitled to
    any recovery for breach of an agreement to form a partnership because the jury’s
    findings that Cruickshank, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu agreed to form a
    partnership and Ogbonna and Ekworomadu failed to comply with that agreement
    cannot support the damages awarded. Specifically, appellants argue that (1) the
    Texas partnership statute controlled Cruickshank’s rights and remedies as a
    putative partner, but evidence conclusively established that the three principals
    created a relationship under the law governing corporations rather than the law
    governing partnerships, thus foreclosing the partnership claim, citing Texas
    Business Organizations Code sections 152.002(a) and 152.051; (2) the alleged
    partnership must have been terminated as a whole pursuant to subchapter I of the
    partnership statute, which would not have resulted in the type of damages awarded
    to Cruickshank, citing numerous Business Organizations Code provisions,
    4
    including sections 11.057(a), 152.003, and 152.701 “et seq.,” as well as Bohatch v.
    Butler & Binion, 
    977 S.W.2d 543
    , 544–47 (Tex. 1998); and (3) Cruickshank failed
    to obtain a specific finding of a breach of any recognized partnership duty, citing
    Business Organizations Code sections 152.204 and 152.206.
    In response, Cruickshank asserts that appellants failed to raise any of these
    issues or arguments in the trial court and thus did not preserve them for appeal. See
    generally Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a) (providing that appellate complaints generally
    must be preserved in the trial court by a timely and sufficiently specific request,
    objection, or motion). Appellants acknowledge that they did not raise any of these
    specific arguments below; however, they insist that they preserved the issues by
    making a general objection in a post-verdict motion challenging the sufficiency of
    the evidence to support the jury’s response to Question no. 1, citing Arkoma Basin
    Exploration Co. v. FMF Associates 1990-A, Ltd., 
    249 S.W.3d 380
    , 387–88 (Tex.
    2008) (“Generally, a no-evidence objection directed to a single jury issue is
    sufficient to preserve error without further detail.”), and Greene v. Farmers
    Insurance Exchange, 
    446 S.W.3d 761
    , 764 n.4 (Tex. 2014) (“We do not consider
    issues that were not raised in the courts below, but parties are free to construct new
    arguments in support of issues properly before the Court.”) (emphasis in original).2
    While these cases indicate that a general objection may be sufficient to
    preserve a legal sufficiency issue, including based on arguments not expressly
    made in the trial court, the cases do not alter the well-established rule that “it is the
    court’s charge, not some other unidentified law, that measures the sufficiency of
    the evidence when the opposing party fails to object to the charge.” Osterberg v.
    Peca, 
    12 S.W.3d 31
    , 55 (Tex. 2000); Deluxe Barber Sch., LLC v. Nwakor, 609
    2
    Appellants specifically quote the following language from their combined motions to
    disregard the jury findings and for a new trial as preserving their first appellate issue: “There is
    legally insufficient evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 1 (formation).”
    
    5 S.W.3d 282
    , 293 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied); see also GB
    Tubulars, Inc. v. Union Gas Operating Co., 
    527 S.W.3d 563
    , 568 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied) (“Where, as here, the parties have not
    objected at trial to the substance of the law set forth in the jury charge, we review
    sufficiency of the evidence in light of legal standards contained in the unobjected-
    to charge.”). All of appellants’ arguments under their first issue rely upon law that
    was not submitted in the jury charge, and they do not assert that they preserved
    their positions on appeal by objecting to the charge. Accordingly, we cannot
    consider these arguments and we overrule appellants’ first issue. See Osterberg, 12
    S.W.3d at 55; Deluxe Barber Sch., 609 S.W.3d at 293; GB Tubulars, 
    527 S.W.3d at 568
    ; see also Pike v. Tex. EMC Mgmt., LLC, 
    610 S.W.3d 763
    , 794 (Tex. 2020)
    (following Osterberg where no objection was made to the charge and rejecting
    assertion party was entitled to judgment because it conclusively proved ground that
    was not submitted to the jury); Green v. Dallas Cnty. Sch., 
    537 S.W.3d 501
    , 502,
    504–05 (Tex. 2017) (following Greene on preservation but looking solely to the
    jury charge for the law governing the sufficiency of the evidence analysis);
    Warrior Energy Servs. Corp. v. Oilfield Specialties, LLC, No. 14-20-00069-CV,
    
    2022 WL 3655417
    , at *2–3 & n.3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 25,
    2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (following Arkoma regarding preservation but then citing
    Osterberg and looking to the jury charge for sufficiency of the evidence analysis).3
    3
    In a letter brief, appellants also cited a number of opinions written by members of this
    panel following Greene, but none of the cited opinions involved legal sufficiency complaints on
    claims tried to a jury. See Childress v. Palo Pinto Cty., No. 14-19-00783, 
    2021 WL 4472562
    , at
    *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 30, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding issue was
    waived in appeal from bench trial); Methodist Hosp. v. Addison, 
    574 S.W.3d 490
    , 507–08 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.) (Christopher, J., concurring) (appeal of ruling on
    sufficiency of medical malpractice expert report); Cent. Petroleum Ltd. v. Geoscience Res.
