Orlando Reyes Perez v. the State of Texas ( 2024 )

NUMBER 13-22-00292-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
ORLANDO REYES PEREZ, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 206th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
CONCURRING OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Benavides and Tijerina
Concurring Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras
The majority concludes, in part, that the jury charge in this case pertaining to the
offense of continuous sexual abuse of a young child was not erroneous because it directly
tracked the language in penal code § 21.02. I respectfully disagree. I would conclude that
the charge contained error, but because the error was harmless, I concur in the Court’s
judgment affirming the convictions.
I. JURY CHARGE ERROR
Penal code § 21.02 provides that a person is guilty of continuous sexual abuse of
a young child if, “during a period that is 30 or more days in duration, the person commits
two or more acts of sexual abuse, regardless of whether the acts of sexual abuse are
committed against one or more victims.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b)(1). 1 As the
majority correctly notes, courts have determined that, to be sufficient to convict under this
statute, the evidence must establish “there is at least 28 days between the day of the first
act of sexual abuse and the day of the last act of sexual abuse.” Smith v. State, 340
S.W.3d 41, 48 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.); see Turner v. State, 573
S.W.3d 455, 461 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2019, no pet.); Pelcastre v. State, 654 S.W.3d
579, 586 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, pet. ref’d).
In what the majority considers Perez’s second issue, Perez argues that the jury
charge contained error because “it allowed the jury to find [him] guilty so long as two or
more acts of aggravated sexual assault occurred during a period of thirty days or more in
duration, regardless of whether the acts occurred at least 30 days apart.” I agree. The
charge in this case tracked § 21.02(b)(1) precisely, but it did not explicitly inform the jury
that there must be “at least 28 days” between the days of the first and last acts of abuse.
Importantly, the language of § 21.02(b)(1), alone, does not sufficiently inform the jury of
that requirement. See Turner, 573 S.W.3d at 462 (finding charge which tracked the
statute to be erroneous because “the express language used does not make it clear that
the first and last acts must occur thirty or more days apart”); see also Lewis v. State, No.
1 The statute also requires proof that “the actor is 17 years of age or older” and that the victim is “a
child younger than 14 years of age” or “a disabled individual.” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 21.02(b)(2). The
parts of the charge relating to those elements are not at issue here.
2
06-21-00021-CR, 2022 WL 630288, at *6 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Mar. 4, 2022, pet. ref’d)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (same). To say that two events occurred
“during” a time period with defined beginning and end points arguably means only that
the events occurred (1) on or after the beginning point, and (2) on or before the end point.
See MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S ONLINE DICTIONARY, https://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/during (last visited Feb. 1, 2024) (defining “during” as “throughout the duration
of” or “at a point in the course of”); see also Lewis, 2022 WL 630288, at *6. If the jury
construed the language in this reasonable manner, it would have convicted Perez even if
the evidence showed there was only one hour between the first and last acts of abuse.
The majority relies on Martinez v. State for the proposition that “[f]ollowing the law
as it is set out by the Texas Legislature will not be deemed error on the part of the trial
judge.” 924 S.W.2d 693, 699 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); see Riddle v. State, 888 S.W.2d 1,
8 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). However, Martinez predates both the enactment of § 21.02 and
the court decisions confirming the 28-day-gap requirement. In any event, as the
Fourteenth Court of Appeals has explained, the rule ostensibly set forth in Martinez is not
consistently applied:
The Court of Criminal Appeals has previously stated that a jury charge that
tracks the language of a statute is “a proper charge on the statutory issue.”
See Riddle[, 888 S.W.2d at 8]. This rule has been expressed in other
settings as well, but the court has not always adhered to it. For instance,
when the issue is whether an indictment should be quashed for failing to
provide adequate notice, the court has held that tracking the language of
the statute may not always be sufficient. In Haecker v. State, the court
explained that a charging instrument does not provide adequate notice if it
tracks the language of the statute and the statute itself is not “completely
descriptive of the offense.” See 571 S.W.2d 920, 921 (Tex. Crim. App.
[Panel Op.] 1978). Similarly, in State v. Mays, the court held that an
indictment will require greater specificity when a statute uses “an undefined
term of indeterminate or variable meaning.” See 967 S.W.2d 404, 407 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998). Relatedly, in the charge context, the court has recognized
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that the jury should be given a definition of terms that have acquired a
technical or established legal meaning. See Medford v. State, 13 S.W.3d
769, 771–72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see also Middleton v. State, 125
S.W.3d 450, 454 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (plurality op.).
