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Priority Artificial Lift Services, LLC and EP Energy E&P Company, L.P. v. Michael Chiles ( 2024 )


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  • Reversed and Remanded and Majority and Concurring and Dissenting
    Opinions filed March 21, 2024.
    In The
    Fourteenth Court of Appeals
    NO. 14-22-00473-CV
    PRIORITY ARTIFICIAL LIFT SERVICES, LLC AND EP ENERGY E&P
    COMPANY, L.P., Appellants
    V.
    MICHAEL CHILES, Appellee
    On Appeal from the 281st District Court
    Harris County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. 2016-13626
    MAJORITY OPINION
    Appellee Michael Chiles was working at an oil and gas processing facility in
    West Texas when pressurized fluid unexpectedly shot out of the end of a hose he
    was carrying. Chiles was thrown to the ground and taken to the hospital shortly
    thereafter, where he was diagnosed with a torn rotator cuff that required two
    separate surgeries to repair.
    Chiles sued appellant Priority Artificial Lift Services, LLC (“Priority”) and
    appellant EP Energy E&P Company, L.P. (“EP Energy”) for damages caused by
    the incident. The parties proceeded to trial and the jury returned a verdict finding
    Priority and EP Energy liable for Chiles’ injuries and assessing approximately $4
    million in damages. The trial court signed a final judgment incorporating the
    jury’s findings.
    Priority and EP Energy appealed the trial court’s final judgment and Chiles
    filed a cross-appeal. Because we sustain Priority’s issue challenging the trial
    court’s refusal to submit its borrowed employee jury question, we reverse the trial
    court’s final judgment and remand the case for further proceedings.
    BACKGROUND
    I.    An Overview of the Parties’ Relationships
    EP Energy is a Houston-based oil and gas company. At the time of the
    incident, EP Energy held an oil and gas lease and a commercial surface lease to
    operate an oil and gas processing facility near Big Lake, Texas. EP Energy
    operated vertical heater treater tanks at this location, which were used to separate
    produced fluid into oil, gas, and water.
    In 2011, EP Energy entered into a Master Service Agreement with Priority,
    pursuant to which Priority agreed to provide EP Energy with lease operators and
    other employees.      The agreement states that Priority would operate as an
    independent contractor and its employees were “subject to [Priority’s] sole and
    exclusive supervision, direction and control, and shall not be deemed, in fact or in
    law, to be employees of” EP Energy. Pursuant to this Agreement, Priority supplied
    EP Energy with two lease operators involved in the underlying incident: Clay
    Mateo and Abel Martinez.
    2
    EP Energy entered into a separate Master Service Agreement with Hawk
    Trucking. Hawk Trucking also operated as an independent contractor for EP
    Energy and provided the company with vacuum trucks and water hauling services.
    Chiles was working for Hawk Trucking at the time of the incident.
    II.   The Incident
    On May 3, 2014, Greg Simms was working as EP Energy’s worksite
    supervisor at the Big Lake oil and gas processing facility. The location’s heater
    treater tanks were scheduled to be cleaned that day and Simms called Hawk
    Trucking to request that Chiles be sent to perform the job. The heater treater
    cleaning process was comprised of three steps: (1) vacuuming the old water from
    the tanks and “bleeding out” the remaining pressure; (2) pumping the tanks full of
    clean water mixed with biocide; and (3) allowing the biocide mixture to sit in the
    tanks for approximately five hours before it was vacuumed out. According to
    Simms, the biocide would kill bacteria that could develop in the water and
    eventually “eat[] holes” in the heater treater tanks.
    When Chiles arrived at the location, he attended a Job Safety Analysis
    (“JSA”) meeting led by Simms. According to trial testimony from EP Energy
    safety specialist Todd Smith, the purpose of a JSA meeting is to break down the
    tasks being performed at the job site that day and identify particular hazards.
    Therefore, a JSA meeting generally is conducted “prior to engaging in an activity
    on the job site” so that everyone on location is aware of “potential hazards.”
    Simms testified that Mateo and Martinez were not at the job site when he led that
    day’s JSA meeting.
    After the conclusion of the JSA meeting, Chiles started the heater treater
    cleaning process. While Chiles was working, Simms was sitting in his truck,
    talking on the phone, and dealing with a power outage at another facility. Around
    3
    this time, Mateo and Martinez showed up at the job site. According to Martinez,
    he and Mateo tried to check in with Simms but, because Simms was on the phone,
    they just jumped into work and started helping. Chiles recalled seeing Mateo and
    Martinez in the area where he was working.
    According to Chiles, he was in the process of hooking hoses up from the
    heater treater tanks to his truck when he was “blasted in the face with fluid” and
    thrown to the ground. Unbeknownst to Chiles, Mateo had opened the valve on the
    heater treater tank and caused pressurized fluid to shoot from the end of the hose
    that Chiles was carrying. Describing the incident, Martinez said Mateo “opened
    the — the valve and chaos ensued.” Chiles was transported to a nearby hospital
    and, after further medical consultations, was diagnosed with a torn rotator cuff on
    his left shoulder.
    Safety specialist Smith investigated the incident involving Chiles.
