Salinas, Orlando ( 2017 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0170-16
ORLANDO SALINAS, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE FOURTEENTH COURT OF APPEALS
HARRIS COUNTY
Y EARY, J., filed a dissenting opinion in which R ICHARDSON and N EWELL, JJ.,
joined.
In this case the Majority decides that one of two subsections of a Texas statute is
facially unconstitutional, not because the language of the subsection itself irreconcilably
conflicts with the language of the Texas Constitution, but because of information the
Majority observed on a website. It then declares a second subsection of the statute to be
facially unconstitutional because, after monies are collected pursuant to the language of the
statute, another, different statute directs those monies to be allocated to an agency that might
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possibly be capable of using some of those allocated funds for a non-criminal justice purpose
(although Appellant has offered this Court no concrete examples of that occurring). In neither
instance does the Majority demonstrate that the language of the statutory subsections are in
actual conflict with the Constitution. In fact, at one point, the Majority suggests to the
Legislature that it might save the subsections at issue if the Legislature were only to enact
yet another separate statute that “redirects the funds to a legitimate criminal justice purpose.”
Majority Opinion at 15 n.54.
The Majority errs by failing to acknowledge and apply the proper standard of review
attached to claims that statutes are facially unconstitutional. The Majority observes that a
“facial challenge to a statute is a challenge to the statute in all of its applications.” Majority
Opinion at 4. I take no issue with that claim, but more must be said. The truth is that a statute
must not be found to be facially unconstitutional unless the proponent of the claim can satisfy
the reviewing court that there is no possible application of the statute that is constitutional.
State v. Johnson, 475 S.W.3d 860, 864 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (citing Washington State
Grange v. Washington State Republican Party, 552 U.S. 442, 449 & n.6 (2008) for the
proposition that “a facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute can succeed only when
it is shown that the statute is unconstitutional in all of its applications.”). The Majority’s
failure to acknowledge and apply that standard here has led it to err.
The Consolidated Fees on Conviction statute found in the Local Government Code
requires the collection of fees in criminal cases and the allocation of those fees to various
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accounts and funds. T EX. L OC. G OV’T C ODE § 133.102. On discretionary review, Appellant
challenges the facial constitutionality of that statute based upon two subsections of the statute
that allocate small percentages of the fees collected to two distinct accounts: (1) Subsection
(e)(1), allocating 0.0088 percent to abused children’s counseling; and (2) Subsection (e)(6),
allocating 9.8218 percent to comprehensive rehabilitation. T EX. L OC. G OV’T C ODE §
133.102(e)(1) & (6). Appellant claims these subsections violate the separation of powers
clause in the Texas Constitution. T EX. C ONST. art. II, § 1.
In Peraza v. State, this Court very recently held that, “if the statute under which court
costs are assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides for an allocation of such court costs
to be expended for legitimate criminal justice purposes, then the statute allows for a
constitutional application that will not render the courts tax gatherers in violation of the
separation of powers.” Peraza v. State, 467 S.W.3d 508, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). In that
case, we looked beyond the statute at issue—the DNA record fee, which seemed on its face
to be at least potentially unconstitutional in that it directed one portion of money collected
pursuant to its terms to be deposited to the criminal justice planning account and another
portion to the state highway fund—in order to save it; we did not look beyond the statute at
issue there in order to find a reason to declare it unconstitutional. We also said there, that in
order “[t]o determine whether a statute always operates unconstitutionally in all possible
circumstances, we must look to see if there are potential applications of the statute that are
constitutionally valid.” Id. at 516. We did not ask whether there might be any conceivable
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applications of the statute that might be unconstitutional. The Majority in this case looks
beyond the challenged statute at issue, and determines that some of the uses to which the fees
might be put, after they are collected and allocated, might not serve what it deems to be
legitimate criminal justice purposes; so it declares the statutory subsections facially
unconstitutional.
With regard to Subsection (e)(1), the Majority examines the history of the “abused
children’s counseling” account, noting that it was “moved to its current place in Local
Government Code § 133.102” after the repeal of a predecessor statute in January of 2004.