    Recovery, LLC, 
    543 S.W.3d 901
    , 924 n.15 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, pet. denied)
    (appeal of denial of a special appearance); Menon v. Water Splash, Inc., No. 14-14-00012-CV,
    
    2018 WL 344040
    , at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Jan. 9, 2018, no pet.) (appeal from
    6
    Fraud
    In their second issue, appellants contend that Cruickshank was not entitled to
    any recovery on her fraud claim. Under this issue, appellants primarily challenge
    the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s findings regarding fraud
    and damages resulting from fraud. When examining a legal-sufficiency challenge,
    we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the challenged finding and
    indulge every reasonable inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson,
    
    168 S.W.3d 802
    , 822 (Tex. 2005). We credit favorable evidence if a reasonable
    factfinder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder
    could not. Id. at 827. Evidence is legally sufficient if it would enable reasonable
    and fair-minded people to reach the conclusion under review. Id.
    Regarding the challenge to the damages finding, while a factfinder may not
    arbitrarily assess an amount not authorized or supported by evidence at trial by
    “pull[ing] figures out of a hat,” we will not disregard the factfinder’s determination
    of damages merely because its reasoning in reaching its figures is unclear. Picard
    v. Badgett, No. 14-19-00006-CV, 
    2021 WL 786817
    , at *17 (Tex. App.—Houston
    [14th Dist.] Mar. 2, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting Enright v. Goodman
    Distribution, Inc., 
    330 S.W.3d 392
    , 403 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010,
    no pet.)). A factfinder generally has discretion to award damages within the range
    of evidence presented at trial. 
    Id.
     (citing Gulf States Utils. Co. v. Low, 
    79 S.W.3d 561
    , 566 (Tex. 2002)).
    The fraud question in the charge read as follows:
    QUESTION NO. 22
    no answer default judgment); Bansal v. Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr., 
    502 S.W.3d 347
    , 352 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (appeal from ruling on plea to the
    jurisdiction).
    7
    Did the defendants commit fraud against Nelia Cruickshank?
    Fraud occurs when (1) a party makes a material misrepresentation, (2)
    the misrepresentation is made with knowledge of its falsity or made
    recklessly without any knowledge of the truth and as a positive
    assertion, and (3) the misrepresentation is made with the intention that
    it should be acted on by the other party, and (4) the other party relies
    on the misrepresentation and thereby suffers injury.
    Fraud also occurs when (1) a party fails to disclose a material fact
    within the knowledge of that party, (2) the party knows that the other
    party is ignorant of the fact and does not have an equal opportunity to
    discover the truth, and (3) the party intends to induce the other party
    to take some action by failing to disclose the fact, and (4) the other
    party suffers injury as a result of acting without knowledge of the
    undisclosed fact.
    “Misrepresentation” means (1) a false statement of fact, or (2) a
    promise of future performance made with an intent, at the time the
    promise was made, not to perform as promised.
    The fraud damages question read in relevant part as follows:
    QUESTION NO. 23
    What sum of money, if any, if paid now and in cash, would
    fairly and reasonably compensate Nelia for her damages, if any, that
    were proximately caused by the conduct you have found in response
    to Question 22?