    Discussing the incident’s “root cause,” Smith said Mateo “opened the heater treater
    valve without verbal or hand signal acknowledgement.” Smith agreed that, if
    Mateo had “followed the JSA, he would have allowed Mr. Chiles to actually
    double check all the connections before the valves were open.”               Smith
    acknowledged that Mateo “was not given proper JSA orientation on this particular
    job” and agreed that Simms’ failure to review the JSA with Mateo was “not
    meeting the expectation[s]” of EP Energy.
    According to Smith, Mateo also was not properly identified as a short-
    service employee (“SSE”). Under EP Energy policy, an SSE is one that (1) has
    less than six months experience in the current job, or (2) has less than six months
    continuous employment with the current employer. Smith stated that an SSE is
    assigned a mentor to “instruct that short service worker on the EP way.” An EP
    Energy worksite also is required to implement “a method for visually identifying
    4
    short service workers, e.g., [a] different colored hard hat, hardhat stripe, or arm
    band.”
    In sum, Smith opined that “[c]ontrol of the site was lost and the expectations
    by the site leadership weren’t met.” Acknowledging that “Simms was supposed to
    be Clay Mateo’s mentor,” Smith explained that Simms “lost control of this
    operation.”
    III.   The Lawsuit and Subsequent Trial
    Chiles filed suit in March 2016, seeking damages stemming from the 2014
    incident. The parties proceeded to trial in April 2022. The jury heard testimony
    from 14 witnesses and reviewed numerous exhibits. After the close of evidence, a
    single liability question was submitted to the jury, to which the jury answered as
    follows:
    Question No. 1
    Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately cause
    the occurrence in question?
    E.P. Energy E&P Company, L.P.:               Yes
    Priority Artificial Lift Services, L.P.:     Yes
    Hawk Trucking:                               No
    Michael Chiles:                              No
    The following proportionate responsibility inquiry was submitted as Question No.
    2:
    Question No. 2
    For each person or company, you found caused or contributed to the
    occurrence, find the percentage of responsibility attributable to each:
    5
    E.P. Energy E&P Company, L.P.:                 80%
    Priority Artificial Lift Services, L.P.:       20%
    Hawk Trucking:                                 0
    Michael Chiles:                                0
    In total, the jury assessed $3,865,000 in compensatory damages. The trial court
    signed a final judgment on June 1, 2022, incorporating the jury’s liability and
    damage findings.
    Priority and EP Energy filed motions for new trial. EP Energy also filed a
    motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. All three motions were denied.
    Priority, EP Energy, and Chiles filed notices of appeal.
    ROADMAP
    Priority raises two issues in its appellate brief: (1) the trial court erred by
    denying its request to submit a borrowed employee jury question, and (2) the
    evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s damage assessments for Chiles’ future
    medical expenses, mental anguish, and physical impairment.
    EP Energy, in turn, raises five issues on appeal:
    1.     the trial court erred by granting Chiles’ pretrial motion on EP
    Energy’s Chapter 95 defense;
    2.     Chiles failed to secure a finding on premises liability, his only viable
    theory of recovery;
    3.     EP Energy owes no duty to independent contractors and Chiles failed
    to secure the necessary predicate findings regarding control;
    4.     the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s liability
    finding; and
    5.     the damages are excessive and lack evidentiary support.
    Finally, Chiles raises a single issue on appeal and asserts the trial court erred by
    6
    refusing to hold EP Energy jointly and severally liable for the damages assessed in
    its final judgment.
    As explained in our analyses below, we conclude the trial court abused its
    discretion by denying Priority’s borrowed employee jury question and that this
    constitutes reversible error requiring a new trial. Because of our disposition of this
    issue, we need not address (1) Priority’s second issue challenging the damages
    awarded, (2) EP Energy’s second, third, fourth, and fifth issues, which challenge
    the applicable theories of liability, the evidence supporting those theories, and the
    damages awarded, or (3) Chiles’ issue regarding joint and several liability.
    However, we do address EP Energy’s first issue, which challenges the trial
    court’s pretrial rulings on EP Energy’s and Chiles’ summary judgment motions,
    both of which address the applicability of Chapter 95. Because we conclude the
    trial court did not err in denying EP Energy’s summary judgment motion and
    granting Chiles’ motion, we overrule EP Energy’s first issue.
    ANALYSIS
    I.     Borrowed Employee Doctrine
    In its first issue, Priority asserts the trial court erred by denying its request
    for a jury question inquiring whether Mateo was acting as a borrowed employee of
    EP Energy at the time of the incident.1 We agree.
    1
    Priority adequately preserved this issue for appellate review. At the informal charge
    conference, Priority’s counsel requested a borrowed employee question as to Mateo and
    Martinez. Summarizing their exchange, the trial court asked Priority’s counsel, “Is your
    argument then that your — that the Priority employees are borrowed servants of E.P. Energy,
    and you would like a fact-finding from the jury on that?” Priority’s counsel responded,
    “Correct.” After hearing additional arguments from the parties, the trial court denied Priority’s
    request for a borrowed employee question.
