Lane, Danny Richard ( 2023 )

In the Court of Criminal
Appeals of Texas
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No. WR-90,084-01
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EX PARTE DANNY RICHARD LANE,
Applicant
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On Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus
Cause No. 1133791-A from the 179th District Court
Harris County
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YEARY, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
I agree that Applicant has failed to establish ineffective
assistance of counsel, for the reasons the Court gives in Part IV of its
opinion today. I will say no more about that claim. I write separately
only to explain why I nevertheless believe that Applicant is entitled to
relief in this case on the theory that he has “absolutely” established his
innocence of the offense for which he was convicted—which I regard as
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either a sort of variant of his “no evidence” claim or as embraced by his
generalized due process claim.
I. ELIZONDO “ACTUAL INNOCENCE”
Before the Court remanded this case to the convicting court for
further fact development pertaining to Applicant’s ineffective assistance
of counsel claim, the convicting court had already entered recommended
findings and conclusions with respect to Applicant’s other claims,
including his “actual innocence” claim. 1 The
0F convicting court
recommended that we grant relief based on “actual innocence,” citing a
post-conviction habeas corpus case involving the failure to register as a
sex offender in which this Court did that very thing. See Original
Recommended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law at 9, Conclusion
12 (“Actual innocence claims have been extended to sex offender
registration cases in which persons who did not have reportable offenses
requiring a duty to register were convicted for failing to register. See Ex
1 I am speaking here of what the Court typically refers to as an “actual
innocence” claim. For my part, I would simply characterize it as a claim for
relief under the Elizondo standard, after this Court’s opinion in Ex parte
Elizondo, 947 S.W.2d 202, 209 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). As I have explained
repeatedly, satisfying this admittedly high burden is still “not the same as
establishing that the applicant is manifestly innocent.” Ex parte Cacy, 543
S.W.3d 802, 803 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (Yeary, J., concurring). See Ex parte
Chaney, 563 S.W.3d 239, 286 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (Yeary, J., concurring) (“I
do not regard the Elizondo standard as sufficiently rigorous to justify the
nomenclature ‘actual innocence.’”); Ex parte Mallet, 602 S.W.3d 922, 925−26
(Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (Yeary, J., concurring) (agreeing that the applicant
satisfied Elizondo, but advocating that the Court “avoid the label ‘actual
innocence’”); Ex parte Santillan, 666 S.W.3d 580, 580−81 (Tex. Crim. App.
2023) (Yeary, J., concurring) (agreeing that the applicant had probably
established true “actual innocence,” and was therefore entitled to relief, but
refusing to join the Court’s opinion because it declared him “actually innocent”
simply because he satisfied the Elizondo standard).
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parte Harbin, 297 S.W.3d 283, 287 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (conviction
vacated on applicant’s claim he did not have duty to register for offense
in indictment and thus was actually innocent).”).
But Applicant’s claim is not really in the nature of an Elizondo
“actual innocence” claim because it does not involve “new facts”; such a
claim, the Court has said, implicates only “legal innocence,” and does
not meet the standard for actual-innocence relief. Ex parte Fournier, 473
S.W.3d 789, 792 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). The Court therefore is right to
reject Applicant’s Elizondo claim, albeit for a different reason than the
Court provides today. See Majority Opinion at 27 (rejecting Applicant’s
actual innocence claim because it “lack[s] any meritorious underlying
legal basis”). And the Court never should have granted Harbin relief
either, at least not based on his Elizondo “actual innocence” claim.
II. “ABSOLUTE” ACTUAL INNOCENCE
But the convicting court also recommended that we conclude that
there was “no evidence” to show Applicant had a duty to register as a
sex offender to begin with—such a claim being cognizable under Ex parte
Perales, 215 S.W.3d 418, 420 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Original
Recommended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law at 8−9,
Conclusions 3 & 8. I have elsewhere suggested that post-conviction
habeas corpus relief ought to be available to an applicant who can
establish actual innocence “in the absolute sense[.]” Ex parte Warfield,
618 S.W.3d 69, 74 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (Yeary, J., concurring). As I
explained there:
If the penal provision under which an applicant is
convicted is later construed for the first time in such a way
that it manifestly could not support a conviction based
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upon the undisputed facts of the case, we should be able to
declare the applicant “actually innocent” of that offense—
even for the first time in post-conviction proceedings.
Id. That is essentially what this Applicant is claiming in his “no
evidence” claim, and I would sustain it.
In Warfield, the applicant had pled guilty in 2013 to the offense
of fraudulent possession of identifying information. Id. at 72. After that
plea, this Court issued an opinion in Cortez v. State, 469 S.W.3d 593(Tex. Crim. App. 2015). In Cortez, we construed the applicable penal
provision in such a way as to make it clear that Warfield had possessed
fewer items of identifying information under the statute than had been
previously thought, and that he was therefore guilty of a lesser grade of
offense than he had pled guilty to. I agreed that he was entitled to post-
conviction habeas corpus relief, “though his guilty plea was not
involuntary when made and he has no new facts to support his claim.”
