In Re Jeremie Adkins v. the State of Texas ( 2024 )

Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-23-00705-CV
IN RE Jeremie ADKINS
Original Mandamus Proceeding 1
Opinion by: Irene Rios, Justice
Sitting: Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Irene Rios, Justice
Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice
Delivered and Filed: February 21, 2024
PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS DENIED
Relator Father filed a petition for writ of mandamus complaining of the trial court’s
temporary order that changed his exclusive rights to designate the primary residence of his two
children and to enroll them in school and designated Mother, 2 real party in interest, in his stead.
Father contends the order violates section 156.006(b) of the Texas Family Code because, without
sufficient evidence, the order changes the parent with the right to designate the primary residence
of the children during a modification proceeding. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.006(b). Moreover,
1
This proceeding arises out of Cause No. 2015-CI-03688, styled In the Interest of B.A. and D.A., Children, pending
in the 408th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas, the Honorable Angelica I. Jimenez presiding. The Honorable
Marisa Flores both conducted the hearing and rendered the order that extended the temporary order at issue in this
mandamus.
2
We use initials and pseudonyms to protect the identity of the minor children referenced in this opinion.
04-23-00705-CV
Father asserts the facts set forth in Mother’s affidavit inadequately support the allegations the trial
court considered when authorizing the hearing for temporary orders. See id. § 156.006(b–1).
For the reasons below, we deny Father’s petition for a writ of mandamus.
BACKGROUND
In the parties’ final decree of divorce, Mother and Father were named joint managing
conservators 3 of D.A. and B.A., with Father having the exclusive right to designate the children’s
primary residence. Approximately eight years later, Mother filed a petition to modify the parent-
child relationship that included a request for temporary orders designating Mother as the parent
with the exclusive right to designate the children’s primary residence. Mother attached a sworn
affidavit stating, among other things, that Father continues to minimize and leave unaddressed the
treatment to D.A.’s infected toe and B.A.’s mental health concerns, including B.A.’s on-going self-
harm. D.A., a male, and B.A., a female, were fourteen years of age and eleven years of age
respectively at the time of the hearing.
On May 5, 2023, the trial court issued an ex parte temporary restraining order preventing
Father from removing the children from Mother’s control, custody, and possession. Furthermore,
the temporary restraining order named Mother as the parent with the exclusive right to designate
the children’s primary residence, along with the exclusive right to enroll the children in school.
Following the hearing on Mother’s motion for temporary orders and the ex parte temporary
restraining order, the trial court rendered a temporary order naming Mother as the parent with the
exclusive right to designate the children’s primary residence and enroll the children in school.
3
Father’s parents, D.A.’s and B.A.’s paternal grandparents, were named as intervenors in Mother and Father’s divorce
proceedings and later designated as “non-parent joint managing conservator[s]” of the children in the final divorce
decree. Grandmother, intervenor non-parent joint managing conservator, participated in the hearing at issue in the
lower court proceedings, but did not file any responsive pleadings with this court in this mandamus proceeding. We
do not further address the grandparents’ involvement in this case.
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04-23-00705-CV
Father filed a petition for writ of mandamus asking this court to vacate the trial court’s temporary
order.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
To be entitled to mandamus relief, Father must show the trial court committed a clear abuse
of discretion and that Father has no adequate remedy by appeal. See In re Ford Motor Co., 165
S.W.3d 315, 317 (Tex. 2005) (orig. proceeding) (per curiam). “[A] trial court abuses its discretion
when it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner without reference to guiding rules or
principles.” Samlowski v. Wooten, 332 S.W.3d 404, 410 (Tex. 2011). When assessing the rendition
of temporary orders, legal and factual sufficiency challenges to the evidence are relevant factors
to determine whether the trial court abused its discretion. In re Lee, No. 04-19-00440-CV, 2019
WL 3642640, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Aug. 7, 2019, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).
“Temporary orders, entered while a motion to modify in a suit affecting the parent-child
relationship is pending, are interlocutory and there is no statutory provision for appeal of these
orders.” In re Walser, 648 S.W.3d 442, 445 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2021, orig. proceeding); see
also In re Ostrofsky, 112 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, orig.
proceeding). Thus, Father has no adequate remedy by appeal.
APPLICABLE LAW - SIGNIFICANT IMPAIRMENT
While subsection 156.006(a) of the Texas Family Code allows a court to render temporary
orders in a suit for modification, subsection 156.006(b)(1) provides, in part, that
[w]hile a suit for modification is pending, the court may not render a temporary
order that has the effect of creating a designation, or changing the designation, of
the person who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the
child . . . under the final order unless the temporary order is in the best interest of
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the child and[,] the order is necessary because the child’s present circumstances
would significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development[.]