    The following day at the formal charge conference, Priority submitted two proposed jury
    questions inquiring whether Mateo and Martinez were acting as borrowed employees of EP
    7
    A.     Standard of Review and Governing Law
    The trial court has broad discretion in submitting jury questions and we
    review alleged charge error only for an abuse of that discretion. Mem’l Hermann
    Health Sys. v. Gomez, 
    649 S.W.3d 415
    , 426 n.32 (Tex. 2022). “A trial court is
    required to submit controlling factual issues which are essential to a right of action
    or defense.” Indian Oil Co. v. Bishop Petroleum Inc., 
    406 S.W.3d 644
    , 658 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. denied).                  Moreover, those requested
    questions must be supported by the pleadings and the evidence. See Tex. R. Civ.
    P. 278; Mohammadi v. Albertsons, LLC, 
    656 S.W.3d 851
    , 858 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 2022, pet. filed). “A judgment will not be reversed based on
    charge error unless such error probably caused the rendition of an improper verdict
    or probably prevented a party from properly presenting the case to the appellate
    courts.” Mohammadi, 656 S.W.3d at 858.
    The borrowed employee doctrine is a tort doctrine addressing vicarious
    liability and apportionment of responsibility for employees who have more than
    one master. See Reliance Nat’l Indem. Co. v. Advance’d Temporaries, Inc., 
    227 S.W.3d 46
    , 49 (Tex. 2007). The Texas Supreme Court “has long recognized that a
    general or regular employee of one employer may become the borrowed employee
    of another with respect to some activities.” St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 
    94 S.W.3d 513
    , 537 (Tex. 2002); see also Davis-Lynch, Inc. v. Asgard Techs., LLC, 
    472 S.W.3d 50
    , 70 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).
    If an employee of a general employer becomes the borrowed employee of
    Energy. The trial court denied the requests and signed and dated the proposed questions. Via
    these exchanges, Priority adequately made the trial court aware of its complaint, timely and
    plainly, and obtained rulings on its requested questions as necessary to preserve error. See Tex.
    R. Civ. P. 274; see also, e.g., Smith-Hamm, Inc. v. Equip. Connection, 
    946 S.W.2d 458
    , 463
    (Tex. App.—Houston 1997, no writ).
    8
    another, he is no longer considered an employee of the general employer for
    liability purposes. St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 538. “[I]t is the shift of the right
    to direct and control the details of the work that transforms a general employee of
    one employer into a borrowed employee of another,” thus rendering the new
    employer liable for the borrowed employee’s actions. Id. at 542. Therefore, the
    essential inquiry under the borrowed employee doctrine is “which employer had
    the right of control of the details and manner of the employee’s work.” Davis-
    Lynch, Inc., 472 S.W.3d at 70. This employer alone will bear liability for the
    employee’s actions. See id.
    Read together, the applicable standard of review and jurisprudence
    addressing the borrowed employee doctrine yield two principles: (1) the borrowed
    employee doctrine is applicable in circumstances where the plaintiff’s theory of
    liability is dependent on the defendant’s role as an employer, and (2) the
    defendant-employer is entitled to a borrowed employee jury question where that
    issue is supported by the pleadings and evidence. See St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d
    at 538, 542; Mohammadi, 656 S.W.3d at 858; Indian Oil Co., 
    406 S.W.3d at 658
    .
    As shown below, both of these conditions were met here, thus entitling Priority to
    a jury question on the borrowed employee doctrine.
    B.     Application
    Our analysis begins with an examination of Chiles’ theories of liability with
    respect to Priority. Chiles’ live pleading as of the time of trial contains the
    following allegations:
    •      Mateo was a “joint employee” of Priority and EP Energy.
    •      Priority had a duty to supply EP Energy with “competent, qualified,
    and trained employees” and a duty “to ensure its employees were
    trained in and worked in compliance with Priority’s own company
    9
    safety policies, the safety policies of EP Energy, and within the scope
    of [the] agreement made with EP Energy.”
    •      The Priority employees on the job site “had a duty not to act
    negligently in the performance of their work.”
    •      Priority and EP Energy are “vicariously liable for the negligent
    actions of [their] joint employees.”
    •      Priority, “individually and as a joint employer,” had a duty to “ensure
    that proper training and safety instructions were provided to Clay
    Mateo before he started to perform work for EP Energy.”
    •      “Priority had a duty to properly train, supervise, and assign a mentor
    to Clay Mateo . . . while in the course and scope of his employment
    with Priority and EP Energy, as joint employers.”
    •      Priority was “negligent in hiring Clay Mateo as an employee,”
    including negligence with respect to “checking the background,
    experience, and job training of Clay Mateo.”
    •      Priority was negligent in “training its employees for the tasks they
    would be performing and negligent in training and communicating the
    work tasks that Priority workers were not to perform on the EP
    Energy job site.”
    These allegations are premised on Priority’s role as Mateo’s employer, including
    the duties it owed with respect to Mateo’s hiring, training, and supervision.
