Walter Phillip Schumann, Sr. v. the State of Texas ( 2023 )

NO. 12-23-00068-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT
TYLER, TEXAS
WALTER PHILLIP SCHUMANN, SR., § APPEAL FROM THE 349TH
APPELLANT
V. § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
APPELLEE § HOUSTON COUNTY, TEXAS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Walter Phillip Schumann, Sr., appeals his conviction for possession of a controlled
substance. He raises two issues on appeal. We affirm as modified.
BACKGROUND
On December 2, 2020, Appellant was indicted for possession of a controlled substance,
penalty group one, in an amount less than one gram, a state jail felony as alleged. 1 On March 10,
2021, the trial court appointed Appellant’s trial counsel. On April 18, 2022, the trial court
approved a negotiated plea agreement and sentenced Appellant to two years of confinement in a
state jail facility, probated for four years. The trial court also assessed court costs and attorney’s
fees against Appellant.
On October 6, the State filed a motion to revoke Appellant’s community supervision,
alleging that he violated the terms of his community supervision. On December 5, the trial court
again appointed Appellant trial counsel. On February 13, 2023, the trial court conducted a
contested hearing on the State’s motion. The State abandoned one of the allegations and Appellant
pleaded “not true” to the remaining allegation paragraphs in the State’s motion. At the conclusion
of the hearing, the trial court found the allegations in the State’s motion to be “true,” revoked
1
See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(b) (West Supp. 2023).
Appellant’s community supervision, and sentenced him to fifteen months of confinement in a state
jail facility.
The trial court also assessed $374.00 in court costs and $1,115.00 in attorney’s fees against
Appellant. On February 15, the trial court appointed appellate counsel to represent Appellant.
This appeal followed.
ATTORNEY’S FEES
In his first issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it ordered that he
reimburse the county for his court-appointed attorney’s fees incurred in the amount of $1,115.00.
Standard of Review and Applicable Law
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes the appointment of counsel for indigent
defendants. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(a) (West Supp. 2023). The Code also
provides that once a defendant is declared indigent, a trial court may order a defendant to pay for
the costs of legal services only when “the judge determines that a defendant has financial resources
that enable the defendant to offset in part or in whole the costs of the legal services provided[.]”
Id. art. 26.05(g) (West Supp. 2023). A defendant’s financial resources and ability to pay are
explicit critical elements in the trial court’s determination of the propriety of ordering
reimbursement of fees. Mayer v. State, 309 S.W.3d 552, 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Once
declared indigent, a defendant is “presumed to remain indigent unless there is a ‘material change’
in his financial status, and in the absence of any indication in the record that his financial status
has in fact changed, the evidence will not support an imposition of attorney fees.” Wiley v. State,
410 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013); Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at 557; see also TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(p).
Importantly, “[b]efore attorney’s fees may be imposed, the trial court must make a
determination supported by some factual basis in the record that the defendant has the financial
resources to enable him to offset in part or in whole the costs of the legal services provided.”
Stinecipher v. State, 438 S.W.3d 155, 165 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2014, no pet.) (emphasis added).
“If the record does not show that the defendant’s financial circumstances materially changed, the
evidence will be insufficient to support the imposition of attorney’s fees.” See id. (citing TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(p); Mayer, 309 S.W.3d 552, at 557; Johnson v. State, 405
S.W.3d 350, 354 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, no pet.)).
2
Discussion
There are two bill of costs in this case: (1) the original “Bill of Costs” issued on April 18,
2022, as part of the original judgment finding Appellant “guilty,” probating his sentence, and
placing him on community supervision; and (2) the “Revocation Bill of Costs” for the revocation
proceeding issued on February 13, 2023. Appellant agreed to pay attorney’s fees as part of the
terms of his initial community supervision. Appellant does not appear to challenge that assessment
in this direct appeal, and such a challenge would be untimely in any event. See Wiley, 410 S.W.3d
at 318 (holding defendant whose community supervision has been revoked forfeited challenge to
court-appointed attorney’s fees by failing to bring such claim in direct appeal from order originally
imposing community supervision). Rather, he challenges in this direct appeal the separate
assessment of $1,115.00 in attorney’s fees incurred as part of the revocation proceeding identified
in the “Revocation Bill of Costs,” which appears to be a distinct itemized bill of costs from the
original bill of costs.
Appellant filed three separate applications for a court appointed attorney: (1) after his
indictment, (2) when the State filed its motion to revoke his community supervision, and (3) prior
to his appeal. The trial court appointed counsel after each application. Because counsel may be
appointed only when indigency is shown, we presume that the trial court determined that Appellant
was indigent before appointing counsel. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(a); Gray v.
Robinson, 744 S.W.2d 604, 607 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Furthermore, in the order appointing
counsel for this appeal, the trial court specifically found that Appellant was indigent. Additionally,
after the trial court appointed appellate counsel, Appellant filed, and the trial court granted,
Appellant’s motion for a free reporter’s record on appeal, specifically finding that Appellant
“cannot pay or give security for the appellate record.”
