Somers, Aaron ( 2012 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0056-11
AARON SOMERS, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
BRAZOS COUNTY
J OHNSON, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
DISSENTING OPINION
Appellant seeks to have the results of an unconfirmed EMIT test admitted as evidence that
the complainant in this case was high on cocaine and amphetamines at the time of her death, thus
she was responsible for the collision and her resulting death. There are a number of reasons to affirm
the ruling of the court of appeals that, in the circumstances presented here, the results of an EMIT
test, confirmed or unconfirmed, are not admissible.
This is what we know about the complainant’s blood sample: it was drawn at some time on
or after October 21, 2007, and on or before October 25, 2007; it was not in the appropriate gray-
2
topped test tube (which contains sodium fluoride) for proper preservation of the blood; the tube
contained only the blood and an anti-coagulant; the sample was received by DPS–Austin on October
25, delivered by Matthew Ford; it was taken for testing by Megan Barton about one month later, on
November 21, 2007, and subjected to an EMIT test on or after that date; it was subjected to gas
chromatography (GC) by Renae Hawkins on October 23, 2008, about one year after it was drawn;
the results of the two tests did not match.
This is what we do not know about the complainant’s blood sample: who drew the blood,
where it was drawn, when it was drawn, and what conditions the blood was subject to after it was
drawn and before it reached DPS. What version of the EMIT test was used?1 Who is Matthew
Ford? Who gave him the blood sample? Where did that person get it? Was it refrigerated? At what
temperature? How hot did it get if not refrigerated? For how long? A gap of up to four days is a
considerable period of time for unpreserved whole blood, and there is no established chain of
custody. Just on the basis of what we don’t know about the sample and its peregrinations, the trial
court correctly refused to admit the EMIT test.
But there are more reasons to exclude the EMIT results. EMIT is designed and sold as a
screening test only. Each time that appellant tried to get either Barton or Hawkins to testify that an
EMIT test is reliable for “determining the existence of drugs,” the answer was always stated in terms
of reliable as a “presumptive test,” an “initial screening,” or a “screening test,” subject to
confirmation by GC and mass spectroscopy (MS). Syva, the manufacturer of the EMIT test, notes
1
The manufacturer, Syva, makes at lest three versions–EMIT, EMIT d.a.u., and EMIT II. Syva is now
part of Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Inc., part of the German pharmaceutical company. It describes EMIT as a
“drug -of-abuse assay.”
http://www.medical.siemens.com/siemens/en_GLOBAL/gg_diag_FBAs/files/Drug_Testing/Education/0701518-UC
1_EMIT_Abuse_FAQs_SJ_FINAL.pdf
3
that EMIT tests “provide either positive or negative results, indicating the presence of absence of a
detectable drug.”2 EMIT d.a.u. and EMIT II “can give, in addition to positive/negative results, data
that can be used to estimate the approximate concentrations of drug and drug metabolites in a
sample.”3 But we don’t know what test was used.
Scientific evidence must not only be reliable, it must be relevant. Syva notes, “A positive
result . . . does not necessarily mean that the individual is intoxicated, since there is no established
relationship between the amount of drug in the urine and intoxication.”4 Nor does there seem to be
any correlation between the amount of drug in the blood and intoxication or an increased risk of a
heart attack. Appellant has not produced evidence of a relationship between the amount of drug in
blood and intoxication, as he must if he desires to use the result of a drug-detection screening test
to prove that the complainant was high on cocaine or amphetamines or died from a heart attack
instead of from the collision.
Scientific tests must also be appropriate to the circumstances. Generally, one would not
demand a test for fingerprints in an investigation solely of a charge of failing to signal a left turn.
Syva, in response to a FAQ–who uses the drug-of-abuse immunoassays and why–answers that
“[m]ajor users of EMIT drugs-of-abuse assays include hospital laboratories and emergency
decrements, drug and alcohol treatment programs, parole and probation agencies, prisons, work-
release programs, the US military, and medical or security departments of public institutions and
2
Id.
3
Id.
4
Id.
4
private industry.”5 There is no mention of use in forensics. Given that EMIT tests are designed and
manufactured as a screening device, that makes sense. Only forensics must satisfy the standard of
beyond a reasonable doubt, while the listed “major users” are concerned with any indication of use.