    Second, the evidence at trial raised an issue of fact regarding whether
    Priority or EP Energy (or both) were responsible for directing and controlling the
    details of Mateo’s work at the time of the incident. See St. Joseph Hosp., 94
    S.W.3d at 542; Davis-Lynch, Inc., 472 S.W.3d at 70. Specifically, the jury heard
    the following:
    •      EP Energy and Priority had entered into a Master Service Agreement,
    pursuant to which Priority would provide EP Energy with lease
    operators and other employees, including Mateo. Under the terms of
    this agreement, Priority operated as an independent contractor and its
    10
    employees were “subject to [Priority’s] sole and exclusive
    supervision, direction and control, and shall not be deemed, in fact or
    in law, to be employees of” EP Energy.2
    •       Greg Simms (EP Energy’s worksite supervisor) testified that he
    instructed Mateo and Martinez to come to the Big Lake oil and gas
    processing facility the day of the incident.
    •       Simms said Mateo “worked for Priority” and, because Mateo was a
    short-service worker,3 he should have had a mentor provided by
    Priority. Simms denied that he was Mateo’s mentor.
    •       Simms testified that Mateo did not attend that day’s JSA meeting nor
    did Mateo check in with Simms when he arrived at the jobsite.
    Simms said Mateo was not “following E.P. Energy safety policy on
    the job site when he opened that valve too early,” causing pressurized
    fluid to shoot out of the end of the hose carried by Chiles.
    •       Mateo said he was hired by Priority in April 2014 to work as a lease
    operator. Mateo said he never transitioned from an employee of
    Priority to an employee of EP Energy. Mateo recalled watching
    training videos but did not know whether they were supplied by
    Priority or EP Energy.
    •       According to Mateo’s testimony, Simms was his supervisor on the
    day of the incident and was “directing the work that day.” Contrary to
    Simms’ testimony, Mateo said he attended the day’s JSA meeting, at
    which Simms went “step-by-step and explain[ed] . . . what was going
    to happen and who was going to do what.”
    •       Troy Soileau, EP Energy’s production supervisor, testified that he
    supervised Simms. According to Soileau, EP Energy supervises lease
    operators (like Mateo) and tells them “what they’re supposed to do on
    a daily basis.” Soileau said, when lease operators are working on a
    job site, “they’re working exclusively for EP Energy.”
    2
    This contractual provision does not, as a matter of law, settle the borrowed employee
    question with respect to Priority and EP Energy. See Exxon Corp. v. Perez, 
    842 S.W.2d 629
    , 630
    (Tex. 1992) (per curiam) (In the borrowed employee context, “[a] contract between two
    employers providing that one shall have the right of control over certain employees is a factor to
    be considered, but it is not controlling.”).
    According to Simms’ testimony, a short-service worker “[h]as less than six months
    3
    employment with [the] current employer.”
    11
    •     Soileau said Simms was Mateo’s mentor at the time of the incident.
    Soileau agreed that it “ultimately f[e]ll down to Greg Simms, the site
    supervisor, to make sure things were done properly.”
    •     Todd Smith, EP Energy’s safety specialist, testified that EP Energy
    had the “ultimate responsibility” on the job site. According to Smith,
    the person exercising that responsibility was Simms.
    •     Smith testified that Simms did not follow proper JSA procedure and
    failed to review the JSA with employees that arrived late to the work
    site, including Mateo. Smith said that “[c]ontrol of the site was lost
    and the expectations of — by the site leadership weren’t met.”
    Continuing on, Smith explained that, if Mateo “had reviewed the
    JSA,” he would have known to “double, triple check the valves before
    doing any work.”
    •     Preston Abbott, EP Energy’s corporate representative, said Simms
    was responsible for “mak[ing] sure that the contractors that are there
    understand the policies and procedures set forth for that job.” Abbott
    said it was an “error” for Simms to fail to review the JSA following
    Mateo’s late arrival at the job site.
    •     Mitch Wilkerson, Priority’s district manager, said EP Energy
    requested that Priority hire Mateo as a lease operator to work at an EP
    Energy job site. Wilkerson said Priority undertook a “standard
    background process” for these types of hires.
    •     Wilkerson said Priority supplied lease operators like Mateo with a
    vehicle and tools. Wilkerson testified that more “specific” tools
    would be provided by EP Energy.
    •     According to Wilkerson, Mateo’s “supervisors were the people he
    worked for at EP.”
    •     Donnie Audas, Priority’s quality, safety, health, and environmental
    manager, testified that Mateo was required to follow both Priority and
    EP Energy policies. Audas said both companies’ policies required
    Mateo to participate in job site safety meetings.
    This evidence, taken together, raises an issue of fact regarding whether Priority or
    EP Energy controlled the details of Mateo’s work at the time of the incident. See
    St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 542; Davis-Lynch, Inc., 472 S.W.3d at 70. The
    12
    evidence indicates that EP Energy, via Simms, had significant control over the job
    site, including ensuring that the daily JSA meeting was undertaken with all
    employees and contractors on the site. But the evidence also shows that Priority
    was the entity that hired Mateo and provided him with some of the tools for his
    position. Moreover, according to the terms of EP Energy’s and Priority’s Master
    Service Agreement, Mateo was subject to Priority’s “sole and exclusive
    supervision, direction and control.”
    Given this evidence and Chiles’ theories of liability with respect to Priority,
    Priority was entitled to the submission of its borrowed employee jury question.
