In the Interest of J.S.H., a Child v. the State of Texas ( 2024 )


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  • Affirmed and Opinion Filed May 15, 2024
    S  In The
    Court of Appeals
    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
    No. 05-24-00159-CV
    IN THE INTEREST OF J.S.H., A CHILD, Appellant
    V.
    STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
    On Appeal from the 304th Judicial District Court
    Dallas County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. JC22-00322-W
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before Justices Reichek, Carlyle, and Miskel
    Opinion by Justice Miskel
    Mother S.K.M. appeals from an order terminating her parental rights with
    respect to her child J.S.H. Her appellate counsel has filed a brief stating that, in his
    professional opinion, the appeal is frivolous and without merit. See Anders v.
    California, 
    386 U.S. 738
     (1967). We conclude that counsel is correct and affirm the
    trial court’s order.
    I.     Background
    This parental termination case was tried to the court. Mother appeared
    through appointed counsel on the first day of trial as well as in person on the second.
    –1–
    The trial court found that Mother had committed conduct described by sections
    161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E) of the Texas Family Code and that termination was in the
    best interest of the child. The trial court signed an order terminating Mother’s
    parent-child relationship with the child. Mother’s trial counsel timely perfected this
    appeal. New counsel was appointed to represent Mother on appeal.
    Mother’s appellate counsel has filed an Anders brief. Counsel certified that
    he had provided Mother with a copy of the brief and informed her of her right to
    review the record and to file a pro se response to the brief. By letter of April 19,
    2024, our Court Clerk notified Mother of her rights and directed her to contact this
    court by May 6, 2024, if she desired to review the record and file a response. As of
    the date of this opinion, Mother has not filed anything with the court concerning this
    case.
    II.     Anders Analysis
    The procedure prescribed by Anders v. California applies when appointed
    counsel in a parental-termination case determines that an appeal is frivolous and
    without merit. See In re D.D., 
    279 S.W.3d 849
    , 850 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet.
    denied). Under this procedure, counsel must conscientiously evaluate the appeal and
    file a brief that describes, with record references and citations to authority, anything
    –2–
    that might arguably support the appeal. See Arevalos v. State, 
    606 S.W.3d 912
    , 915
    (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, order).1
    When counsel files an Anders brief in a parental termination case, we must
    independently conduct a review of the entire record to determine whether there are
    any arguable grounds for reversal and, if there are, remand the case for appointment
    of new counsel. In re D.D., 279 S.W.3d at 850. However, we are not required to
    review the merits of each potential issue raised in the Anders brief or in a pro se
    response. Id.
    Here, Mother’s appellate counsel has filed a brief demonstrating that there are
    no arguable grounds for reversal and that any appeal would therefore lack merit and
    would be frivolous. See Anders, 
    386 U.S. at 744
    . The brief discusses, with record
    references, the evidence adduced at the bench trial. The brief identifies, with
    citations to authority, the standards of review applicable to the trial court’s findings
    and rulings, and it applies the law to the facts of the case. The brief also addresses
    the few objections made during the multi-day bench trial.
    We have independently reviewed the entire record and counsel’s Anders brief
    and agree with counsel’s assessment that the appeal is frivolous and without merit.
    1
    Subsequent proceeding, No. 05-19-00466-CR, 
    2020 WL 5087778
     (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 28, 2020,
    order) (mem. op., not designated for publication), disp. on merits, 
    2021 WL 2948582
     (Tex. App.—Dallas
    June 30, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
    –3–
    III.   Sufficiency of Evidence Supporting (D) and (E) Grounds
    An order terminating a parent’s rights under subsection (D) or (E) can be used
    as a basis to terminate the parent’s rights to another child, so terminating parental
    rights under (D) or (E) has “significant” collateral consequences.              FAM.
    § 161.001(b)(1)(M); In re N.G., 
    577 S.W.3d 230
    , 234 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam).
    Accordingly, “due process requires an appellate court to review and detail its
    analysis as to termination of parental rights under section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) of
    the Family Code when challenged on appeal.” In re Z.M.M., 
    577 S.W.3d 541
    , 543
    (Tex. 2019) (per curiam); In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 237.
    Our Court has noted that it is unclear whether we are required to detail our
    analysis of (D) and (E) termination grounds in Anders cases. In re Z.E., No. 05-22-
    01337-CV, 
    2023 WL 3595627
    , at *3, *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 23, 2023, pet.
    denied) (mem. op.); see In re E.K., 
    608 S.W.3d 815
    , 815 (Tex. 2020) (Green, J.,
    concurring in denial of petition for review) (highlighting that the supreme court has
    not yet addressed whether an Anders brief triggers the requirement to review (D) and
    (E) termination findings).
