In the Interest of B. B. N., a Child v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )

NO. 12-23-00093-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
§ APPEAL FROM THE COUNTY
IN THE INTEREST OF
§ COURT AT LAW NO. 2
B.B.N., A CHILD
§ ANGELINA COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
D.N. appeals the termination of her parental rights to her minor child, B.B.N. In her sole
issue, D.N. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence that termination was in
B.B.N.’s best interest. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
On January 25, 2022, the Department of Family and Protective Services filed an original
petition for protection of B.B.N., for conservatorship, and for termination of D.N.’s parental rights.
The trial court appointed the Department temporary managing conservator of B.B.N. and allowed
D.N. limited access to and possession of B.B.N. After a trial on the merits, the trial court found
that the Department established, by clear and convincing evidence, that D.N. engaged in the acts
or omissions necessary to support termination of her parental rights under Subsections (D) and (E)
of Texas Family Code Section 161.001(b)(1) and termination of her parental rights is in B.B.N.’s
best interest. Based upon these findings, the trial court signed an order terminating D.N.’s parental
rights. This appeal followed.
TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS
Involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights. Vela
v. Marywood, 17 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000), pet. denied per curiam, 53 S.W.3d
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684 (Tex. 2001); In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d 437, 439 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1995, writ denied).
Because a termination action permanently sunders the bonds between parent and child, the
proceedings must be strictly scrutinized. Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 (Tex. 1976); In
re Shaw, 966 S.W.2d 174, 179 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, no pet.). “[W]e must exercise the
utmost care in reviewing the termination of parental rights to be certain that the child’s interests
are best served and that the parent’s rights are acknowledged and protected.” Vela, 17 S.W.3d at
759.
Section 161.001(b) of the Texas Family Code permits a court to order termination of
parental rights if two elements are established. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b) (West 2022).
The movant must show that (1) the parent committed one or more predicate acts or omissions, and
(2) termination is in the child’s best interest. See id. § 161.001(b)(1), (2); see also In re J.M.T.,
39 S.W.3d 234, 237 (Tex. App.—Waco 1999, no pet.). Both elements must be established by
clear and convincing evidence, and proof of one element does not alleviate the petitioner’s burden
of proving the other. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (b); Wiley, 543 S.W.2d at 352; In re J.M.T.,
39 S.W.3d at 237.
The “clear and convincing” evidentiary standard for termination of parental rights is both
constitutionally and statutorily mandated. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In re J.J., 911
S.W.2d at 439. “Clear and convincing evidence” is defined as “the measure or degree of proof
that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2019). The party
seeking termination of parental rights bears the burden of proof. In re J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d at 240.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When presented with a challenge to both the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence,
an appellate court must first review the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v. Tex. Gen.
Indem. Co., 619 S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981); In re M.D.S., 1 S.W.3d 190, 197 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 1999, no pet.). When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we review all the
evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether “a reasonable trier of fact
could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d
256, 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding
if a reasonable factfinder could, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could
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have disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id. If no reasonable factfinder could form a
firm belief or conviction that the matter that must be proven is true, the evidence is legally
insufficient. Id. The trier of fact is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to be given their testimony. Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 965 S.W.2d 575, 580 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied).
When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether the
evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth
of the Department’s allegations. In re C.H., 89 S.W. 3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). We give due
consideration to evidence that the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and
convincing, and we consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable factfinder could
not have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its ruling. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W. 3d at 266.
If, considering the entire record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have
credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed
a firm belief or conviction, the evidence is factually insufficient. Id.
BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD
In her sole appellate issue, D.N. challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence
supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights is in B.B.N.’s best
interest.
The Evidence
Sarah Miller, a child protection investigation supervisor for Angelina County, testified that
she supervised the caseworker who originally worked on the case involving B.B.N. At the time of
trial, B.B.N. was almost a year old and was in foster care. 1 In January 2022, the Department
received a report that D.N. tested positive for “methamphetamine, amphetamines, and THC[.]”
B.B.N. tested positive for drugs at birth and eventually showed withdrawal symptoms. The
Department interviewed D.N., and she admitted to using methamphetamine and marijuana.
Conservatorship worker Gardenia Escobar testified that she received the case in February
2022. Escobar explained that the family plan of service required D.N. to obtain and maintain
housing and employment, complete a psychosocial assessment, and submit to random drug testing.
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B.B.N.’s father is deceased.
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According to Escobar, D.N. attended rehabilitation, but she did not complete other requirements.
D.N. relapsed and continued to abuse controlled substances, and she tested positive for
methamphetamine in July of 2022. Escobar testified that terminating D.N.’s parental rights is in
B.B.N.’s best interest because D.N. “did not make any efforts to complete any services.” Escobar
explained that B.B.N.’s foster parents want to adopt him, and he is “thriving” in that home.
Escobar opined that adoption is in B.B.N.’s best interest.
CASA worker Kelley Moore testified that she visited with B.B.N. in his foster placement,
and she agreed that said home is appropriate, clean, safe, and loving. Moore also visited with D.N.
on one occasion. Moore opined that terminating D.N.’s parental rights is in B.B.N.’s best interest
because D.N. “has not done what she’s needed to do to be able to see her child and get clean. . . .
She’s had every opportunity.” Moore also explained that B.B.N. is currently placed with his
maternal aunt, and that she believes “the maternal aunt and her family love the child and they have
made great strides to provide for his needs.”