    See St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 538, 542; Mohammadi, 656 S.W.3d at 858;
    Indian Oil Co., 
    406 S.W.3d at 658
    . Because this was a controlling factual issue
    that was supported by the pleadings and the evidence, the trial court abused its
    discretion by denying Priority’s requested instruction. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 278;
    Indian Oil Co., 
    406 S.W.3d at 658
    . Moreover, because a jury finding in Priority’s
    favor on this issue would have insulated Priority from liability stemming from the
    underlying incident (see St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 538, 542), it constitutes
    reversible error that requires a new trial. See Mohammadi, 656 S.W.3d at 858.
    We sustain Priority’s first issue.
    C.     Disposition
    The trial court’s failure to properly instruct the jury regarding Priority’s
    borrowed employee issue warrants a new trial as to all claims and all parties for
    three reasons.
    First, with respect to a partial remand, this court previously has stated: “If
    the reversible error affects part of, but not all of, the matter in controversy and that
    part can be separated without unfairness to the parties, the judgment must be
    13
    reversed and a new trial ordered only as to the part affected by the error.” Ginn v.
    Pierce, 
    595 S.W.3d 762
    , 768 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. denied)
    (emphasis added); see also Turner, Collie & Braden, Inc. v. Brookhollow, Inc., 
    642 S.W.2d 160
    , 166 (Tex. 1982) (although the supreme court found error only with
    respect to one defendant, it nonetheless reversed and remanded the entire case
    because the various claims were so intertwined that they could not be separated
    from the others without unfairness to the parties). Here, remanding for a new trial
    only on the borrowed employee issue would not be fair to all parties.
    Rendering judgment on Chiles’ claim against EP Energy and remanding for
    a new trial only on Priority’s borrowed employee issue would exclude the party
    with the most to lose from subsequent proceedings: EP Energy. If the jury finds in
    Priority’s favor on the borrowed employee question, Chiles nonetheless would be
    entitled to recover 100% of his damages from EP Energy based on the first jury’s
    allocation of responsibility. See 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.013
    (b)(1)
    (when the percentage of responsibility attributed to a defendant is greater than
    50%, the defendant is jointly and severally liable for all damages recovered by the
    claimant). With nothing to lose, Chiles would not be compelled to mount a
    vigorous defense.
    This stacks the deck in Priority’s favor. With a jury finding in its favor on
    the borrowed employee issue, Priority would be insulated from liability with
    respect to Chiles’ claims. This also would extinguish any right of contribution to
    which EP Energy may be entitled. See 
    id.
     § 33.015(b) (“If a defendant who is
    jointly and severally liable pays a larger proportion of those damages than is
    required by his percentage of responsibility, that defendant has a right of
    contribution for the overpayment against each other defendant with whom he is
    jointly and severally liable under Section 33.013 to the extent that the other
    14
    defendant has not paid the proportion of those damages required by that other
    defendant’s percentage of responsibility.”).
    Further, the factual issues inherent in a borrowed employee determination
    necessarily would bear on any allocation of responsibility between Priority and EP
    Energy. As laid out in the background section, this incident stems from Mateo’s
    premature opening of the valve on the heater treater tank, which caused pressurized
    fluid to shoot out from the end of the hose Chiles was carrying. A borrowed
    employee question would require the jury to consider the extent to which Priority
    and EP Energy directed and controlled the details of Mateo’s work — work that
    resulted in Chiles’ injury. See St. Joseph Hosp., 94 S.W.3d at 542. Similarly, a
    proportionate responsibility question asks the jury to assess the percentage of
    responsibility attributable to Priority and EP Energy for “causing or contributing to
    cause in any way the harm for which recovery of damages is sought[.]” See 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 33.003
    (a). Because the jury foreseeably could
    have apportioned liability differently between Priority and EP Energy if it also
    found against Priority on the borrowed employee issue, a new trial on all claims is
    required. See Builders Transp., Inc. v. Grice-Smith, 
    167 S.W.3d 18
    , 20 (Tex.
    App.—Waco 2005, pet. denied) (per curiam) (“Appellees’ claims against Landry
    and Builders Transport are significantly interwoven. So that a jury on remand will
    be able to apportion responsibility among all parties, we will reverse the judgment
    in its entirety and remand this cause to the trial court for further proceedings
    consistent with the opinion of this Court.”); see also, e.g., Diamond Offshore
    Drilling, Inc. v. Black, 
    652 S.W.3d 463
    , 481-83 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
    2022, no pet.); Heritage Hous. Dev., Inc. v. Carr, 
    199 S.W.3d 560
    , 570 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.).
    Second, as a general rule, we can grant parties less relief than requested but
    15
    cannot grant more. Zaidi v. Shah, 
    502 S.W.3d 434
    , 445 (Tex. App.—Houston
    [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied). In the portion of its appellate brief discussing the
    borrowed employee issue, Priority asked only that we “reverse the judgment of the
    district court and remand the case for a new trial with a borrowed employee
    instruction.” Accordingly, consistent with Priority’s request, it is appropriate to
    remand the case for a new trial as to all claims and all parties.
    Finally, we have broad discretion to remand a case in the interest of justice
    after reversing the trial court’s judgment. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.3(b); Union Pac.