The principles behind Haecker, Mays, and Medford guide us when
reviewing the correctness of a jury charge. Just as the defendant must
receive adequate notice of the charges against him, the jury must
understand which law to apply, and the wording of a statute may not be
enough. As the Court of Criminal Appeals recently reiterated, “It is not the
function of the charge merely to avoid misleading or confusing the jury: it is
the function of the charge to lead and to prevent confusion.” Reeves v.
State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 818 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013) (quoting Williams v.
State, 547 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)) (emphasis added). A
charge will not prevent confusion if the statutory text on which it is based
has a variable meaning in the eyes of the jury.
Navarro v. State, 469 S.W.3d 687, 698–99 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, pet.
ref’d).
The charge in this case, though precisely tracking the statute, failed to “lead and
to prevent confusion” because the term “during” may have a “variable meaning in the
eyes of the jury.” See Reeves, 420 S.W.3d at 818; Navarro, 469 S.W.3d at 699; see also
Turner, 573 S.W.3d at 462; Lewis, 2022 WL 630288, at *6. Therefore, in addition to the
language from § 21.02(b)(1), the trial court should have also explicitly instructed the jury
that there must be “at least 28 days” between the day of the first act of abuse and the day
of the last act of abuse. 2 Because it did not, it did not comply with the obligation to
accurately instruct the jury on the law applicable to the case. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
2 Such an instruction is recommended by the State Bar Committee on Pattern Jury Charges. See
Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges—Criminal, State Bar of Tex., Tex. Criminal Pattern Jury Charges: Crimes
Against Persons & Property CPJC 84.2, 99 (2020) (providing a pattern § 21.02 jury charge which includes:
“With regard to element 2, you must all agree that at least thirty days passed between the first and last acts
of sexual abuse committed by the defendant.”); see also Chavez v. State, No. 13-22-00551-CR, 2023 WL
5486232, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Aug. 24, 2023, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (acknowledging that the pattern charge includes this “clarifying language” but noting that “Texas
Pattern Jury Charges are only advisory; that is to say, trial courts are not required to follow them”).
4
ANN. art. 36.14; Turner, 573 S.W.3d at 462; Lewis, 2022 WL 630288, at *6. 3
II. HARM
Having found error in the charge, I would proceed to a harm analysis. As the
majority notes, because Perez did not request an instruction on the 28-day-gap
requirement, the error is reversible only if he was egregiously harmed by it. See Alcoser
v. State, 663 S.W.3d 160, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022). “An erroneous jury charge is
egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the accused of a
valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory.” Id.This case, like most of its type, turned on the jury’s evaluation of the credibility of
the complainant. Here, as the majority explains, Maria testified that: (1) the abuse began
sometime between the birth of her sister A.D.R. on June 25, 2016, and the birth of her
sister A.L.R. on July 31, 2017; and (2) the abuse continued to occur after the birth of her
sister A.A.R. on December 31, 2018. This evidence established that there were more
than 28 days between the day of the first act of abuse and the day of the last act of abuse.
Perez’s defensive theories largely relied on impugning Maria’s credibility in general, and
the jury clearly rejected those theories. Based on this record, there was no rational reason
for the jury to simultaneously (1) believe Maria’s testimony that abuse occurred, but
(2) disbelieve her testimony about when it occurred. Thus, even if the jury was correctly
instructed as to the 28-day-gap requirement, it is highly likely that it still would have found
Perez guilty. Accordingly, the error was harmless, and I would overrule appellant’s second
3 Some courts of appeals, including this one, have determined in unpublished opinions that similar
charge language does not constitute error. See Pelcastre v. State, 654 S.W.3d 579, 587 n.3 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, pet. ref’d) (listing cases); see also Chavez, 2023 WL 5486232, at *4. Those
opinions lack precedential value. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.7(a). Nevertheless, I agree with the Fourteenth
Court of Appeals that “[t]his case merits review by the court of criminal appeals to resolve the conflicts in
the cases cited above.” Pelcastre, 654 S.W.3d at 588 n.4.
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issue for that reason.
III. CONCLUSION
Because I agree with the remainder of the majority’s opinion, I concur in the
judgment.
DORI CONTRERAS
Chief Justice
Publish.
TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed on the
22nd day of February, 2024.
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