In the Interest of C.K.C., a Child v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )


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  • Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed December 28, 2023.
    In The
    Fourteenth Court of Appeals
    NO. 14-23-00498-CV
    IN THE INTEREST OF C.K.C., A CHILD
    On Appeal from the County Court at Law
    Grimes County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 35705-CCL
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    The trial court signed an Order of Termination terminating Mother’s and
    Father’s parental rights with respect to their seven-year-old daughter, C.K.C.
    (“Christy”).1 Mother appeals the order and challenges the trial court’s predicate
    termination findings under Texas Family Code section 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), and
    (O).   Mother also challenges the trial court’s finding that termination of her
    parental rights is in Christy’s best interest.
    For the reasons below, we overrule Mother’s issues on appeal and affirm the
    1
    We refer to C.K.C. using a pseudonym. See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002
    (d).
    trial court’s Order of Termination.
    BACKGROUND
    In May 2022, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the
    “Department”) filed an original petition seeking to terminate Mother’s and Father’s
    parental rights with respect to Christy. The parties proceeded to a bench trial
    before an associate judge2 approximately one year later. We summarize relevant
    portions of the witnesses’ testimony and evidence below.
    Mary Watkins
    Mary Watkins is a Department investigator. Watkins said she received a
    referral in April 2022 alleging neglectful supervision of Christy, who was then five
    years old. Mother was hospitalized at this time for a kidney stone and an infection
    and Christy was staying with her paternal grandfather (“Grandfather”).
    According to Watkins, Mother had made allegations regarding an
    “inappropriate” relationship between Christy and Grandfather. Watkins said she
    interviewed Grandfather and Christy about the allegations. Watkins testified that
    Grandfather “adequately address[ed]” the allegations and she was not concerned
    about Christy staying in his care.
    But after interviewing Grandfather and Christy, Watkins said she was
    concerned about the care Mother had been providing to Christy.                       Watkins
    interviewed Mother on May 3, 2022, while Mother was staying at Grandfather’s
    house after she was discharged from the hospital. Watkins performed an oral swab
    drug test on Mother, which came back positive for methamphetamines. Shortly
    2
    The Texas Family Code permits a judge to refer certain matters, including a suit
    affecting the parent-child relationship, to an associate judge for a ruling. See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 201.005
    (a). Upon ruling on the matter, the associate judge must issue a proposed order
    or judgment containing the associate judge’s findings, conclusions, or recommendations. 
    Id.
    § 201.011(a).
    2
    thereafter, Watkins filed an “Affidavit in Support of Emergency Removal” in the
    trial court, which also was admitted into evidence during trial.
    According to the affidavit, Mother was admitted to the hospital on April 19,
    2022. The affidavit states that Mother reported to hospital staff that Grandfather
    had inappropriate interactions with Christy, including “posting naked photos” of
    her and “sleep[ing]” with her.
    The affidavit then describes Watkins’ interview with Grandfather. Watkins
    recounts that Grandfather said Christy had lived with him since she was eight
    months old. According to Grandfather, Mother lived with him about half the time
    and, when she lived elsewhere, occasionally would take Christy with her.
    Grandfather said that Christy told him she and Mother would visit “Mr. Pirate,”
    whom Grandfather believed was a drug dealer. Grandfather recalled that Christy
    said she heard Mr. Pirate “talking about killing someone.” Grandfather also stated
    that, when Christy would return to his home, she would say that she and Mother
    “slept in the car” while they were gone.
    Discussing Mother’s allegations against him, Grandfather said he took a
    picture of Christy while she was swimming and posted it on his Facebook.
    Grandfather said Christy sometimes slept in his bed and that Mother would “get
    upset that [Christy] doesn’t want to sleep with her.” Grandfather said he had a
    good relationship with Christy and “has never done anything inappropriate with or
    towards” Christy. Watkins’ affidavit then briefly recounts her interview with
    Christy, whom she described as “clean, appropriately dressed, happy and healthy.”
    Watkins stated that Christy did not make an outcry of abuse or neglect during the
    interview.