Even then, Syva, in response to a FAQ–is it necessary to confirm a positive result–responds, “The
EMIT drugs-of-abuse test provides only a preliminary analytical test result. A more specific
alternative chemical method must be used to obtain a confirmed analytical result. Gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) is the preferred confirmatory method.” (Emphasis
added). And the Syva pamphlet about EMIT test is clearly primarily concerned with urine testing;
nowhere does it mention using an EMIT test on blood. Outside research is heavily weighted toward
assays on urine.6
Written DPS protocol requires that presumptively positive EMIT results be confirmed by
GC/MS, and if a positive EMIT test is not confirmed, the forensic scientist who performed the test
may not testify in court about the results.
Q: Okay. Now the DPS has a protocol only to use the EMIT test as a screening device
because that is the scientifically proven way to use EMIT; is it not?
A (Barton): Yes.
...
Q. Would you feel comfortable testifying that somebody had cocaine in their system based
upon an unconfirmed EMIT test, actually where there’s a confirmation that says negative?
5
Id.
6
See e.g., http://labmed.yale.edu/Images/Urine%20DAU%20by%20EMIT_tcm45-9309.pdf
Yale-New Haven Hospital (“The Emit D.A.U. Cocaine metabolite assay is a homogenous enzyme immunoassay
intended for use in the qualitative analysis of benzoylecgonine (the metabolite of cocaine) in human urine.”). In its
brochure on its EMIT tests, Syva lists 30 studies, at least 21 of which were done on urine. One is known to be on
blood. Three are in-house studies by Siemens or an EMI-test competitor. I was unable to discover what body fluid
was used in the remaining 5 studies.
5
A. No, I would not.
Q: Would you say that it would be scientifically proven to draw any conclusions from this
EMIT test at all?
A: I would not draw any scientific conclusion with just EMIT.
Q: And we can literally draw no conclusions to a scientific, to any acceptable scientific
standard based on just the EMIT test and the result of this test alone.
A (Barton): No.
...
Q: Is it a pretty safe assumption for this Court that the EMIT test is considered reliable by
the forensic toxicology community in Texas as only a presumptive screen?
A (Hawkins): Forensically, yes.
Q: Forensically; not for any other thing?
A: No.
Q: There is a difference in forensic and other uses of EMIT. Right?
A: Yes. The immunoassay test is very common in drug testing for employment testing.
...
Q: Also it is used–EMIT testing and that sort of thing–in things like operating rooms for
quick answers when they’re treating emergency room patients and things like that in a
clinical setting?
A: From what I’m told.
Q: But that is completely different from the forensic setting. Would you agree?
A: Yes.
Q: So for the forensic toxicology community in the state of Texas, the EMIT is not accepted
as reliable as a test, unconfirmed, in and of itself, to show the presence of any drug.
A: Correct.
6
One of a trial judge’s roles is gatekeeper for admissibility of evidence. In this case, the trial
judge performed admirably. He refused to admit testimony that, while “reliable” within the narrow
confines of the manufacturer’s guidelines, was not considered by the manufacturer or DPS as
sufficiently reliable forensically; it must be confirmed by a more accurate test, preferable GC/MS.
In effect, appellant wanted to use the EMIT test “off label.” And the chain of custody did not exist.
The trial court’s ruling may also have been influenced by the relevance requirement. Syva
indicates in its EMIT brochure that benzoylecgonine, the metabolite of cocaine that is actually
detected by the EMIT test, is retained in one’s system for 2-4 days. Both Barton and Hawkins
testified that EMIT testing could not reveal when cocaine was ingested, how it was ingested, how
much was ingested, how many times the user had used cocaine, whether the user was a frequent user,
or whether the user had overdosed. Even considering the unconfirmed results of the EMIT test, the
complainant could have ingested cocaine 10 minutes or four days before the collision.
The cause of death, blunt force trauma, does not correlate to use of cocaine, but it does
correlate to a violent collision between two automobiles. The state’s collision reconstruction witness
testified that the complainant’s car was struck from the rear while it was in gear and stopped on the
shoulder of the road with the left tires on or close to the white fog line. With its tires pointing
straight ahead and traveling at about 60 miles per hour, the right front of appellant’s truck struck the
left rear of the complainant’s car with no indication of any avoidance maneuvering or hard braking
before the point of impact. About half the width of each vehicle was within the zone of impact.
Even if the complainant had ingested cocaine just before impact, it could have no relevance in a
crash in which appellant literally ran up the complainant’s tailpipe, causing her car to violently rotate
180º and his car to use her left rear quarter panel as a spring board with enough force to launch his
7
5000-pound truck into a double layout somersault with a full twist. In the face of such evidence,
cocaine use at some indeterminate time in some indeterminate amount had no relevance or probative
value. The trial judge correctly ruled that the unconfirmed EMIT test would not be admitted, and
that ruling should be affirmed.
I respectfully dissent.
Filed: June 6, 2012
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