    Consider the following element of damages, if any, and none
    other: the difference between the value of what Nelia was promised
    by Defendant(s), if any, and the value of what she received, if any.
    The jury answered the liability question with a “[y]es” for both Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu and answered the damages question with “$525,000.”
    Cruickshank asserts that the fraud award was based on evidence that
    Ogbonna and Ekworomadu had taken PPE funds that should have been used or
    held for the partnership and distributed it to themselves as salary and bonuses
    8
    while concealing that fact from her.4 Cruickshank cites evidence that while the
    three putative partners had not had any specific discussions about compensation,
    they had talked about equity, being equal partners, and being able to disburse their
    equity only once the business was profitable and there were sufficient funds to
    keep the business running. Cruickshank also cites evidence that between them,
    Ogbonna and Ekworomadu signed employment contracts that awarded each a
    salary and a guaranteed annual bonus. Ekworomadu was subsequently given a
    $525,000 bonus and Ogbonna a $517,500 bonus, but they kept the fact of these
    contracts, salaries, and bonuses from Cruickshank; controlled and did not allow her
    access to the business’s financial records when she requested; and did not award
    her a contract, salary, or bonus. Cruickshank further asserts that she continued to
    work on behalf of the business without compensation while being kept in the dark
    regarding the contracts, salaries, and bonuses. Cruickshank notes that the $525,000
    the jury assessed as fraud damages matches the amount of Ekworomadu’s bonus
    and was close to the amount of Ogbonna’s bonus, which suggests the jury viewed
    the bonuses either as a distribution of equity to which Cruickshank was entitled to
    an equal share or a diminution of the fair market value of Cruickshank’s interest in
    the partnership.
    Appellants initially respond to this view of the evidence by pointing out that
    during discussions with the trial judge on the fraud claim and in closing argument
    to the jury, Cruickshank described her fraud theory as an alternative to her breach
    4
    As Cruickshank points out, she alleged under her fraud claim in her live petition that
    Defendants further took PPE Venture funds for their direct, personal benefit and
    fraudulently concealed that they were doing so. Defendants knew that they were
    in control of the financial accounts and certain operational aspects of the PPE
    Venture to the exclusion of Mrs. Cruickshank. Indeed, they knew that she could
    not discover their fraudulent conduct because they actively concealed it and
    abused their position to conceal it.
    9
    of an agreement to form a partnership claim, i.e., that she was promised an equal
    equity interest in a partnership but never received it. Appellants suggest that these
    representations somehow prevent Cruickshank from now suggesting her fraud
    claim was anything other than an alternative to her breach claim. Appellants,
    however, make no cogent legal argument and cite no authority suggesting that
    counsel’s argument to the court and summation to the jury restricted the jury’s
    consideration of the evidence in this manner, and we are aware of no such
    authority. See generally Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (requiring that appellate briefs
    “must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with
    appropriate citations to authorities and to the record”); In re S.A.H., 
    420 S.W.3d 911
    , 929 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (declining to craft
    appellant’s argument for him). Moreover, appellants have not alleged that there
    was error in the jury charge on fraud or suggested that any other law controls, so
    we review the legal sufficiency of the evidence in light of the charge as given. See
    generally Osterberg, 12 S.W.3d at 55; GB Tubulars, 
    527 S.W.3d at 568
    .
    Appellants additionally point out that while Question no. 22 included fraud
    by nondisclosure as an option, Question no. 23 limited fraud damages to the
    difference between the value Cruickshank was promised by Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu and the value that she received. And appellants argue that the fraud
    damages award amounted to an impermissible double-recovery for Cruickshank,
    citing Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 
    212 S.W.3d 299
    , 303 (Tex. 2006)
    (“There can be but one recovery for one injury, and the fact that . . . there may be
    more than one theory of liability[ ] does not modify this rule.”). The jury, however,
    could have reasonably determined that Ogbonna and Ekworomadu promised
    Cruickshank an equal share of equity in the business and then concealed from her
    the fact that they had withdrawn some of the equity that had been built up by
    10
    giving themselves employment contracts, salaries, and guaranteed bonuses but not
    her. The equity disbursed in this way was thus not included in the damages
    awarded for the breach of the agreement to form a partnership claim, which was
    calculated as the fair market value of Cruickshank’s interest in the partnership as of
    the date her interest in the partnership was terminated.5 The fraud finding and
    award therefore met the measure of damages set forth in Question no. 23 and was
    not an impermissible double-recovery of the award for breach of the agreement to
    form a partnership.