Nevertheless, the trial court made a “special finding” in its judgment revoking Appellant’s
community supervision as follows:
Restitution Payable to: (See special finding or order of restitution which is incorporated
herein by this reference.).
....
Furthermore, the following special findings or orders apply: The Court finds that
Defendant has financial resources that enable Defendant to offset in part or in whole the cost of the
legal services provided to Defendant. Therefore, the Court ORDERS Defendant to pay the Court
Appointed Attorney Fees in this case.
3
Finally, at the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the trial court specifically assessed “court costs
and attorney’s fees reimbursement,” and stated thereafter that “I am finding that he has financial
ability.”
Essentially, the trial court made a finding that Appellant has the ability to offset in part or
in whole the costs of his legal services, but this finding must have some factual basis in the record.
See Stinecipher, 438 S.W.3d at 165; see also Kirkland v. State, 488 S.W.3d 379, 382 (Tex. App.—
Beaumont 2016, no pet.) (“[N]ot only must the trial court make a determination regarding the
defendant’s ability to pay, the record must reflect some factual basis to support that
determination.”); Wolfe v. State, 377 S.W.3d 141, 144 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.)
(same).
Although the trial court made the finding that Appellant had the ability to pay attorney’s
fees, such a finding is unsupported by any factual basis in the record. In fact, the trial court’s
implied and express findings of indigency, appointment of counsel at each stage of the case, and
its grant of a free record on appeal, are all in direct contravention to its finding that Appellant had
the ability to pay any portion of his attorney’s fees. We find no facts in the record to support a
finding that, since the court made its initial indigency finding, Appellant’s financial circumstances
materially changed such that he now has the financial resources to enable him to offset, in whole
or in part, the costs of the legal services provided. As the State acknowledges, “Appellant is correct
in his statement that ‘there is nothing in the record evidencing a material change in Appellant’s
ability to pay court appointed attorney fees.’” 2
Therefore, there is no basis for the order to reimburse attorney’s fees. Accordingly, the
court erred by ordering Appellant to reimburse the county for attorney’s fees assessed against him
in the revocation proceeding. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 26.04(p); Mayer, 309 S.W.3d at
553, 557; Johnson, 405 S.W.3d at 354. We sustain Appellant’s first issue.
COURT COSTS
In his second issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred by failing to immediately
conduct an ability-to-pay inquiry on the record prior to assessing court costs against him.
The trial court made the same special finding regarding Appellant’s ability to pay in the original judgment
2
of conviction placing him on community supervision as well as the judgment revoking his community supervision.
But neither is supported by any evidence of a material change in circumstances regarding Appellant’s ability to pay.
4
Requiring a convicted defendant to pay court costs does not alter the range of punishment,
is authorized by statute, and generally is not conditioned on a defendant’s ability to pay. See TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.16 (West 2018); Armstrong v. State, 340 S.W.3d 759, 767 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2011); see also Johnson, 405 S.W.3d at 354.
However, the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides in pertinent part as follows:
(a-1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, during or immediately after imposing a
sentence in a case in which the defendant entered a plea in open court as provided by Article 27.13,
27.14(a), or 27.16(a), a court shall inquire on the record whether the defendant has sufficient
resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the fine and costs. If the court determines that
the defendant does not have sufficient resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the fine
and costs, the court shall determine whether the fine and costs should be:
(1) subject to Subsection (c), required to be paid at some later date or in a specified portion at
designated intervals;
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.15(a-1)(1) (West Supp. 2023). Therefore, harmonizing these
provisions, a defendant must generally be assessed court costs without regard to his ability to pay
them. See id. art. 42.16. However, the trial court must conduct an ability-to-pay inquiry on the
record to determine if he has sufficient resources or ability to immediately pay all or part of the
costs. See id. art. 42.15(a-1). If he does not have such resources at that time, then the trial court
has various options, including, as relevant here, the option to require that they be paid at some later
date or in a specified portion at designated intervals. See id.Here, at the conclusion of the revocation hearing, the trial court specifically assessed “court
costs and attorney’s fees reimbursement,” and stated thereafter that “I am finding that he has
financial ability.” The trial court also made the above-described written special finding, but that
finding related only to Appellant’s alleged ability to pay attorney’s fees and was silent on his
ability to pay court costs. In summary, the trial court made a verbal finding on the record that
Appellant had the ability to pay costs but did not conduct an inquiry on the record of his ability to
pay, much less whether he had sufficient resources or income to immediately pay all or part of the
costs. This finding is not tied to any evidence in the record. Moreover, the judgment is
unaccompanied by an order to withdraw funds from Appellant’s inmate account.
Appellant concedes that the judgment contained the “boiler plate” finding that: “After
having conducted an inquiry into Defendant’s ability to pay, the Court Orders Defendant to pay
the fine, court costs, reimbursement fees, and restitution as indicated above and further detailed
5
below.” But as he points out, Texas courts have recently held that the reviewing appellate court
may not rely on this recital in the judgment alone, unaccompanied by evidence of an inquiry on
the record of his ability to immediately pay all or part of the costs. See, e.g., Cruz v. State, No.