    Out of an abundance of caution, we will review the evidence supporting our
    conclusion that no plausible grounds for appeal exist regarding whether legally and
    factually sufficient evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Mother placed
    the child in conditions which endangered the physical and emotional wellbeing of
    –4–
    the child and that Mother engaged in conduct that endangered the child’s physical
    and   emotional     well-being.    See   In     re   N.G.,   577   S.W.3d     at   237;
    FAM. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E).
    A.    Standard of Review
    Considering the constitutional dimensions of the parent-child relationship,
    due process requires the application of the clear and convincing standard of proof in
    parental termination cases. In re K.M.L., 
    443 S.W.3d 101
    , 112 (Tex. 2014). Clear
    and convincing evidence to support termination is “the measure or degree of proof
    that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the
    truth of the allegations sought to be established.” FAM. § 101.007; see also In re
    C.H., 
    89 S.W.3d 17
    , 25 (Tex. 2002).
    In a legal sufficiency review in a parental rights termination case, “a court
    should look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to determine
    whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that
    its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 
    96 S.W.3d 256
    , 266 (Tex. 2002). In a factual
    sufficiency review, “a court of appeals must give due consideration to evidence that
    the factfinder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. . . the inquiry
    must be ‘whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm
    belief or conviction about the truth of the State’s allegations.’” 
    Id.
     (quoting In re
    –5–
    C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25); see also In re J.J.W., No. 05-22-00897-CV, 
    2023 WL 545528
    , at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 27, 2023, no pet.).
    B.    Applicable Law
    Under Family Code § 161.001(b)(1)(D), parental rights may be terminated if
    clear and convincing evidence supports a finding that the parent “knowingly placed
    or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which
    endanger     the    physical     or    emotional     well-being    of    the    child.”
    FAM. § 161.001(b)(1)(D). Section 161.001(b)(1)(E) permits termination of parental
    rights if clear and convincing evidence supports a finding that the parent “engaged
    in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct
    which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child.”                  Id.
    § 161.001(b)(1)(E).     Subsection (D) addresses the child’s surroundings and
    environment while subsection (E) addresses a parent’s misconduct. In re J.D.B., 
    435 S.W.3d 452
    , 463 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.).
    Subsections (D) and (E) both require proof of endangerment.              
    Id.
       To
    “endanger” a child means to expose to loss or injury or to jeopardize the child’s
    emotional or physical health, but it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at
    the child or that the child actually suffer an injury. 
    Id.
    A parent’s conduct that subjects a child to a life of uncertainty and instability
    endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being. In re T.J., No. 05-22-
    –6–
    00954-CV, 
    2023 WL 1988838
    , at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 14, 2023, no pet.)
    (mem. op.); In re R.W., 
    129 S.W.3d 732
    , 739 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet.
    denied). A parent’s use of illegal drugs—especially after a child’s removal—can
    constitute endangering conduct within the meaning of § 161.001(b)(1)(E). See In re
    A.C., No. 05-22-00341-CV, 
    2022 WL 4923519
    , at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Oct. 4,
    2022, no pet.) (mem. op.). Likewise, a parent’s prolonged lack of contact with a
    child or absence from a child’s life can also qualify as endangering conduct, as can
    a parent’s failure to cooperate with the Department of Family and Protective
    Services and failure to participate in court-ordered services. In re T.J., 
    2023 WL 1988838
    , at *8, *9. A parent’s incarceration is also a factor properly considered,
    when coupled with other relevant evidence, on the issue of endangerment. In re
    L.E.H., No. 05-18-00903-CV, 
    2018 WL 6839565
    , at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec.
    31, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“If the evidence, including imprisonment, proves a
    course of conduct that has the effect of endangering a child’s physical or emotional
    well-being, a finding under subsection (E) is supportable.”).
    C.    Sufficient Trial Evidence Supported the D and E Grounds
    Because the evidence concerning the (D) and (E) termination grounds is
    interrelated, courts may consolidate examination of the record. In re C.J.B., No. 05-
    19-00165-CV, 
    2019 WL 3940987
    , at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 21, 2019,
    –7–
    no pet. h.) (mem. op.). At trial in the present case, documentary evidence and
    witness testimony established, among other things, that:
    • Mother had been incarcerated on and off for years. She was
    incarcerated during the first Department referral as well as the
    second referral. She was incarcerated when the child was removed
    but was released from incarceration during the case.
    • Admitted State’s Exhibit No. 2 showed Mother’s years-long history
    of drug-related criminal convictions.
    • Mother admitted that over the preceding six years, the child had
    primarily been in the care of someone other than the child’s parents,
    mainly with the child’s maternal grandmother.
