Hector Arturo Campos v. the State of Texas ( 2024 )

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed April 18, 2023.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-22-00485-CR
HECTOR ARTURO CAMPOS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 339th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1538401
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Hector Arturo Campos of murder and assessed
punishment at 45 years. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 12.32, 19.02(b)(1). In two
issues on appeal, appellant argues (1) the evidence was legally insufficient for the
jury to reject his claim of self-defense and (2) the evidence was legally and
factually insufficient to support the jury’s negative finding on his sudden-passion
claim. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was charged with the murder of his neighbor, Ana Weed. At trial,
appellant testified that he and his wife used to be good friends with the Weeds.
However, appellant claims that Ana helped his wife and daughter travel to Mexico
without his consent; appellant’s wife and daughter never returned to him, and his
wife subsequently filed for divorce. After that, the friendship between appellant
and Ana deteriorated. According to appellant, the Weeds knew his sleep schedule
and would make banging sounds on his window while he was sleeping. He also
alleges that the Weeds would frequently harass and threaten him.
Appellant testified that on the alleged date of the offense, he was washing
his brother’s truck in his driveway. Ana was allegedly on his property, staring at
him in a hostile manner, and trying to get his attention. Appellant tried to speak to
her in a “calm, peaceful voice,” but Ana allegedly retorted, “Get the f—k away
from me. You’re about to get f—d up.” Ana then allegedly whistled for her dogs,
who began barking and attempting to bite appellant.
After the dogs approached, appellant testified that Ana charged him and
shoved him backwards. Appellant claims that after being shoved, his glasses were
skewed and he had difficulty seeing. He claimed he was afraid of the dogs biting
his face, and he could see the anger and hatred in Ana’s face. He also claimed that
Ana raised her hands at him, and that as she raised her arms, he could tell Ana was
holding something shiny in a rigid manner, but he could not identify the object.
Because he feared Ana would kill him, he fired his gun and shot her in the chest
from approximately 2-3 feet away.
Travis Hoppas described the confrontation differently. Hoppas was visiting
his parents’ house, who live across the street from appellant and the Weeds. At the
time of the incident, Hoppas was in his driveway building a kitchen item. Hoppas
2
testified that appellant and Weed were initially walking near their own respective
vehicles. The next time Hoppas looked up, he noticed Ana was bent at a 90-degree
angle, backing towards her garage and holding onto her dog’s collar while
appellant was at the edge of the property line. Ana’s dog got loose and charged at
appellant; appellant attempted to kick the dog, but missed, fell down, and his shoe
was flung into the street. According to Hoppas, Weed threw the packing tape she
was holding at appellant and told him not to kick her dog. She then retrieved her
dog from appellant’s property and began retreating to her garage. Hoppas testified
that as she was backing away, appellant said something and then shot her. Hoppas
grabbed his own pistol and told appellant to drop his gun; appellant did not drop
his gun, but instead told Hoppas to call 9-1-1 and then entered his home.
Upon hearing the gunshot, Scott Weed—Ana’s husband—rushed outside.
Scott testified that he asked appellant why he shot Ana and that appellant
responded, “Because Ana helped [my] wife escape.” The medical examiner
labeled Ana’s death a homicide, but conceded that the bullet’s trajectory was not
consistent with Ana having been crouched at the time she was shot. The medical
examiner also noted that Ana had 83 nanograms of Adderall in her body at the
time of her death.
The jury charge included instructions on apparent danger and self-defense.
The jury returned a verdict of guilty. At the punishment phase, the trial instructed
the jury on sudden passion, but the jury assessed punishment at 45 years.
Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Self-defense
In his first issue, appellant challenges the jury’s implicit rejection of his
3
self-defense issue.
1. Standard of review and applicable law
The due-process guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment requires that a
conviction be supported by legally-sufficient evidence. Braughton v. State, 569
S.W.3d 592, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018); see also Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 315–16 (1979). In assessing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
criminal conviction, “we consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the
verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom, a rational juror could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19); see also Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We measure the evidence by the elements of the
offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953
S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Specific to self-defense, the court of criminal appeals has explained that the
defendant bears the burden to produce evidence supporting the defense, while the
State bears the burden of persuasion to disprove the raised issues. Braughton, 569
S.W.3d at 608. We do not to whether the State presented evidence that refuted
appellant’s self-defense evidence, but to whether after viewing all the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational fact-finder would have
found the essential elements of murder beyond a reasonable doubt and would have
found against appellant on the self-defense issue beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at
609 (citing Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)).
The reviewing court must defer to the jury’s determinations of the witnesses’
credibility and the weight to be given their testimony, as the jury is the sole judge
of those matters. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326; Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 899–900.
4
Self-defense is a fact issue to be determined by the jury and the jury is free to
accept or reject any defensive evidence on the issue. Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913–
14.
A person generally is justified in using deadly force against another in
self-defense if, among other things, that person reasonably believes the force is
immediately necessary to protect against the other’s use or attempted use of
unlawful deadly force. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. §§ 9.31, .32.
2. The evidence was legally sufficient to support jury’s rejection of
appellant’s self-defense claim
Appellant argues the evidence was legally insufficient to support a finding
against him on the self-defense issue. However, according to Hoppas, Ana only
went on appellant’s property to retrieve her dog. Hoppas testified that he never saw
Ana shove appellant, but he did see her throw packing tape at him. Hoppas also
recalled that Ana was backing away from appellant when he shot her. The jury was
free to believe Hoppas and disbelieve appellant. Saxton, 804 S.W.2d at 913–14.