    R.R. Co. v. Seber, 
    477 S.W.3d 424
    , 435 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015,
    no pet.).   “We may exercise our discretion to remand as long as there is a
    probability that the case, for any reason, has not been fully developed.” Union
    Pac. R.R. Co., 477 S.W.3d at 435. For the reasons discussed above, we conclude
    that the case has not been fully developed and that a new trial is appropriate. See
    Tex. R. App. P. 43.3(b).
    II.   Chapter 95
    EP Energy filed a pretrial motion for summary judgment, asserting that
    Chiles’ suit was governed by Chapter 95 and that Chiles could not raise an issue of
    fact with respect to the applicable burden of proof. Chiles also filed a pretrial
    summary judgment motion, arguing that EP Energy could not conclusively prove
    that Chapter 95 applies to his claims. In two orders, the trial court (1) denied EP
    Energy’s summary judgment motion, and (2) granted Chiles’ motion. On appeal,
    EP Energy asserts the trial court erred in its pretrial determination that Chapter 95
    does not apply to this suit.
    A.     Standard of Review and Governing Law
    We review the trial court’s pretrial summary judgment de novo. Tarr v.
    16
    Timberwood Park Owners Ass’n, 
    556 S.W.3d 274
    , 278 (Tex. 2018). We take as
    true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable
    inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Sw. Elec. Power Co. v.
    Grant, 
    73 S.W.3d 211
    , 215 (Tex. 2002). When, as here, both parties move for
    partial summary judgment on the same issue and the trial court grants one motion
    and denies the other, we “consider[] the summary judgment evidence presented by
    both sides, determine all questions presented, and if [we] determine that the trial
    court erred, render[] the judgment the trial court should have rendered.” Valence
    Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 
    164 S.W.3d 656
    , 661 (Tex. 2005).
    The movant for a traditional summary judgment must show that there is no
    genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
    Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding,
    
    289 S.W.3d 844
    , 848 (Tex. 2009). Evidence is conclusive only if reasonable
    people could not differ in their conclusions. City of Keller v. Wilson, 
    168 S.W.3d 802
    , 816 (Tex. 2005).
    Chapter 95 was enacted in 1996 as part of a sweeping tort reform package
    and effected the legislature’s recognition that “property owners often want to hire
    someone with expertise to repair or renovate some improvement on their
    property.” Oiltanking Houston, L.P. v. Delgado, 
    502 S.W.3d 202
    , 208 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, pet. denied) (internal quotation omitted). When
    a claim is governed by Chapter 95 as opposed to general common law principles,
    the claimant has a more difficult burden of proof. Cox v. Air Liquide Am., LP, 
    498 S.W.3d 686
    , 688 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.); see, e.g., 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.003
    . Moreover, if Chapter 95 applies, it
    presents the claimant’s sole means of recovery. Abutahoun v. Dow Chem. Co., 
    463 S.W.3d 42
    , 51 (Tex. 2015).
    17
    Chapter 95 limits a property owner’s liability when an independent
    contractor or its employee, hired to “construc[t], repai[r], renovat[e], or modif[y]”
    an improvement to the owner’s property, brings a “claim for damages caused by
    negligence” that “arises from the condition or use” of that improvement. 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 95.001
    , 95.002. If a defendant meets its burden to
    conclusively establish these elements, a plaintiff cannot recover from a property
    owner unless it also can show that:
    (1) the property owner exercised or retained some control over the
    manner in which the work was performed, other than the right to order
    the work to start or stop or to inspect or receive progress reports; and
    (2) the property owner had actual knowledge of the danger or
    condition resulting in the personal injury, death, or property damage
    and failed to adequately warn.
    
    Id.
     § 95.003; see also Lopez v. Ensign U.S. S. Drilling, LLC, 
    524 S.W.3d 836
    , 842
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (the burden is on the defendant to
    “prove[] Chapter 95 applies by presenting evidence conclusively establishing that
    all elements of section 95.002 have been met”).
    Chapter 95 appeals often involve issues of statutory construction, which we
    review de novo. Abutahoun, 463 S.W.3d at 46. We look to the plain meaning of
    the statute’s words as an expression of legislative intent. Id. “If the statute is clear
    and unambiguous, we must read the language according to its common meaning
    without resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.” Crosstex Energy Servs.,
    L.P. v. Pro Plus, Inc., 
    430 S.W.3d 384
    , 389 (Tex. 2014) (internal quotation
    omitted).
    Chapter 95 applies to all negligence claims that arise from either a premises
    defect or a property owner’s negligent activity. Abutahoun, 463 S.W.3d at 50.
    Moreover, although Chapter 95 requires a causal connection between negligence
    18
    involving the improvement and the plaintiff’s damages, this negligence need not be
    the “only cause” of the damages. Endeavor Energy Res., L.P. v. Cuevas, 
    593 S.W.3d 307
    , 311 (Tex. 2019).
    B.     Application
    In the trial court and on appeal, EP Energy asserts that Chapter 95 applies to
    Chiles’ negligence claim because (1) EP Energy was a “property owner”; (2) the
    heater treater tanks constituted “improvements to real property”; and (3) Chiles
    was hired to “repair[], renovate[], or modif[y]” the heater treater tanks. See 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.001
    . Because we conclude that the summary
    judgment record fails to conclusively establish that Chiles was hired to repair,
    renovate, or modify the heater treater tanks, we need not address the other elements
    necessary to sustain the application of Chapter 95.
