Yzaguirre, Jay Paul ( 2013 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
OF TEXAS
NO. PD-0799-12
JAY PAUL YZAGUIRRE, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
FROM THE SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
DALLAS COUNTY
K ELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which P RICE, J OHNSON,
K EASLER, H ERVEY , C OCHRAN, and A LCALÁ, JJ., joined. W OMACK, J., concurred.
M EYERS, J., did not participate.
In this aggravated robbery case, the abstract portion of the jury charge included an instruction
on the law of parties, but the application portion did not. Further, appellant was denied a lesser-
included-offense instruction on robbery. We must determine whether it is proper, in determining
whether the lesser-offense instruction should have been given, to take into account the omission of
the law of parties in the application portion of the charge.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Trial
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Tony Manjares, Edgar Aguilar, and appellant entered a house and robbed the victims. At
least two of the men displayed firearms during the robbery. One of the victims testified that
appellant pointed a gun at her head, and a police officer testified that appellant dropped a rifle as he
was trying to escape. Appellant testified that he did not bring a gun to the robbery, that he did not
hold a gun to anyone’s head, and that he was not the person who dropped the rifle.1
Appellant was charged with committing aggravated robbery. The abstract portion of the jury
charge included an instruction on the law of parties, but no reference to this instruction was included
in the application paragraph, and the application paragraph did not otherwise include the law of
parties. Appellant requested the submission of the lesser-included offense of robbery, but that
request was denied. The difference between aggravated robbery and robbery in appellant’s case was
whether a deadly weapon had been used or exhibited during the offense.2 Appellant was convicted
of aggravated robbery and sentenced to thirty years’ imprisonment.
B. Appeal
On appeal, appellant complained that the trial judge erred in refusing to submit the lesser-
included offense of robbery. The court of appeals determined that whether appellant was entitled
to submission of the lesser-included offense depended upon whether party liability was an issue that
was before the jury.3 “If the jury could convict [appellant] as a party,” the court of appeals
1
The victim who testified about appellant pointing a gun at her head also testified that
appellant shared the gun with one of the accomplices. The State contends that appellant’s testimony
did not conflict with this evidence. Given our disposition of the case, we need not address that
question.
2
See TEX . PENAL CODE §§ 29.02, 29.03(a)(2).
3
Yzaguirre v. State, 367 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2012, pet. granted) (“To
determine whether the facts support an instruction as to a lesser-included offense, we must resolve
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explained, “there are no facts which would allow the jury to find him guilty of only robbery because
it is undisputed that a robbery had taken place, that [appellant] participated in the robbery, and that
[appellant] was aware that Manjares was armed with a gun and had used or exhibited it during the
robbery.”4
Relying upon Campbell v. State5 and Clark v. State,6 the court of appeals held that the charge
did not allow the jury to convict appellant under the law of parties because it was not contained in
or referred to by the jury charge’s application paragraph.7 Consequently, the court of appeals
concluded, appellant’s testimony that he did not have a weapon was sufficient to raise the lesser-
included offense.8 After conducting a harm analysis and finding “some harm,”9 the court of appeals
reversed appellant’s conviction and remanded the case for a new trial.10
II. ANALYSIS
The State contends, among other things, that, just as with the indictment, the law of parties
need not be included in the jury charge at all. The State further contends that, if such an instruction
does need to be in the jury charge, the abstract portion of the charge sufficiently informed the jury
the threshold issue of whether the charge allowed the jury to convict Yzaguirre under the law of
parties.”).
4
Id.
5
910 S.W.2d 475, 477 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
6
929 S.W.2d 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).
7
Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d at 931.
8
Id.
9
See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g).
10
Yzaguirre, 367 S.W.3d at 931.
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in this case of the law of parties.11 We need not hold, as the State suggests, that such a jury charge
is without error.12 Instead, we hold that in determining whether appellant was entitled to a lesser-
included-offense instruction, the instruction on the law of parties in the abstract portion of the charge
should have been taken into account.