    Next, the affidavit discusses Watkins’ interview with one of Mother’s nurses
    at the hospital. The nurse said Mother was admitted for a kidney stone and an
    3
    infection. According to the nurse, Mother tested positive for “amphetamines,
    benzoids, and opioids” on two separate occasions: April 22 and April 29. The
    nurse stated that hospital staff suspected Mother “was being brought in drugs by
    her boyfriend” because “none of the medications they provided would explain the
    positive drug screens.” The nurse explained further that “the drug tests were taken
    with enough time in between that the second drug test would have been clean even
    if [Mother] had drugs in her system when she was admitted into the hospital.”
    Further substantiating these allegations, the nurse recalled that Mother
    “would go in the bathroom for hours at a time.” The nurse stated that, on one
    occasion when Mother’s boyfriend was visiting Mother in her hospital room, he
    “was out of it asleep” and “wouldn’t wake or stir even with the loudest of noises.”
    Continuing on, the affidavit discusses Watkins’ interview with Mother
    shortly after Mother’s discharge from the hospital. Mother denied using drugs
    while hospitalized. Watkins informed Mother that Mother would need to undergo
    drug testing and that a “safety plan” would be implemented with respect to
    Christy’s care. According to Watkins, Mother “got very angry” and was “very
    upset” and “yelling.” Since Mother did not agree to the safety plan, Watkins
    informed Mother that “the Department would be taking emergency custody” of
    Christy. In lieu of the Department placing Christy in foster care, Mother agreed to
    stay at a local motel while Christy stayed in Grandfather’s care.
    Finally, the affidavit concludes with a summary of Mother’s history with the
    Department.    In 2020, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful
    supervision of Christy by Mother. The report stated that Mother and Christy were
    living in a “storage unit” and alleged that Mother used drugs and that those drugs
    were left where Christy could access them. During the investigation into this
    referral, Mother tested positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines.
    4
    Lindsey Cason
    Cason is a substance abuse counselor with Monarch Family Services. Cason
    completed Mother’s substance abuse assessment in June 2022. Cason said Mother
    reported a history of using alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamines.
    According to Cason, Mother reported taking methamphetamines approximately ten
    times in the past two years.        Ultimately, Cason recommended that Mother
    complete 12 substance abuse counseling sessions. Cason said Monarch was unable
    to schedule Mother to complete any of her sessions.
    Melissa Muzny
    Muzny is a licensed professional counselor. Muzny had twelve counseling
    sessions with Christy prior to her testimony at trial.
    According to Muzny, after her meetings with Christy and conversations with
    Grandfather, she did not have any concerns about whether Grandfather had been or
    was “inappropriate” with Christy. Muzny testified that Grandfather was a “very
    stable” caregiver.
    Despite Mother’s allegations regarding Christy sleeping in Grandfather’s
    bed, Muzny said she did not have any concerns about the appropriateness of the
    relationship between Grandfather and Christy. According to Muzny, Grandfather
    had requested help “devising a sleep plan” for Christy since she “has been sleeping
    in his bed since she was a baby” and “struggles to stay in her own bed at night.”
    Muzny said Grandfather was “making ongoing efforts” to address the issue. But
    overall, Muzny said Christy was “very well adjusted” and did not have any
    behavioral problems. Muzny said Christy would be best suited if she continued to
    live with Grandfather.
    Muzny testified that Christy “advised [Muzny] that she does not like talking
    5
    about her biological parents, her mom or her biological dad. And it would stress
    her out.” When asked about specific concerns Christy relayed to her, Muzny
    responded:
    [Christy] has shared with me, and I documented that in [the] notes that
    she is aware that her mother does drugs. She feels like her mother lies
    about doing drugs. She has not mentioned her biological father doing
    drugs. It’s — the conversation has always been about her biological
    mother.
    Kimberly Nobles
    Nobles is a Department caseworker and worked on Christy’s case from
    November 2022 through February 2023. While she was assigned to Christy’s case,
    Nobles said she was unable to meet with Mother in person because Mother “was
    not willing to give us her address or location.” Nobles said she “frequently” spoke
    to Mother over the phone and via text.
    Nobles testified that Mother’s family service plan required safe and stable
    housing, a stable form of income, a physiological evaluation, a parenting course, a
    substance abuse assessment, and drug testing. According to Nobles, when she took
    over the case in November 2022, Mother had completed the initial drug testing and
    substance abuse assessment. Nobles said Mother’s May 2022 drug test tested
    positive for methamphetamines.