    • Mother placed the child in the maternal grandmother’s home, where
    the child suffered physical abuse and witnessed domestic violence.
    • Mother tested positive for illegal drugs after release from
    incarceration during this pending case. Shortly after reunification
    between Mother and the child was permitted, Mother tested positive
    for methamphetamines. Mother also refused to comply with court-
    ordered hair strand drug tests.
    • Mother’s family services therapist testified that Mother showed up
    for counseling with physical symptoms indicating she was on drugs.
    The therapist testified Mother needed additional counseling and
    possibly drug treatment, and also that Mother was not able to care
    for the child.
    • The caseworker testified that Mother was not showing sufficient
    effort to improve and that returning the child to Mother would be a
    danger to the child.
    • Mother’s evidence failed to offer viable excuses for the events that
    had impacted the child or to offer strong plans for the child and
    herself going forward.
    Mother did raise three groups of objections challenging the admissibility of
    certain testimony related to Mother’s illegal drug use. However, Mother’s appellate
    –8–
    counsel notes, and we agree after our independent review, that the trial court’s
    evidentiary rulings could not have generated harmful error because the objected-to
    evidence was cumulative of other admitted and unobjected-to evidence.              See
    Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. Ramirez, 
    159 S.W.3d 897
    , 907 (Tex. 2004) (A challenge
    to evidence is “deemed harmless and is waived if the objecting party subsequently
    permits the same or similar evidence to be introduced without objection.”). Mother’s
    trial objections could not raise any arguable ground for reversal or affect the
    sufficiency of the evidence supporting the Family Code sections D and E grounds
    for termination.
    As fact finder in the bench trial, the court was entitled to credit testimony and
    evidence supporting its findings related to the grounds for termination. See In re
    A.C., 
    559 S.W.3d 176
    , 180 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017) (court of appeals “defer[s] to
    the factfinder’s credibility determinations”), aff’d, 
    560 S.W.3d 624
     (Tex. 2018).
    Applying the governing standards of review, we conclude that the evidence detailed
    above was legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s findings that,
    by clear and convincing evidence, grounds for termination existed under sections
    161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E). FAM. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D) and (E); see In re J.F.C., 96
    S.W.3d at 266.
    –9–
    IV.   Withdrawal
    In the Anders brief, appellant’s counsel also requested that he be allowed to
    withdraw from representing appellant. In a termination of parental rights case,
    counsel’s duty to his client extends through the exhaustion of “all appeals.”
    FAM. § 107.016(2)(B); In re P.M., 
    520 S.W.3d 24
    , 26-27 (Tex. 2016) (per curiam)
    (holding that “exhaustion of appeals” includes all proceedings in the Texas Supreme
    Court, including filing of petition for review). A motion to withdraw in our Court
    may be premature unless good cause is shown. In re Z.E., No. 05-22-01337-CV,
    
    2023 WL 3595627
    , *7 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2023, pet. denied); In re D.S.A., No. 05-
    19-00679-CV, 
    2019 WL 6606369
    , *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas December 5, 2019, no
    pet.). The Texas Supreme Court has held that “counsel’s belief that the client has
    no grounds to seek further review from the court of appeals’ decision” is not “good
    cause” sufficient to justify counsel’s withdrawal. See In re P.M., 520 S.W.3d at 27.
    We therefore must deny counsel’s request to withdraw. If appellant chooses to
    pursue a petition for review to the Texas Supreme Court, “appointed counsel’s
    obligations can be satisfied by filing a petition for review that satisfies the standards
    for an Anders brief.” Id. at 27-28; In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d at 583.
    V.    Conclusion
    Having reviewed the record and the Anders brief, we conclude that there is no
    non-frivolous basis for this appeal. Thus, we affirm the trial court’s judgment
    –10–
    terminating appellant’s parental rights to J.S.H. We deny the request of appellant’s
    appointed counsel to withdraw from representing appellant.
    /Emily Miskel/
    EMILY MISKEL
    JUSTICE
    240159F.P05
    –11–
    S
    Court of Appeals
    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
    JUDGMENT
    IN THE INTEREST OF J.S.H., A                   On Appeal from the 304th Judicial
    CHILD, Appellant                               District Court, Dallas County, Texas
    Trial Court Cause No. JC22-00322-
    No. 05-24-00159-CV           V.                W.
    Opinion delivered by Justice Miskel.
    Justices Reichek and Carlyle
    STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                       participating.
    In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial
    court is AFFIRMED.
    It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.
    Judgment entered this 15th day of May 2024.
    –12–
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 05-24-00159-CV

Filed Date: 5/15/2024

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 5/22/2024