The cases upon which the court of appeals relied predate our decision in Malik v. State,13
where we held that the sufficiency of the evidence would be measured, not by the (possibly flawed)
jury charge given, but by the elements of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury
charge for the case.14 Although Malik was a sufficiency-of-the evidence case, rather than a case
involving a request for a lesser-included offense, the holding and discussion in that opinion is
11
The State’s petition for discretionary review presents four questions for review, all of
which we granted:
1. Did the Court of Appeals err by failing to find that Appellant, acting as a principal,
“used” the deadly weapons brought to the offense by his co-defendants although
Appellant may not have had contact or made an overt gesture in connection with the
deadly weapons?
2. Did the court of appeals err by finding Appellant suffered some harm from the
denial of an instruction on the lesser-included robbery offense?
3. Under the Penal Code, is an instruction on the law of parties necessary?
4. If necessary, must the parties instruction be in the application paragraph?
In the body of its petition, the State argues, “Even if it is necessary to inform the jury in some way
of the law of parties, the charge in this case did so in the abstract portion.”
12
Given our resolution of ground four in the State’s petition, we dismiss grounds one
through three.
13
953 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
14
Id. at 239-40.
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instructive.
In Malik, we discussed the case of Brown v. Collins,15 where, as here, the law of parties was
contained in the abstract portion of the jury charge but not in the application portion.16 As in Malik,
the issue in Brown was sufficiency of the evidence.17 The evidence at the trial in Brown’s case was
sufficient to establish guilt as a party but not as the primary actor.18 Because the jury charge at least
contained a general instruction on the law of parties, the Fifth Circuit rejected the defendant’s claim
that the law of parties could not be considered in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence.19
Brown was one of the cases that motivated us to abandon the Benson/Boozer rule20 of
measuring the sufficiency of the evidence by the jury charge that was actually given.21 The
“hypothetically correct jury charge” standard that we formulated to replace the Benson/Boozer rule
was based in part on concerns regarding the law of parties.22 In our discussion of Brown, we
15
937 F.2d 175, 182 (5th Cir.), reh’g en banc denied, 945 F.2d 403 (1991).
16
Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 238.
17
Id. (discussing Brown).
18
Id.
19
Id. at 238 & n.3; see also Brown, 937 F.2d at 182 (“In this case, the court instructed the
jury on the law of parties thereby placing that theory of culpability before the jury . . . . Although the
evidence did not conform strictly to the theory of culpability as alleged in the indictment and charged
in the application paragraphs of the court’s instructions, we hold that the evidence sufficed to prove
the substantive elements of aggravated robbery under the law of parties as charged generally in the
court's instructions.”) (emphasis in Brown).
20
See Benson v. State, 661 S.W.2d 708 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982)(op. on State’s second
motion for reh’g); Boozer v. State, 717 S.W.2d 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
21
Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 237-40.
22
Id. at 239-40.
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observed that the Fifth Circuit implied that “the complete absence of a parties instruction” would
have been a problem.23 The clear import of our discussion in Malik is that Brown correctly decided
that the inclusion of the law of parties in the abstract portion of the jury charge was enough for the
law of parties to be taken into account in a sufficiency review.
That conclusion has been confirmed by subsequent caselaw. In Grissam v. State, relying
upon our discussion in Malik of the Brown case, we held that a legal theory of burglary that was
submitted in the abstract portion of the jury charge but not in the application portion must be
considered in a sufficiency review.24 In Adames v. State, as in the present case, the law of parties
was contained in the abstract portion of the jury charge but not in the application portion, and we
held that the court of appeals did not err in determining that a sufficiency review would include the
law of parties.25
If it is proper to take a legal theory of liability into account for the purpose of determining
the sufficiency of the evidence, and the evidence is found to be sufficient to support that theory, then
it is necessarily proper to take it into account for the purpose of determining whether to submit a
lesser-included offense.26 It would be odd to hold, for example, that the legal theory of burglary in
Grissam could be considered in a sufficiency review but also to hold, despite the existence of
supporting evidence, that the theory of burglary could not be considered for the purpose of
23
Id. at 238 n.3.