    While she was assigned to Christy’s case, Nobles said Mother did not
    complete any of the other prescribed services. Nobles testified that she would send
    Mother weekly authorizations for drug testing but Mother “never complied.”
    Nobles said she would try to call and text Mother but Mother “wouldn’t respond.”
    Nobles also said she was unable to verify Mother’s housing because Mother
    would not provide her address. According to Nobles, Mother provided an address
    in December 2022 but Nobles was never able to speak to the landlord.
    6
    Nobles said Mother provided information about her employer in December
    2022. Nobles said she requested employment documentation or check stubs from
    Mother but never received any. As of the time of trial, Nobles said she did not
    believe Mother worked at the same employer.
    According to Nobles, Mother had weekly virtual visits with Christy. Nobles
    said Mother would have been entitled to in-person visitation if she “was able to
    string together two consecutive negative drug tests” but Mother was unable to
    make that showing.         Nobles recalled that Mother was “usually there on her
    visitations” but there were “many times that she was late to her virtual visits.”
    In sum, Nobles testified that, “[b]ased upon [her] involvement in the case,”
    she believed it was in Christy’s best interest that Mother’s parental rights be
    terminated. Nobles said Christy “is very stable where she’s at” and is “very
    bonded” with Grandfather. Nobles said she had no concerns about Grandfather as
    Christy’s adoptive placement.
    Aaron Henry
    Aaron Henry is the Department caseworker currently assigned to Christy’s
    case. Henry said Mother has not completed any prescribed services since he took
    over the case in February 2023. Henry said Mother also has not completed the
    prescribed drug testing.
    Admitted into evidence during Henry’s testimony was a May 30, 2023
    police report from the Conroe Police Department. The report states that Mother
    was pulled over for a traffic stop on that day and “dispatch advised that [she] had
    three active warrants through the City of Conroe.” Mother was placed under arrest
    and transported to the Montgomery County Jail.
    Henry said it would be in Christy’s best interest if Mother’s parental rights
    7
    were terminated. Henry said Christy is currently “doing great” and testified that
    Grandfather has “done great things” for Christy.
    Grandfather
    According to Grandfather, Christy has lived with him about 90% of the time
    since she was eight months old. Grandfather said he and Christy live in a double-
    wide mobile home on six acres of land. Grandfather said they also care for horses,
    dogs, and cats that live on the property.
    Grandfather said his son (Father) was sent to prison for drugs when Christy
    was 10 months old. According to Grandfather, he permitted Mother to move into
    his home at that time so she could work on her family service plan. Grandfather
    said Mother originally agreed that he could adopt Christy but Mother later
    contested the planned adoption, which caused his attorney’s fees to increase
    significantly. Grandfather said he did not pursue the adoption because he no
    longer could afford his attorney’s fees.
    Grandfather said Mother would still stay with him but “would take off with
    [Christy] sometimes when [Mother] would get mad at [Grandfather].” Grandfather
    said Mother would “t[ake] off for three or four days and wouldn’t let me know
    where they were at. And then she would come home.” Grandfather said Christy
    would relay to him that she and Mother were staying with a guy who “kicked them
    out.”
    Grandfather said he was concerned about Mother living with him because
    she previously had “lied about [Grandfather] and accused [Grandfather] of various
    things on multiple times.” Elaborating, Grandfather testified that Mother said: “all
    I have to do is accuse you of abuse, and I’ll get a restraining order, and your ass
    will be out of here.”     After Mother’s allegations, Grandfather said he began
    8
    wearing a body camera around the house.
    Grandfather said Christy has been living with him full-time since Mother’s
    April 2022 hospital visit. After Mother moved out shortly thereafter, Grandfather
    said he found what he believed to be a “meth pipe” in Mother’s bathroom.
    Discussing Christy’s progress, Grandfather said Christy “started off first
    grade a little rough” but her teacher gave Grandfather “a lot of stuff to work with
    her.” Grandfather said he and Christy worked together every day before school
    and she “ended up on the AB honor roll.” Grandfather testified that he takes
    Christy to the school bus every day and eats lunch with her on Fridays at school.