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.006(b)(1). 4
If the trial court finds a modification is in the child’s best interest, the trial court must also
find “that the children’s living environment with relator may endanger their physical health or
significantly impair their emotional development[.]” In re Ostrofsky, 112 S.W.3d at 929 (internal
quotation marks omitted); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.006(b)(1).
Emphatically, “Texas courts have recognized that the ‘significant impairment’ standard in
section 156.006(b)(1) is a high one . . . requiring evidence of bad acts that are more grave than
violation of a divorce decree or alienation of a child from a parent.” In re Serio, No. 03-14-00786-
CV, 2014 WL 7458735, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 23, 2014, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.
(citations omitted)); see In re J.W., No. 02-18-00419-CV, 2019 WL 2223216, at *3 (Tex. App.—
Fort Worth May 23, 2019, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). To satisfy this “high burden,” the movant
“must present evidence of bad acts or omissions committed against the children.” In re Walser,
648 S.W.3d at 446. The evidence of bad acts or omissions must be sufficient for each child
individually, “[b]ecause each child’s circumstances are different, conditions that could
significantly impair the emotional development of one child may not affect another child as
strongly.” In re Strickland, 358 S.W.3d 818, 822 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, orig. proceeding).
Moreover, the statute requires a finding of sufficient evidence for each child that his
“present circumstances—not past circumstances—and evidence that remaining in those
circumstances during the pendency of the custody proceedings would significantly impair their
physical or emotional development.” In re Barker, No. 03-21-00036-CV, 2021 WL 833970, at *7
4
This provision contains other permissible grounds that do not apply here. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 156.006(b)(2),
(3).
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(Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 4, 2021, orig. proceeding) (mem. op.). Thus, specific allegations,
supported by sufficient evidence, as to how each child’s physical health or emotional development
will be significantly impaired in their present circumstances is statutorily required. See id.; see also
In re Coker, No. 03-17-00862-CV, 2018 WL 700033, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 23, 2018,
orig. proceeding) (mem. op.).
DISCUSSION
At the hearing on temporary orders, the parties presented conflicting testimony and
evidence regarding the current medical care and needs of each child. This testimony and evidence
included the severity of D.A.’s toe infection and the extent to which each party took to treat D.A.’s
toe. Mother scheduled the initial medical consultation regarding D.A.’s toe as well as scheduled
the eventual more invasive medical attention by a specialist necessary to address the ongoing
infection which will allow D.A.’s toe to finally heal.
With respect to B.A., the parties presented conflicting evidence concerning their
approaches to providing B.A. with mental health treatment addressing B.A.’s depression, her self-
harm in cutting herself, and her suicidal ideations. Significant to Father’s and Mother’s differing
opinions regarding the necessity to seek mental health treatment for B.A., Mother secured B.A.’s
appointment and evaluation with a psychiatrist, who prescribed B.A. medication. Father, on the
other hand, did not seek any treatment for B.A. and strongly disagreed with the medications
prescribed to her.
A caseworker with Child Protective Services also testified during the hearing on temporary
orders about her investigation of a report of Father’s neglectful supervision of D.A. and B.A. made
by a confidential source. The caseworker spoke to the source of the complaint and Mother. On
May 1, 2023, the caseworker then conducted a home visit and spoke to Father, D.A., and B.A. in
person. Based on the caseworker’s observations, she expressed concern about D.A.’s and B.A.’s
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immediate health and safety for similar reasons as explained above. The caseworker testified
Father became agitated during the visit, as well as argumentative when the caseworker made
recommendations. The caseworker stated Father also refused to sign the safety plan she presented
to him. Thus, the caseworker opined it was necessary to have Mother act as the “protective parent,”
meaning the children should live exclusively with Mother after she entered a safety plan to assure
the children receive necessary medical attention, and Father can begin visitation with the children
once the children’s medical needs are addressed.
Having reviewed the record—and recognizing that, as fact-finder, the trial court was free
to resolve the conflicting evidence in Mother’s favor—we conclude there was a sufficient basis
from which the trial court could have concluded that temporarily naming Mother as the joint
managing conservator with the exclusive right to designate the children’s primary residence was
in the children’s best interest and that the children’s current circumstances would significantly
impair the children’s physical or emotional development. See In re Ostrofsky, 112 S.W.3d at 929.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in rendering the temporary order during the
pendency of the modification proceedings naming Mother as the person with the exclusive right
to designate the children’s primary residence and enroll them in school. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§ 156.006(b)(1). Furthermore, because we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
rendering the temporary order under section 156.006(b)(1), we further conclude Mother’s affidavit
was sufficient under section 156.006(b–1) to authorize the trial court to conduct the hearing to
consider the temporary order. See id. § 156.006(b)(1), (b–1). Therefore, we deny Father’s petition
for writ of mandamus.
Irene Rios, Justice
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