    Appellants further assert that there was no evidence Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu intended to induce Cruickshank into any action by failing to disclose
    the contracts, salaries, and guaranteed bonuses. However, as Cruickshank points
    out, the jury could have reasonably inferred from the evidence that by concealing
    the fact of the contracts, salaries, and guaranteed bonuses, Ogbonna and
    Ekworomadu intended to induce Cruickshank into continuing to work on behalf of
    the business in a CEO capacity without compensation (such as a salary or
    guaranteed bonus) but with the expectation that she ultimately would receive an
    equal share of the business’s equity. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822; see
    also Brauss v. Triple M Holding GmbH, 
    411 S.W.3d 614
    , 623 (Tex. App.—Dallas
    5
    The question of timing also merits discussion as the timeline of relevant events is a
    short one. It is undisputed that by at least April 2020, Cruickshank, Ogbonna, and Ekworomadu
    had made some agreement to do business together. The undisclosed contracts giving Ogbonna
    and Ekworomadu salaries and guaranteed bonuses were signed in June 2020, but the actual
    bonuses apparently were not paid until June 2021. Cruickshank filed her lawsuit in October
    2020. The jury was instructed to calculate breach damages based on the fair market value of
    Cruickshank’s interest in the partnership as of the date that interest was terminated, and the trial
    court stated in its final judgment that Cruickshank’s “interest in the partnership was terminated
    no later than November 16, 2020.” Although the bonuses were apparently not paid until after the
    termination date of Cruickshank’s interest, the salaries were paid before that time and the signed
    contracts obligated the business to pay the bonuses; thus, the jury could have reasonably
    determined in calculating fraud damages that the value of Cruickshank’s partnership interest had
    been reduced by the concealed contract, salaries, and guaranteed bonuses.
    11
    2013, pet. denied) (holding evidence supported inference defendant misrepresented
    and concealed information to induce plaintiffs to make an original investment,
    continue investing, loan additional money, and to forbear collection); Windsor
    Vill., Ltd. v. Stewart Title Ins. Co., No. 14-09-00721-CV, 
    2011 WL 11545169
    , at
    *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 17, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding
    evidence supported inference that defendants remained silent regarding lien to
    induce plaintiff to issue title policy).
    Next, appellants suggest that Cruickshank’s theory of fraud by nondisclosure
    of salaries and bonuses was dealt with in the jury submission on breach of
    fiduciary duty, wherein it stated that “[a] partner does not violate a duty or
    obligation merely because the partner’s conduct furthers the partner’s own
    interest.” But, as described above, Cruickshank’s theory did not rest merely on the
    fact that the alleged conduct furthered Ogbonna’s and Ekworomadu’s own
    interests; it rested on the assertion the conduct deprived Cruickshank of her share
    of the equity in the business.
    In their final sentence under this issue, appellants contend that there was no
    evidence of reliance on any act that caused $525,000 in damages. As shown above,
    however, the fraud-by-nondisclosure portion of Question no. 22 did not require
    proof of reliance. We find no merit in appellants’ arguments under their second
    issue and accordingly overrule that issue.
    Attorney’s Fees
    In their third issue, appellants contend that Cruickshank was not entitled to
    recover her attorney’s fees. Appellants’ argument under this issue appears limited
    to asserting that Cruickshank was not entitled to her attorney’s fees because she did
    not prevail on her claim for breach of the agreement, as discussed under issue one
    above. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 38.001(b). Because we overruled
    12
    appellants’ first issue challenging the breach claim, we also overrule appellants’
    third issue, which is dependent on success on the first issue.
    Having overruled appellants’ three issues, we affirm the trial court’s
    judgment.
    /s/ Frances Bourliot
    Justice
    Panel consists of Chief Justice Christopher and Justices Jewell and Bourliot.
    (Christopher, C.J., concurring) (Jewell, J., concurring without opinion).
    13