    Grandfather said he and Christy have also started visiting her maternal
    grandparents on Sundays after church.
    Grandfather said he would like to adopt Christy after the conclusion of the
    proceedings. Grandfather said he hopes Christy can have a relationship with
    Mother and Father when they are in a more stable place.
    Leslie Janac
    Leslie Janac is a CASA volunteer and had spent time with Christy for
    several months before trial. Describing Christy as “extraordinary,” “sweet,” and
    “intelligent,” Janac said she has “never come across a more giving, sweet, loving
    little girl.” Janac testified that she did not have any concerns about Grandfather’s
    ability to care for Christy and said they “have a wonderful grandfather-
    granddaughter relationship.”
    Janac said CASA’s position was that termination of Mother’s parental rights
    would be in Christy’s best interest. Allowing Grandfather to adopt Christy, Janac
    explained, “means there is permanency and stability in [Christy’s] life.”
    9
    Mother
    According to Mother, Grandfather and Father worked together to “conceal”
    Christy from her when Christy was ten months old. Mother said Grandfather and
    Father “concealed [Christy] for nine months” and she “had to go fight for custody
    for a long time.”
    Discussing her allegations regarding Grandfather’s relationship with Christy,
    Mother testified:
    I voiced my concerns that I — I have always voiced about it. That he
    guilts her into sleeping in his room with him every night. I never said
    anything about molestation ever. But I said it’s just weird that a 70-
    year-old man, you know, guilts — makes her feel bad. Tells her he’s
    going to have bad dreams if she won’t sleep in his room with him.
    Mother said she was admitted to the hospital in April 2022 for a kidney stone and,
    when she was released, stayed at Grandfather’s home. Mother denied yelling at
    Watkins or having any conversations about a safety plan.
    When asked why she did not comply with the drug testing prescribed by her
    family service plan, Mother said she “was scared. [She] thought they would —
    they would lie, like they did about the hospital ones. Because the hospital drug
    tests. I did not fail them. They were my prescription medicines that they tested.”
    Mother said she previously used methamphetamines only once.
    Mother said she currently works as a construction surveyor and has worked
    for her employer “[o]n and off for several years.”
    Mother said she has concerns about Christy continuing to live with
    Grandfather because she does not want Christy “to learn to be dishonest like that or
    manipulative.” Mother asked that her parental rights not be terminated.
    10
    Leonard Viar
    Leonard Viar said he is Mother’s employer and that she has worked for him
    “[o]ff and on for eight years.” Viar said he and Mother “were friends a long time
    before she went to work for [him].”
    Viar said Mother works as a construction surveyor. Viar said he administers
    monthly drugs tests to his employees, including Mother.          Viar said Mother’s
    testing results did not give him any cause for concern.
    Father
    During his testimony, Father offered into evidence an “Affidavit of
    Voluntary Relinquishment of Parental Rights.”         Father testified that he was
    voluntarily relinquishing his parental rights with respect to Christy. According to
    Father, it would be in Christy’s best interest for her to be adopted by Grandfather.
    Father also said he believed termination of Mother’s parental rights was in
    Christy’s best interest. Father said he had known Mother for 8 years and agreed
    that they had done drugs together. Father said he was “concern[ed]” that Mother
    “may be high” during trial because she was “a little relaxed” and had “slowed
    speech.”
    Conclusion
    The associate judge signed a proposed Order of Termination on June 27,
    2023, terminating both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights with respect to
    Christy. The associate judge found that termination of Mother’s parental rights
    was in Christy’s best interest and warranted under three subsections of section
    161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code: (D) (endangerment by environment), (E)
    (endangerment by conduct), and (O) (failure to comply with family service plan).
    On July 6, 2023, the trial court signed an order adopting the associate
    11
    judge’s Order of Termination. Mother timely appealed.
    ANALYSIS
    Raising four issues on appeal, Mother asserts the evidence is legally and
    factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings that:
    1.     termination is warranted under section 161.001(b)(1)(O) (failure to
    comply with family service plan);
    2.     termination is warranted under                section    161.001(b)(1)(D)
    (endangerment by environment);
    3.     termination is warranted under                 section   161.001(b)(1)(E)
    (endangerment by conduct); and
    4.     termination of Mother’s parental rights is in Christy’s best interest.