    The legislature has not defined the terms “repairs,” “renovates,” or
    “modifies” as used in Chapter 95. Several of our sister courts have given these
    terms their ordinary meaning:
    1.     Repair — to restore to a good or sound condition after decay or
    damage; mend; to repair a motor; to restore or renew by any process
    of making good, strengthening, etc.: to repair one’s health by resting.
    2.     Renovate — to restore to good condition; to make new or as if new
    again; repair.
    3.     Modify — to change somewhat the form or qualities of; alter partially.
    Vela v. Murphy Expl. & Prod. Co.-USA, No. 04-18-00830-CV, 
    2019 WL 7196603
    ,
    at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Dec. 27, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting
    Webster’s New Unabridged Dictionary 463, 1236, 1632 (2003)); Morales v. Alcoa
    World Alumina L.L.C., No. 13-17-00101-CV, 
    2018 WL 2252901
    , at *7 (Tex.
    App.—Corpus Christi May 17, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (same); Montoya v.
    19
    Nichirin-Flex, U.S.A., Inc., 
    417 S.W.3d 507
    , 512 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2013, no
    pet.) (same). As these definitions illustrate, Chapter 95 is intended to encompass
    actions that effect some change upon an improvement’s condition, form, or
    qualities.
    Case law further illustrates these definitions’ applications. For example, in
    Morales, the court concluded that the plaintiff’s work on pipes at an alumina
    refining facility fell within the definitions of “renovate” or “modify” because the
    work included (1) removing the pipe’s solid blinds4 and replacing them with open
    blinds, and (2) using a jackhammer to remove scale deposit that had collected on
    the pipes. 
    2018 WL 2252901
    , at *8. As the court reasoned, replacing the blinds
    “changed the form or qualities of the pipe” and using a jackhammer to remove
    scale “restored the [pipe] to a good, new condition.” 
    Id.
    In Rawson v. Oxea Corp., the court concluded that the plaintiff’s work to
    replace damaged insulators5 at an electrical substation constituted a “repair.” 
    557 S.W.3d 17
    , 29 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. dism’d). As the court
    pointed out, the electrical substation “could not be fully operational without
    replacing the damaged insulators” and, accordingly, the plaintiff’s work to replace
    the insulators restored the substation to a good or sound condition. 
    Id.
     Similarly,
    in Francis v. Coastal Oil & Gas Corp., the court held that a “coiled-tubing
    washout” on an oil and gas well qualified as either repair or renovation. 
    130 S.W.3d 76
    , 85 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). In reaching this
    decision, the court noted that the purpose of the washout “was to rehabilitate the
    4
    The court explained that “blinds” are “circular pieces of steel inserted between flanges”
    and used to “control the flow of caustic and process liquor” in various pipes. Morales, 
    2018 WL 2252901
    , at *1.
    5
    As the court explained, “insulators” attach bare metal electrical conductors to a steel
    beam support structure that runs into a concrete foundation. Rawson v. Oxea Corp., 
    557 S.W.3d 17
    , 20 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. dism’d).
    20
    well so that the flow of gas could increase.” 
    Id.
    The court in Montoya examined whether the application of sealant coating to
    a building’s roof fell within Chapter 95’s purview.        417 S.W.3d at 511-14.
    Pointing out that the sealant was applied “to restore a primary function of the roof,
    namely, keeping water and other elements out of the building’s interior,” the court
    concluded that the activity “was not aimed at keeping the roof in an existing state.”
    Id. at 512. Accordingly, the application of the sealant constituted “repairing” the
    roof under Chapter 95.
    Finally, in Martin v. WPP Properties, LLC, the plaintiff worked at an
    apartment complex to perform “make ready” work on certain apartments, which
    included removing old tenant’s belongings, painting, and replacing carpet. No. 12-
    20-00243-CV, 
    2021 WL 2816411
    , at *1 (Tex. App.—Tyler June 30, 2021, pet.
    denied) (mem. op.). The plaintiff fell while removing trash and other belongings
    from an apartment and sued the apartment on negligence and premises liability
    theories. 
    Id.
     Concluding that the plaintiff’s claim was governed by Chapter 95,
    the court reasoned that the plaintiff “was actively working for [the defendants]
    renovating apartments to make them ready for new tenants.” Id. at *3.
    In their applications of “repair,” “renovate,” and “modify,” these cases
    illustrate a unifying principle: that the work at issue effected some type of change
    upon the improvement itself or its performance. But here, the summary judgment
    record does not make that showing with respect to the work Chiles was doing at
    the time of the incident. Specifically, the summary judgment evidence does not
    conclusively show that cleaning the heater treater tanks with a biocide mixture
    constitutes repairing, renovating, or modifying the tanks as necessary to fall within
    Chapter 95’s purview.