The only testimony presented to support appellant’s theory of self-defense
was his own testimony, but the record reflects that appellant’s testimony varied
regarding the incident. At trial, he alleged that he shot Ana because she had her
hands raised and he saw an unidentified item shine in her hands. But shortly after
the shooting, he gave a different version of events to the homicide detectives that
interviewed him: “[I] saw [Ana] had a length of, uh [unintelligible] tape, and she
motioned like she was going to wrap it around my throat.”
Given the evidence presented, the jury—as the sole judge of the credibility
of the witnesses—could have found that appellant was not credible. See id. And
thus, the jury could have concluded that Ana was not attempting to use unlawfully
deadly force, appellant’s use of deadly force was not immediately necessary,
5
and/or appellant’s belief that the force was necessary was not a reasonable belief
under the circumstances.
Reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational
jury could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable
doubt and could have found against appellant’s self-defense claim beyond a
reasonable doubt. We overrule appellant’s first issue.
B. Sudden passion
In his second issue, appellant challenges the jury’s negative finding on the
issue of sudden passion during the punishment phase.
1. Standard of review and applicable law
At the punishment phase of a murder trial, a defendant may reduce a murder
charge from a first-degree felony to a second-degree felony by proving by a
preponderance of the evidence that “he caused the death under the immediate
influence of sudden passion arising from an adequate cause.” Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 19.02(d). “Sudden passion” and “adequate cause” are both defined terms:
(1) “Adequate cause” means cause that would commonly produce a
degree of anger, rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary
temper, sufficient to render the mind incapable of cool reflection.
(2) “Sudden passion” means passion directly caused by and arising
out of provocation by the individual killed or another acting with the
person killed which passion arises at the time of the offense and is not
solely the result of former provocation.
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(1), (2).
A jury’s rejection of sudden passion is reviewable for both legal and factual
sufficiency. See Rankin v. State, 617 S.W.3d 169, 184–85 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2020, pet. ref’d). In reviewing the legal sufficiency of an issue on which
6
the defendant has the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, such as
sudden passion, we do not apply the typical Jackson v. Virginia standard; instead,
we apply the legal-sufficiency standard used in civil cases. See Matlock v. State,
392 S.W.3d 662, 669 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). First, we review the record for any
evidence that supports the jury’s negative finding while ignoring all evidence to
the contrary. Id. Second, if no evidence supports the negative finding, then we
examine the entire record to determine whether the evidence establishes the
affirmative defense. Id. at 669–70. We must defer to the fact-finder’s
determination of the weight and credibility to give the testimony and the evidence
at trial. Id.In reviewing the factual sufficiency of an issue on which the defendant has
the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, such as sudden passion,
“an appellate court views the entirety of the evidence in a neutral light, but it may
not usurp the function of the jury by substituting its judgment in place of the jury’s
assessment of the weight and credibility of the witnesses’ testimony.” Matlock, 392
S.W.3d at 671. An appellate court will only sustain a factual sufficiency challenge
in this scenario if the verdict is so against the great weight and preponderance of
the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. Id.
2. The evidence was legally sufficient and not factually insufficient to
support the jury’s rejection of appellant’s sudden-passion issue
Appellant relies on his version of events to support his contention that he
shot Ana out of sudden passion caused by her provocations. However, the record
does not reflect that Ana’s actions would “commonly produce a degree of anger,
rage, resentment, or terror in a person of ordinary temper, sufficient to render the
mind incapable of cool reflection.” Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 19.02(a)(1). Hoppas
testified that even though the situation seemed tense, appellant and Ana did not
7
seem to be yelling or even talking loudly because he could not fully understand
what they were saying from across the street. Although appellant claims that Ana
was approaching him with hands raised and an unknown item in her hands, Hoppas
testified that Ana was backing towards her own garage and that the item in her
hand was packing tape, which she had already thrown at appellant.
Furthermore, in describing appellant’s demeanor after he shot Ana, Hoppas
described appellant’s expression as “blank.” Hoppas had instructed appellant to
drop his weapon, but appellant simply told Hoppas to call 9-1-1, and then turned
around and walked into his home. It is also of note that appellant’s character
witnesses described him as someone who “never gets upset,” never makes “hasty
decisions,” and is always “reserved, laid back,” and “calm.”
The record satisfies the first prong of civil legal-sufficiency standard of
review because evidence exists that appellant was not under the immediate
influence of sudden passion when he shot Ana. See Rankin, 617 S.W.3d at 185.
Thus, we need not address the second prong of the civil legal-sufficiency
standard—whether appellant proved sudden passion—because that prong only
applies if no evidence supports the jury’s finding. See id.
We further conclude—upon considering all the evidence in a neutral light—
that the jury’s negative finding on sudden passion was not so against the great
weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. See Matlock,
392 S.W.3d at 671. The only evidence supporting appellant’s claim of sudden
passion is his own testimony. Deferring to the jury’s determinations of the weight
and credibility of the testimony suggesting that Ana’s actions would not have
caused appellant to experience such a degree of terror such as to render him
incapable of cool reflection, and the testimony asserting that appellant appeared
emotionally “blank” after shooting Ana, we conclude the evidence is not factually
8
insufficient to support the jury’s negative finding on sudden passion.
We overrule appellant’s second issue.
III. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court as challenged on appeal.
/s/ Charles A. Spain
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Jewell, Spain, and Wilson.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
9