Majority Opinion at 9. The Majority then observes that “[t]he Comptroller’s website says that
the money collected for abused children’s counseling is deposited in the General Revenue
Fund.”1 Majority Opinion at 9-10. It then declares, “The result of these legislative actions is
that . . . the program to which the funds are directed no longer exists . . . .” Id. at 10. The
Majority finally decides, “We cannot uphold the constitutionality of funding this account
through court costs . . . .” Id.
First, it is not up to us to “uphold” or not to “uphold” the constitutionality of this
statute. It is Appellant’s burden to persuade us that there is no possible application of the
1
In fact, a note on the website identified by the Majority opinion suggests that the fee is now
actually deposited to “unappropriated General Revenue.” See Texas Comptroller Manual of
Accounts - Fiscal 2017, Revenue Object 3704 - Court Costs - Abused Children’s Counseling,
https://fmcpa.cpa.state.tx.us/fiscalmoa/rev.jsp?num=3704&id=13048 (emphasis added). The
Majority makes no attempt to explain the difference between General Revenue and Unappropriated
General Revenue, or even attempt to ascertain whether there is a difference that might impact the
resolution of this case. But more importantly, neither has the Appellant.
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statute that is constitutional. Appellant has not persuaded me. Counseling abused children,
it seems to me, is a legitimate criminal justice purpose. The Majority takes issue with the fact
that the office of the Texas Comptroller claims on its website that it currently directs these
funds to the “General Revenue Fund.” But the Comptroller’s website actually claims that
they are deposited to “unappropriated General Revenue.” See note 1, supra. The place where
the Comptroller currently deposits the funds does not affect the facial constitutionality of the
statute at issue here. I agree with the justices of the First and Fourteenth Courts of Appeals
who concluded that, “[a]lthough no current statute mandates how the .0088% of the proceeds
allocated to abused children’s counseling under [S]ection 133.102(e)(1) may be spent, abused
children’s counseling on its face relates to the administration of our criminal justice system
by providing resources for victimized children.” Penright v. State, 477 S.W.3d 494, 500
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015) (Justice Huddle writing for the majority, joined by
Chief Justice Radack and Justice Massengale); accord Salinas v. State, 485 S.W.3d 222, 226
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016) (Justice Boyce writing for the majority, joined by
Justices Jamison and Busby).
Regardless, the ultimate use of the funds collected and allocated pursuant to Section
133.102 cannot make the statute under which the funds were collected and allocated
unconstitutional. The Comptroller could use the funds allocated under Section133.102(e)(1)
to fund counseling for abused children. And even if it does not, the Comptroller could be
depositing these funds in general revenue only because, for the time being, the Legislature
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has not provided for an alternative place to put the funds. In any event, the Appellant has
failed to demonstrate that these funds will not be used to fund counseling for abused children
or that the collection and allocation of these funds do not serve a legitimate criminal justice
purpose. Consequently, Appellant has failed to overcome his burden to show that there is no
possible constitutional application of the law.
With regard to Subsection (e)(6), the Majority observes that “the ‘Comprehensive
Rehabilitation’ account is a general revenue fund dedicated to ‘provide rehabilitation services
[. . .] to individuals determined . . . to be eligible for the services under a vocational
rehabilitation program or other program established to provide rehabilitation services.’”
Majority Opinion at 6 (quoting T EX. H UM. R ES. C ODE §§ 111.052(a), 111.060(a)). It then
declares, in a rather perfunctory fashion, that “[t]he statute does not, on its face, appear to
serve a legitimate criminal justice purpose” because the rehabilitative services are
administered by the Health and Human Services Commission (HHSC), and the HHSC’s
mission is not restricted by statute to criminal justice. Majority Opinion at 6-7. But the
Majority implicitly acknowledges that HHSC does provide services to victims of crime. See
Majority Opinion at 7 (“HHSC does not . . . provide rehabilitation services only to victims
of crime.”). Even if some of the services that HHSC provides do not directly serve criminal
justice purposes, that does not mean that none of them do. Once again, Appellant has failed
to overcome his burden to show that there is no possible constitutional application of Section
133.102(e)(6).