    We consider these issues individually below.
    I.    Burdens of Proof and Standards of Review
    Involuntary termination of parental rights is a serious matter that implicates
    fundamental constitutional rights. Holick v. Smith, 
    685 S.W.2d 18
    , 20 (Tex. 1985);
    In re J.E.M.M., 
    532 S.W.3d 874
    , 879 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no
    pet.). But although parental rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not
    absolute. In re C.H., 
    89 S.W.3d 17
    , 26 (Tex. 2002). Given the fundamental liberty
    interests at stake, “termination proceedings should be strictly scrutinized, and
    involuntary termination statutes are strictly construed in favor of the parent.”
    Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20.
    Parental rights may be terminated if clear and convincing evidence shows
    (1) the parent committed an act described in section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas
    Family Code, and (2) termination is in the child’s best interest. See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(1), (2). “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means the
    measure or degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm
    12
    belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” 
    Id.
    § 101.007.
    This heightened burden of proof results in heightened standards of review
    for evidentiary sufficiency. In re V.A., 
    598 S.W.3d 317
    , 327 (Tex. App.—Houston
    [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied). For a legal sufficiency challenge, we consider all
    the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine whether a
    reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding
    was true. In re J.F.C., 
    96 S.W.3d 256
    , 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume that the
    factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder
    could do so, and we disregard all controverting evidence a reasonable factfinder
    could disbelieve. 
    Id.
    For a factual sufficiency challenge, we consider and weigh all the evidence,
    including disputed or conflicting evidence, to determine whether a reasonable
    factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.
    In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. We examine whether disputed evidence is such that a
    reasonable factfinder could not have resolved that dispute in favor of its finding.
    Id.
    The factfinder is the sole arbiter when assessing the credibility and
    demeanor of witnesses. In re A.B., 
    437 S.W.3d 498
    , 503 (Tex. 2014). “We may
    not second-guess the factfinder’s resolution of a factual dispute by relying on
    disputed evidence or evidence the factfinder ‘could easily have rejected as not
    credible.’” In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 328 (quoting In re L.M.I., 
    119 S.W.3d 707
    ,
    712 (Tex. 2003)).
    II.   Predicate Termination Findings
    Mother asserts the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support
    13
    the trial court’s finding that termination is warranted under three subsections of
    section 161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code.         See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(1)(D), (E), (O).
    “To affirm a termination judgment on appeal, a court need uphold only one
    termination ground — in addition to upholding a challenged best-interest finding
    — even if the trial court based the termination on more than one ground.” In re
    N.G., 
    577 S.W.3d 230
    , 232 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam). Predicate findings under
    subsections (D) and (E), however, pose significant collateral consequences. See 
    id. at 234, 235
     (discussing section 161.001(b)(1)(M), which provides that a court may
    terminate a parent’s rights if it finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the
    parent has had his “parent-child relationship terminated with respect to another
    child based on a finding that the parent’s conduct was in violation of Paragraph (D)
    or (E)”).   In light of these consequences, we are required to consider the
    sufficiency of the evidence pursuant to subsections (D) or (E) when raised on
    appeal. 
    Id. at 235
    ; see also, e.g., In re P.W., 
    579 S.W.3d 713
    , 721, 728 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, no pet.).
    A.     Subsection E
    Subsection (E) allows for termination of parental rights if clear and
    convincing evidence supports a conclusion that the parent “engaged in conduct . . .
    which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.” 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(1)(E). “Endanger” means to expose the child to loss or
    injury or to jeopardize the child’s emotional and physical health. In re M.C., 
    917 S.W.2d 268
    , 269 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam). For purposes of this section, “conduct”
    refers to the parent’s acts, omissions, and failures to act. In re K.J.B., No. 14-19-
    00473-CV, 
    2019 WL 5704317
    , at *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Nov. 5,
    2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
    14
    While endangerment often involves physical endangerment, the statute does
    not require that conduct be directed at a child or that the child actually suffer
    injury. In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 331. Rather, the specific danger to the child’s
    well-being may be inferred from the parent’s misconduct alone. Tex. Dep’t of
    Human Servs. v. Boyd, 
    727 S.W.2d 531
    , 533 (Tex. 1987); In re S.R., 
    452 S.W.3d 351
    , 361 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. denied). A parent’s conduct
    that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the child’s
    physical and emotional well-being. In re A.L.H., 
    515 S.W.3d 60
    , 92 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. denied).