14-21-00454-CR, 2023 WL 3236888, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] May 4, 2023, pet.
filed) (op., not released for publication) (holding presumption of regularity no longer applicable
due to amendment requiring that inquiry be conducted on the record and that such right must be
implemented by system unless waived by defendant).
However, even if we assume arguendo that the trial court abused its discretion, abating this
appeal and remanding the cause to the trial court only is appropriate if the trial court’s erroneous
action, failure, or refusal to act prevents the proper presentation of the case to this court and the
trial court can correct its action or failure to act. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.4(a). This rule allows for
the creation of a new record on remand in certain situations. See LaPointe v. State, 225 S.W.3d
513, 522 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When a trial court erroneously has withheld information
necessary to evaluate a defendant’s claim on appeal, e.g., failure to file required findings of fact,
or has prevented the defendant from submitting information necessary to evaluate his claim, e.g.,
refusing to permit an offer of proof, the appellate court is directed to step in and order the trial
court to correct the situation. See id.Here, Appellant’s sole contention on appeal with respect to this issue is that an ability-to-
pay inquiry did not happen on the record. Appellant does not allege, for instance, that the trial
court’s failure strictly to comply with the statute prevented him from raising and developing a
claim on appeal. Indeed, even in light of the trial court’s failure to conduct the on-the-record
inquiry mandated by Article 42.15(a-1), the result of such an inquiry, had it occurred, already is
apparent from the record.
Specifically, the trial court’s judgment sets forth that “[u]pon release from confinement,
the Court orders Defendant to proceed without unnecessary delay to the District Clerk’s office, or
any other office designated by the Court or the Court’s designee, to pay or make arrangements to
pay any fines, court costs, reimbursement fees, and restitution due.” Appellant’s argument on
appeal with respect to this issue focuses on the first portion of Article 42.14(a-1).
But he makes no mention in his brief of the remaining portion of the statute, which states,
in pertinent part, “If the court determines that the defendant does not have sufficient resources or
income to immediately pay all or part of the fine and costs, the court shall determine whether the
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fine and costs should be[,]” among other options, “required to be paid at some later date[.]” TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art 42.15(a-1)(1). Thus, because the trial court ordered (consistent with
Article 42.15(a-1)(1)) that Appellant’s payment of his court costs was not required to be made
until he is released from confinement, it is apparent from the record that, despite its failure to
conduct an on-record inquiry about Appellant’s ability immediately to pay his court costs, it must
have determined that Appellant did not have sufficient resources or income immediately to pay all
or part of the costs. See id. art. 42.15(a-1)(1). This is likewise consistent with the verbal finding
at the hearing. Although the trial court stated that Appellant “had the ability to pay,” she did not
state that he had the ability to immediately pay the costs, which is consistent with the above-
described written finding that Appellant pay the costs upon release from confinement. And because
Appellant has not argued that the trial court’s determination that he should pay the court costs at
some later date, as opposed to the other options available to it under Article 42.15(a-1)(1),
amounted to an abuse of discretion, we hold that remanding the cause for a gratuitous inquiry when
the resultant determination already is apparent from the record would amount to an unnecessary
exercise and a waste of judicial resources. 3 See Sloan v. State, 676 S.W.3d 240, 242 (Tex. App.—
Tyler 2023, no pet.) (analyzing same argument). Appellant’s second issue is overruled.
DISPOSITION
Having sustained Appellant’s first issue, we modify the trial court’s judgment and the
clerk’s revocation bills of costs to delete the improperly assessed attorney’s fees in the amount of
$1,115.00. See Cates v. State, 402 S.W.3d 250, 252 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). Having overruled
Appellant’s second issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment as modified.
BRIAN HOYLE
Justice
Opinion delivered December 14, 2023.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.
(DO NOT PUBLISH)
3
Even if Appellant disagrees with the trial court’s “pay later” determination, he is not harmed by his failure
to raise it on appeal. If, upon his release, Appellant is unable to pay the court costs, he can seek relief from the trial
court at that time. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 43.035(a), (c) (West Supp. 2023) (if defendant notifies court
that he has difficulty paying costs in compliance with court’s judgment, court shall hold hearing to determine whether
that portion of judgment imposes undue hardship on him; and, if it determines that such undue hardship exists, court
shall consider whether costs should be satisfied through one or more methods listed under Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure, Article 42.15 (a-1)). The trial court retains jurisdiction for the purposes of making such a determination.
See id. art. 43.035(e).
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COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS
JUDGMENT
DECEMBER 14, 2023
NO. 12-23-00068-CR
WALTER PHILLIP SCHUMANN, SR.,
Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS,
Appellee
Appeal from the 349th District Court
of Houston County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 20CR-165)
THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and the briefs filed
herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that the judgment of the court
below should be modified and as modified, affirmed.
It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment of
the court below be modified to delete the improperly assessed attorney’s fees in the amount of
$1,115.00; in all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed; and that this decision
be certified to the court below for observance.
Brian Hoyle, Justice.
Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.