24
267 S.W.3d 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
25
353 S.W.3d 854 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
26
See In re State ex rel. Weeks, Nos. AP-76,953 & AP-76,954, 2013 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS
155, at *19-20 (Tex. Crim. App. January 16, 2013) (evidentiary-sufficiency principles impact what
should be in the jury charge).
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determining whether a lesser-included offense should have been submitted. It would be equally odd
to apply such inconsistent treatment to the law of parties.
We have said that “[i]t is the application paragraph of the charge, not the abstract portion,
that authorizes a conviction.”27 However, under our post-Malik caselaw, what we mean by that
statement is that the application paragraph is what, as a practical manner, authorizes the jury to
convict but is not necessarily determinative of what legally authorizes a conviction. The application
paragraph is what explains to the jury, in concrete terms, how to apply the law to the facts of the
case. We look at the wording of the application paragraph to determine whether the jury was
correctly instructed in accordance with the indictment28 and also what the jury likely relied upon in
arriving at its verdict, which can help resolve a harm analysis.29 We are aware of only three
published cases decided after Malik that have made the statement that the application paragraph is
what authorizes the conviction. Two of those cases made the statement in the course of determining
whether the jury charge improperly expanded upon the allegations in the charging instrument,30 and
the third did so in the context of a harm analysis.31 Those cases properly focused on the language
27
Crenshaw v. State, 378 S.W.3d 460, 466 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
28
See id. at 466-68.
29
See Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
30
Crenshaw, 378 S.W.3d at 468 (“Including the per se definition of intoxication in the
abstract portion of the jury charge did not expand the allegations against Appellant.”); Otto v. State,
273 S.W.3d 165, 170-71 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (“In cases like this, in which the state alleges
intoxication by alcohol alone and the defense claims it should win because the defendant ingested
other intoxicating substances, our case law establishes that a charge improperly expands on the
allegations in the indictment when the charge defines intoxication in terms of whether ‘the defendant
was intoxicated by a combination of unknown drugs and alcohol.’”).
31
Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 371-72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
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in the application paragraph.
But the present case does not involve a question about whether the jury charge improperly
expanded upon the allegations of the charging instrument. And we are not concerned here with a
harm analysis. The indictment in this case authorized a conviction on the law of parties, and the jury
charge contained instructions (in the abstract paragraph) that would enable the jury to convict the
defendant in accordance with the indictment’s authorization. Malik and its progeny clearly stand for
the proposition that a conviction based upon a jury charge such as the one in Brown is not rendered
legally insufficient because of an inadequacy in the application paragraph. If the overruling of
Benson and Boozer means anything at all, it means that a jury charge error will not necessarily, or
even usually, render the evidence insufficient.32
Whether the evidence is sufficient is a question about whether the jury was legally authorized
to convict. Likewise, whether a lesser-included offense should have been submitted is a question
about whether the jury would have been legally authorized to convict on the lesser-included offense.
This question is the same kind of question as one that involves the sufficiency of the evidence. In
both situations, the question is whether the issue—the charged offense or the lesser-included
offense—should have been submitted to the jury.33
Because the law of parties was contained in the abstract portion of the jury charge and was
32
In Malik, the jury-charge language that erroneously restricted the State’s ability to obtain
a conviction (albeit by imposing an extra requirement) was found in a portion of the jury charge that
functioned as a kind of application paragraph. 953 S.W.2d at 235. In Grissam and Adames, the
application paragraph simply left out any reference to certain instructions in the abstract portion of
the jury charge, but we nevertheless determined that the abstract portions in question should be
considered in a review of the sufficiency of the evidence. See this opinion, ante.
33
See Williams v. State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 753 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Malik, 953 S.W.2d
at 236-37.
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supported by sufficient evidence, it was an issue that should be taken into account for the purpose
of determining whether to submit a lesser-included offense. And because, as the court of appeals
explained, there was no evidence, in light of the law of parties, that appellant committed only the
crime of robbery, the trial court was correct to deny the submission of the lesser-included offense.
We reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Delivered: March 27, 2013
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