D.N. testified that although she would like to retain her parental rights, she knows “the best
decision” would be for B.B.N. to be with his maternal aunt and her family. D.N. explained that
she is unemployed, is not paying child support, lives in a recreational vehicle, and is “still not
sober[.]” When asked whether she believes being placed with her sister is in B.B.N.’s best interest,
D.N. testified, “Yes, sir. Yes, sir.”
Applicable Law
In determining the best interest of the child, we consider a non-exhaustive list of factors,
including: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the
future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the parental
abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) programs available to assist these individuals to
promote the child’s best interest; (6) plans for the child by these individuals or the agency seeking
custody; (7) stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) acts or omissions of the parent which
may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not proper; and (9) any excuse for the
parent’s acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).
The Texas Family Code also provides a list of factors that we will consider in conjunction
with the Holley factors. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b) (West 2019). These statutory factors
include (1) the child’s age and physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of
out-of-home placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the child;
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(4) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial report and intervention
by the Department; (5) whether the child is fearful of living in or returning to the child’s home; (6)
the results of psychiatric, psychological, or developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s
parents, other family members, or others who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there
is a history of abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to the
child’s home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s family or others who
have access to the child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator of the harm to the child is identified;
(10) the willingness and ability of the child’s family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling
services and to cooperate with and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the
willingness and ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes
within a reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates adequate
parenting skills; and (13) whether an adequate social support system consisting of an extended
family and friends is available to the child. Id.
No particular Holley factor is controlling, and evidence of one factor may be sufficient to
support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.P., 184 S.W.3d 410, 414
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). The evidence need not prove all the statutory or Holley factors
to show that termination of parental rights is in a child’s best interest. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at
372; In re J.I.T.P., 99 S.W.3d 841, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). The
best interest of the child does not require proof of any unique set of factors nor limit proof to any
specific factors. In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 802, 814 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2001, no pet.).
Although undisputed evidence of one factor may be sufficient to support a finding that termination
is in the child’s best interest, the presence of scant evidence relevant to each factor will not support
such a finding. In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 507 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, no pet.).
Evidence supporting the statutory predicate grounds for termination of parental rights is also
probative in determining whether termination is in the child’s best interest. See In re C.H., 89
S.W.3d at 28-29 (Tex. 2002). In conducting a best-interest analysis, “a court may consider not
only direct evidence but also may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective factors, and the
totality of the evidence.” In re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d 258, 269 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2017, pet. denied). “Parental drug abuse reflects poor judgment and may be a factor to consider
in determining a child’s best interest.” Id. Moreover, evidence of illegal drug use supports an
inference that a parent is at risk for continuing drug use, which is relevant to the stability of the
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home, as well as to the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future and the danger
in which the child could be placed now and in the future. Id. Evidence of failure to complete all
of the tasks and services required by a service plan also supports a trial court’s finding that
termination is in the child’s best interest. Id. at 269-70. We will apply the statutory and Holley
factors below.
Analysis
B.B.N. had been in the Department’s care since a few days after his birth. 2 The evidence
indicated that D.N. tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamines, and THC when B.B.N.
was born, and B.B.N. also tested positive for drugs and demonstrated withdrawal symptoms. In
addition, the trial court heard evidence that B.B.N. is doing well in his foster placement with his
maternal aunt and her family, and his foster parents wish to adopt him. D.N.’s drug use reflects
poor judgment, and the trial court could have considered that as a factor in determining B.B.N.’s
best interest. See id. Furthermore, the undisputed evidence of D.N.’s drug use supports an
inference that she is at risk for continuing drug use, which is relevant to the stability of the home,
as well as to B.B.N.’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future and the danger in which
the child could be placed now and in the future. See id. Evidence of D.N.’s failure to complete
all of the tasks and services required by the service plan also support the trial court’s finding that
termination is in B.B.N.’s best interest. See id. The trial court also heard D.N. agree that although
she did not want her parental rights to be terminated, termination is in B.B.N.’s best interest. See
id. at 269.
“[T]he prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to
be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a) (West 2019). Viewing all the
evidence relating to the statutory and Holley factors in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
finding, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction
that termination of D.N.’s parental rights is in B.B.N.’s best interest, and therefore, the evidence
of best interest is legally sufficient. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §§ 161.001(b)(2), 263.307(b); see
also In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72; In re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d at
269-70. Any evidence that might weigh against the finding is not so significant that a reasonable
factfinder could not have reconciled such evidence in favor of its finding and formed a firm belief
or conviction that terminating D.N.’s parental rights is in B.B.N.’s best interest. See In re J.F.C.,
2
B.B.N. was born three days before the Department filed its original petition.
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96 S.W.3d at 266; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72; In re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d at 269-70. We
therefore conclude that the evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of D.N.’s
parental rights is in B.B.N.’s best interest is factually sufficient. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at
266; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 371-72; In re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d at 269-70. Accordingly, we overrule
issue one.
DISPOSITION
Having overruled D.N.’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BRIAN HOYLE
Justice
Opinion delivered August 23, 2023.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
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COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
AUGUST 23, 2023
NO. 12-23-00093-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF B. B. N., A CHILD
Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2
of Angelina County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. CV-00045-22-01)
THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed herein,
and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the judgment.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment of
the court below be in all things affirmed, and that the decision be certified to the court below for
observance.
Brian Hoyle, Justice.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
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