    With its summary judgment motion, EP Energy included as evidence
    21
    excerpts from Greg Simms’ deposition. Describing the heater treater cleaning
    process, Simms said “we try to go and pull the bad water — the old water out of
    the bottom of the heater treaters because it just seems to sit there and gets stagnant
    and — and grow[s] bacteria. So we will pull the old water out of the bottom and
    push new water with biocide into the bottom.” Simms said the biocide mixture
    would sit in the heater treater tank for approximately five hours. According to
    Simms, the biocide kept certain bacteria from growing in the water that could
    subsequently “eat holes” in the equipment.
    With his summary judgment motion, Chiles attached deposition excerpts
    from Preston Abbott, EP Energy’s corporate representative. Abbott also described
    the heater treater cleaning process and, in relevant part, testified as follows:
    Q.       Now, over time in these particular heater treater tanks,
    they build up bacteria in the water; is that right?
    A.       Yes, sir, they do.
    Q.       And that has to be flushed out. It has to be killed —
    the bacteria?
    A.       You would have to — you don’t have to. But if you
    don’t flush it out, the bac — the sulfate-reducing
    bacteria will eat — eat steel.
    Q.       Right.
    A.       It will — it will eat a hole into the fire tube, is usually
    where it first occurs.
    Abbott said the heater treater cleaning process was undertaken approximately
    every quarter of a year or less frequently. According to Abbott, the biocide’s sole
    purpose was to kill bacteria in the water; it would not do anything else to the heater
    treater tanks.
    Continuing on, Abbott was questioned about the condition of the heater
    22
    treater tanks at the time they were being cleaned by Chiles. Abbott agreed that
    (1) there were no “malfunctions” with the heater treater tanks; (2) the tanks did not
    “need additional parts”; and (3) there was no “need for repairs” to the heater treater
    tanks. Abbott did not state that the cleaning was necessary to restore the heater
    treaters’ functioning. Abbott agreed that this job was comprised of “chang[ing] the
    water out,” which he described as a “[p]reventative maintenance kind of job.”
    Finally, both parties attached excerpts from Chiles’ deposition, in which he
    discussed his role in the heater treater cleaning process.        Chiles provided a
    description of the cleaning process similar to that given by Simms and Abbott and
    said he was “going to pump the biocide to let it mix around and then suck it out to
    be cleaned.” Describing this process further, Chiles said the job required him to
    hook his tanker truck up to the heater treater tank via hoses, check the pressure on
    the hoses, and pump the biocide mixture into the tank.
    Considered together and in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, we
    conclude that this evidence fails to conclusively establish that the heater treater
    cleaning process Chiles was undertaking when he was injured constituted
    repairing, renovating, or modifying the heater treater tanks. See 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002
    (2). Specifically, the evidence does not conclusively
    show that anything was done to the tanks themselves but rather to the bacteria that
    grew in the water.
    In contrast, the evidence analyzed in the cases cited above conclusively
    showed that the plaintiffs’ work effected some type of change to the improvement
    or its output, thus constituting a repair, renovation, or modification. See, e.g.,
    Martin, 
    2021 WL 2816411
    , at *1, *3 (the plaintiff’s work included physically
    removing trash and other belongings from apartments to ready them for new
    tenants); Morales, 
    2018 WL 2252901
    , at *8 (the plaintiff’s work included
    23
    replacing pipe blinds and using a jackhammer to remove scale deposit); Rawson,
    557 S.W.3d at 29 (the plaintiff was replacing damaged insulators, without which
    the electrical substation “could not be fully operational”); Montoya, 417 S.W.3d at
    511-14 (the plaintiff applied sealant to a roof to “restore a primary function of the
    roof”); Francis, 
    130 S.W.3d at 85
     (the plaintiff performed a “coiled-tubing
    washout” that “rehabilitate[d] the well so that the flow of gas flow could
    increase”). But here, both Simms and Abbott testified at their depositions that the
    biocide mixture killed bacteria in the water. Going further, Abbott confirmed that
    the biocide mixture would not do anything to the heater treater tanks themselves.
    Abbott also testified about the condition of the heater treater tanks at the time of
    the cleaning and said there was nothing wrong with the tanks’ condition or output
    and no need for repairs. Rather, the job Chiles was performing was described as
    merely “chang[ing] the water out.”
    Accordingly, this evidence does not conclusively establish that Chiles was
    repairing, renovating, or modifying an improvement at the time of the incident as
    necessary to fall within the scope of Chapter 95. See 
    Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 95.002
    (2). Therefore, the trial court did not err when it (1) denied EP
    Energy’s partial motion for summary judgment on its Chapter 95 defense, and
    (2) granted Chiles’ Chapter 95 summary judgment motion.
    We overrule EP Energy’s issue challenging these rulings.
    CONCLUSION
    We overrule EP Energy’s issue challenging the trial court’s pretrial rulings
    regarding Chapter 95’s applicability. We sustain Priority’s issue challenging the
    trial court’s refusal to submit its borrowed employee jury question and, because of
    this error, remand the case for a new trial. In light of our disposition of this issue,
    we need not reach the other issues raised on appeal.
    24
    /s/    Meagan Hassan
    Justice
    Panel consists of Chief Justice Christopher and Justices Bourliot and Hassan
    (Christopher, C. J., concurring and dissenting).
    25
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 14-22-00473-CV

Filed Date: 3/21/2024

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 3/24/2024