    Termination under this subsection must be based on more than a single act
    or omission; the statute requires a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of
    conduct by the parent. In re S.R., 
    452 S.W.3d at 361
    . A court may consider
    actions and inactions occurring both before and after a child’s birth to establish a
    “course of conduct.” In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at 331.
    A parent’s continuing substance abuse can qualify as a voluntary, deliberate,
    and conscious course of conduct endangering the child’s well-being. In re J.O.A.,
    
    283 S.W.3d 336
    , 345 (Tex. 2009); In re L.G.R., 
    498 S.W.3d 195
    , 204 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). Additionally, a factfinder reasonably can
    infer that a parent’s failure to submit to court-ordered drug tests indicates that the
    parent was avoiding testing because the parent was using illegal drugs. In re
    E.R.W., 
    528 S.W.3d 251
    , 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). A
    parent’s drug use exposes the child to the possibility the parent may be impaired or
    imprisoned and, thus, unable to take care of the child. In re V.A., 598 S.W.3d at
    331. But a parent’s illegal drug use is not, on its own, sufficient evidence of
    endangerment; there also must be a showing of a causal connection between the
    parent’s drug use and endangerment of the child. In re L.C.L., 
    599 S.W.3d 79
    , 84-
    15
    86 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, pet. denied) (en banc).
    Here, the record establishes a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of
    conduct by Mother that endangered Christy’s emotional and physical well-being.
    As shown by the summary of evidence and witness testimony presented at
    trial, Mother has a lengthy history of substance abuse. Watkins’ “Affidavit in
    Support of Emergency Removal” discusses Mother’s history with the Department
    and states that, in 2020, the Department received a referral alleging neglectful
    supervision of Christy by Mother. The report stated that Mother and Christy were
    living in a “storage unit” and alleged that Mother was using drugs and that those
    drugs were left where Christy could access them. During the investigation into this
    report, Mother tested positive for amphetamines and methamphetamines.
    Additional evidence of Mother’s substance abuse came to light when
    Watkins was investigating the April 2022 referral, again alleging neglectful
    supervision of Christy by Mother. At this time, Mother was hospitalized for a
    kidney stone and an infection. Watkins’ affidavit discusses an interview with one
    of Mother’s nurses who suspected that Mother was “being brought in drugs by her
    boyfriend” because (1) Mother tested positive for “amphetamines, benzoids, and
    opids” on two separate occasions a week apart, (2) Mother was spending “hours”
    in the bathroom, and (3) Mother’s boyfriend was “out of it asleep” during one of
    his visits to Mother’s hospital room and “wouldn’t wake or stir even with the
    loudest of noises.”
    When Watkins visited Mother at Grandfather’s home shortly thereafter on
    May 3, 2022, Watkins performed an oral swab drug test on Mother that came back
    positive for methamphetamines. After Mother moved out of Grandfather’s home a
    few days later, Grandfather said he found a “meth pipe” in the bathroom Mother
    had been using.
    16
    Grandfather provided additional evidence about Mother’s and Christy’s
    relationship and the effects of Mother’s substance abuse. In Watkins’ affidavit,
    she recounted a conversation with Grandfather in which he stated that Mother
    would occasionally take Christy with her to live elsewhere.          According to
    Grandfather, Christy had told him she and Mother would visit “Mr. Pirate,” whom
    Grandfather believed was a drug dealer. Grandfather said Christy also told him
    she and Mother slept in their car.
    Testifying at trial, Grandfather said Mother would “take off” with Christy
    for three or four days when she would “get mad” at Grandfather. Grandfather said
    Mother would not tell him where she and Christy were staying. On at least one
    occasion, Grandfather said Christy told him she and Mother were staying with a
    man who “kicked them out.”
    Grandfather said Mother also threatened to accuse him of abusing Christy,
    after which he started wearing a body camera around the house. When Mother was
    admitted to the hospital in April 2022, she reported that Grandfather had an
    “inappropriate” relationship with Christy. Watkins investigated these allegations
    and did not find any evidence to corroborate them. Similarly, Muzny, Nobles,
    Henry, and Janac testified that they did not have any concerns about Grandfather’s
    relationship with Christy.