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The Majority says that “courts are delegated a power more properly attached to the
executive branch if a statute turns the courts into ‘tax gatherers,’ but the collection of fees
in criminal cases is part of the judicial function ‘if the statute under which court costs are
assessed (or an interconnected statute) provides for an allocation of such court costs to be
expended for a legitimate criminal justice purpose.’” Majority Opinion at 4 (quoting Peraza,
467 S.W.3d at 517). The fees collected and allocated by the statutory subsections assailed by
the Appellant in this case are collected and allocated for legitimate criminal justice purposes.
They are not taxes.2
2
The statute at issue in Peraza was Article 102.020 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. TEX .
CODE CRIM . PROC. art. 102.020. Subsection (a) of that provision required the payment of court costs
of a certain amount for certain specified offenses. Subsection (e) was the critical provision, for it
earmarked that fee for specific purposes, namely 1) the state highway fund, and 2) the criminal
justice planning account in the general revenue fund. Particularly with respect to the proportion of
the fee dedicated to the state highway fund, it was unclear from the face of Article 102.020 how
those monies would go to a legitimate criminal justice purpose. But the burden was on the appellant
to show they would not, and we held that we could look to an “interconnected statute” to determine
whether at least some of the monies would necessarily be dedicated to such a purpose. Finding such
an “interconnected statute,” we held that Article 102.020 was not unconstitutional on its face. Thus,
Peraza stands for the proposition that an “interconnected statute” may serve to refute any notion that
a particular court cost is facially unconstitutional because it is really nothing more than a tax. It is
not at all clear to me that an “interconnected statute” can definitively establish that the statute that
assesses the particular cost is necessarily unconstitutional in all of its applications.
Here, we face a statute that is not manifestly unconstitutional on its face. Subsection (a) of
Section 133.102 of the Local Government Code assesses a flat cost of variable amounts depending
upon the degree of offense a person is convicted of. TEX . LOC. GOV ’T CODE § 133.102. Subsection
(e) of that provision then allocates a certain percentage of those monies to discrete funds or accounts,
most of which have obviously legitimate criminal justice purposes. Thus, the statute as a whole has
at least some legitimate non-tax purposes, and is not facially unconstitutional to that extent. Are the
two subsections at issue here themselves facially unconstitutional? Peraza establishes that it is the
appellant’s burden to show that they are. Moreover, under Peraza, it may be possible to point to
certain “interconnected statutes” to refute the notion that they lack any legitimate criminal justice
purpose. But, unless the interconnected statutes can affirmatively establish that none of the
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Appellants have brought a challenge to the facial constitutionality of a statute
compelling the collection and allocation of certain fees. Instead of examining the facial
constitutionality of the statute, the Majority has examined the uses to which fees collected
and allocated under the statute are put. We are not examining here the constitutionality of the
uses to which the fees collected and allocated under the statute are put. We are examining
the facial constitutionality of laws passed by the Legislature of our state and approved by our
Governor. More respect and deference is owed to those enactments than the Majority has
shown them here. I respectfully dissent.
FILED: March 8, 2017
PUBLISH
proportion of the monies allocated to that particular fund or account can possibly serve a legitimate
criminal justice purpose, I fail to see how they can serve to satisfy an appellant’s burden to establish
facial unconstitutionality, as opposed to refuting it. And what is more, if there is an interconnected
statute that ultimately funnels all of the monies to a purpose that is manifestly not related to a
legitimate criminal justice purpose, that may only go to show that the interconnected statute itself
is unconstitutional, not invariably that the statute that originally assessed the cost is. In any event,
for the reasons explained in the text, I do not believe that Appellant has shown that the
interconnected statutes at issue in this case foreclose the use of the assessed funds for all legitimate
criminal justice purposes.