    Muzny also provided testimony regarding the direct effects of Mother’s
    substance abuse on Christy. According to Muzny, Christy did not like talking
    about Mother and Father because “it would stress her out.” Muzny also said
    Christy “is aware that her mother does drugs” and “feels like her mother lies about
    doing drugs.”
    This evidence, taken together, shows a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious
    course of conduct by Mother that has endangered Christy’s physical and emotional
    17
    well-being.    See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(1)(E); In re A.L.H., 
    515 S.W.3d at 92
    ; In re S.R., 
    452 S.W.3d at 361
    . Mother has a history of substance
    abuse and the evidence shows a pattern of actions exposing Christy to instability
    and uncertainty, including sporadically removing her from her Grandfather’s care,
    having her stay overnight in storage units and the family car, threatening to
    damage her relationship with Grandfather, and using drugs around her.
    Accordingly, this evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial
    court’s finding that Mother engaged in a pattern of conduct that endangered
    Christy’s physical or emotional well-being.           See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(1)(E). We overrule Mother’s third issue challenging the trial court’s
    predicate finding under this subsection.
    Because we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support termination under
    subsection (E), we need not address the trial court’s finding pursuant to subsection
    (D). See In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 232; see also, e.g., In re P.W., 579 S.W.3d at
    728. Likewise, we need not address Mother’s challenge to the trial court’s finding
    pursuant to subsection (O). See In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 232-33. We therefore
    also overrule Mother’s first and second issues.
    III.   Best Interest Finding
    In her fourth issue, Mother challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the
    evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that termination of her parental rights
    is in Christy’s best interest.
    Termination must be in the child’s best interest. 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(2). There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is
    served by keeping the child with the child’s parent. 
    Id.
     § 153.131(b); In re R.R.,
    
    209 S.W.3d 112
    , 116 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). Prompt, permanent placement of
    the child in a safe environment also is presumed to be in the child’s best interest.
    18
    See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307
    (a).
    Courts may consider the following non-exclusive factors in reviewing the
    sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s best-interest finding: the
    desires of the child; the physical and emotional needs of the child now and in the
    future; the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; the
    parental abilities of the persons seeking custody; the programs available to assist
    those persons seeking custody in promoting the best interest of the child; the plans
    for the child by the individuals or agency seeking custody; the stability of the home
    or proposed placement; acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the
    existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate; and any excuses for the
    parent’s acts or omissions. Holley v. Adams, 
    544 S.W.2d 367
    , 371-72 (Tex. 1976);
    see also 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307
    (b) (listing factors to consider in
    evaluating parent’s willingness and ability to provide the child with a safe
    environment). This list of factors is not exhaustive and evidence is not required on
    all the factors to support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. In
    re I.L.G., 
    531 S.W.3d 346
    , 355 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet.
    denied).
    Evidence supporting termination under one of the predicate grounds listed in
    section 161.001(b)(1) also can be considered in support of a finding that
    termination is in the child’s best interest.       In re S.R., 
    452 S.W.3d at 366
    .
    Accordingly, the evidence showing conduct by Mother that endangered Christy’s
    emotional and physical well-being, for purposes of subsection (E), is relevant to
    our best-interest analysis.
    The Child’s Desires
    Although Christy did not testify at trial, other evidence suggests her
    preference would be to remain with Grandfather. According to Muzny, Christy
    19
    expressed in her counseling sessions that she did not like talking about Mother,
    that she is aware Mother does drugs, and that she feels like Mother lies about doing
    drugs. Muzny testified that Christy would be best suited if she continued to live
    with Grandfather.
    Similarly, Nobles testified that Christy “is very stable where she’s at” and is
    “very bonded” with Grandfather. Henry also said Christy is currently “doing
    great” and testified that Grandfather has “done great things” for Christy.
    Grandfather also said he would like to adopt Christy after the conclusion of the
    proceedings.
    The Physical and Emotional Danger to Christy Now and in the Future
    With respect to this factor, “a parent’s drug use supports a finding that
    termination is in the best interest of the child.” In re L.G.R., 
    498 S.W.3d at 204
    ;
    see also In re I.L.G., 531 S.W.3d at 355 (“The factfinder can give great weight to
    the significant factor of drug-related conduct.”) (internal quotation omitted).
    We discussed above Mother’s history of substance abuse and its effects on
    Christy’s stability. See In re A.M.T., No. 14-18-01084-CV, 
    2019 WL 2097541
    , at
    *8 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 14, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
    (“Continued drug use may be considered as a factor in the trial court’s
    determination that termination is in the child’s best interest.”). The evidence also
    shows that Mother has not taken any of the prescribed steps to help with her
    substance abuse issues.     Mother has repeatedly denied using drugs and, with
    respect to the positive drug tests during her hospital stay, said they were “lies.”
    Mother also was prescribed 12 substance abuse counseling sessions but has
    not completed any of them. According to Nobles, she would send Mother weekly
    authorizations for drug testing but Mother “never complied.” Nobles also said she
    20
    would try to call and text Mother but Mother “wouldn’t respond.” Although two
    consecutive negative drug tests would have entitled Mother to an in-person visit
    with Christy, Nobles said Mother was unable to make that showing.
    Considered together, this evidence supports the finding that returning
    Christy to Mother’s care would risk physical and emotional danger to her now and
    in the future.
    Christy’s Physical and Emotional Needs Now and in the Future
    As discussed above, the evidence shows that Grandfather is meeting
    Christy’s current physical and emotional needs. According to Grandfather, Christy
    has lived with him 90% of the time since she was eight months old. Grandfather
    said they live on six acres of land, where Christy helps him care for their horses,
    dogs, and cats. Although Christy had a slow start in first grade, Grandfather said
    they worked together every day before school and she “ended up on the AB honor
    roll.” Grandfather said he walks Christy to the school bus each day and eats lunch
    with her at school on Fridays.       This positive relationship was echoed by the
    Department’s other witnesses, who uniformly expressed that Christy should
    continue to live with Grandfather.
    In contrast, the evidence shows that Mother has had difficulty meeting
    Christy’s physical and emotional needs. Evidence shows that Mother has not
    always provided a stable living situation for Christy and that she and Mother have
    previously lived in a storage unit and spent nights in their car. According to
    Nobles, the Department was unable to verify whether Mother obtained stable
    housing because Mother would not provide her address. Nobles also testified that
    Mother had not shown she was able to maintain stable employment.
    Moreover, Mother did not complete the services prescribed in her family
    21
    service plan, which included individual counseling, a substance abuse program,
    and parenting classes. See In re I.L.G., 531 S.W.3d at 355 (“In determining the
    best interest of the child in proceedings for termination of parental rights, the trial
    court may properly consider that the parent did not comply with the court-ordered
    service plan for reunification with the child.”).
    This evidence would permit the trial court to conclude that returning Christy
    to Mother’s care would not best serve Christy’s physical and emotional needs.
    Acts or Omissions That Suggest the Existing Parent-Child Relationship is Not
    Appropriate and Any Excuses for Those Acts or Omissions
    We discussed above Mother’s pattern of substance abuse. The evidence also
    shows that Mother has not taken responsibility for the substance abuse nor taken
    any steps to remediate it. Rather, the evidence shows that Mother will go to great
    lengths to maintain access to drugs, including while she is hospitalized.
    Moreover, while she was hospitalized, Mother alleged that Grandfather had
    an inappropriate relationship with Christy — an allegation that could have
    jeopardized Christy’s living situation with Grandfather.          Multiple witnesses
    testified that these allegations were unfounded and that they did not have concerns
    about Grandfather’s and Christy’s relationship.
    Conclusion
    Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment for our
    legal sufficiency analysis and all the evidence equally for our factual sufficiency
    analysis, we conclude that a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief
    or conviction that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in Christy’s best
    interest. See 
    Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001
    (b)(2). We overrule Mother’s fourth
    issue.
    22
    CONCLUSION
    We affirm the trial court’s Order of Termination signed July 6, 2023.
    /s/    Meagan Hassan
    Justice
    Panel consists of Justices Hassan, Poissant, and Wilson.
    23
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 14-23-00498-CV

Filed Date: 12/28/2023

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 12/31/2023