Warfield, 618 S.W.3d at 75 (Yeary, J., concurring). I believed he should
obtain relief because, “[a]s our later construction of the controlling
statute in Cortez demonstrate[d], he never should have been convicted
of the greater offense in the first place.” Id.
In the instant case, judicial construction of an applicable statute
since the time of Applicant’s guilty plea—if it is a correct interpretation
of the statute—makes it clear that he has committed, not just a lesser
grade of offense, but no offense at all. The Court has said that the failure
to register as a sex offender is a “circumstance-surrounding-conduct”
type of offense, for which the culpable mental state attaches to the
element of having a duty to register in the first place. Febus v. State, 542
S.W.3d 568, 573 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). But if the construction of former
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Article 42.12, Section 7, embraced by two courts of appeals on the
strength of this Court’s opinion in Cuellar v. State, 70 S.W.3d 815, 820
(Tex. Crim. App. 2002), is correct, then Applicant had no duty to register
as a sex offender and cannot be convicted for failing to register. Hall v.
State, 440 S.W.3d 690, 693−94 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d);
McCraw v. I.C., 525 S.W.3d 701, 706 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2017, pet.
denied); TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. former art. 42.12, § 7. 2 For my part, I
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believe the courts of appeals rightly concluded that an applicant whose
2 The obvious difference between Warfield and this case is that this
Court—the court of last resort in criminal law matters—has not previously
weighed in to say whether it agrees with the construction of the courts of
appeals in the Hall and McCraw opinions. To resolve Applicant’s “no
evidence”/“absolute innocence” claim, it becomes necessary for this Court to
determine whether the 1987 order terminating Applicant’s probation and
setting aside his aggravated rape conviction, pursuant to former Article 42.12,
Section 7, means that his 1982 conviction for that offense cannot constitute a
“reportable conviction” for purposes of his 2007 prosecution for failure to
register as a sex offender. So, the question arises: Should the Court endeavor
to construe the import of an order under Article 42.12, Section 7, if it is
challenged for the first time in a post-conviction habeas corpus proceeding? In
my view, when it is necessary to do so in order to resolve a “no
evidence”/“absolute innocence” claim, then we should.
The Court has held in the past that when there is “no evidence” (as
opposed to legally insufficient evidence) presented to support a conviction, a
purported judgment of conviction will be deemed “void,” and therefore subject
to collateral attack. Nix v. State, 65 S.W.3d 664, 668 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
“And by void,” the Court means “a ‘nullity’ that is ‘accorded no respect due to
a complete lack of power to render the judgment in question.’” Wright v. State,
506 S.W.3d 478, 481 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (quoting Nix, 65 S.W.3d at 667).
Lack of power to render a particular judgment constitutes a category one
Marin claim that may be raised for the first time in post-conviction habeas
corpus proceedings. Ex parte Moss, 446 S.W.3d 786, 788−89 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014) (citing Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)). If,
for the purpose of determining whether there is any evidence at all to support
a conviction, it becomes necessary to definitively construe the reach of a
statute, then it seems to me that the Court should do so, even if for the first
time in post-conviction habeas corpus proceedings.
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conviction has been set aside under Article 42.12, Section 7, does not
have a reportable conviction for sex offender registration purposes.
In Cuellar, the appellant had a prior conviction that had been set
aside under former Article 42.12, Section 20, which was in all relevant
respects identical to its predecessor, Article 42.12, Section 7. 3 70 S.W.3d
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at 816. He was subsequently prosecuted for being a felon in possession
of a firearm. Id. He argued that the set-aside of the earlier conviction
under Article 42.12, Section 20, meant that there was no longer a felony
conviction to support a subsequent prosecution for possession of a
firearm by a felon. Id. at 817. This Court agreed:
If a judge chooses to exercise this judicial clemency
provision, the conviction is wiped away, the indictment
dismissed, and the person is free to walk away from the
courtroom “released from all penalties and disabilities”
resulting from the conviction. [quoting the statute] * * *
Once the trial court judge signs the Article 42.12, [Section]
20 order, the felony conviction disappears, except as
specifically noted in subsections (1) and (2). * * * The
Legislature could add other exceptions if it so chooses. For
example, it could add a provision stating that a person
whose conviction is dismissed under Article 42.12,
[Section] 20, is still considered a felon for purposes of
carrying an otherwise legal firearm. However, in the
absence of such an exception, the clear language of Article
42.12, [Section] 20, governs. * * * [A] person whose
conviction is set aside pursuant to an Article 42.12,
[Section] 20, order is not a convicted felon.
Id. at 819−20. The courts of appeals in Hall and McCraw reasoned that,
if there is no conviction for purposes of the possession-of-a-firearm-by-a-
3 The current incarnation of this provision is found in Article 42A.701,
Section (f). TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 42A.701(f).
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felon statute, then there is likewise no conviction for purposes of the sex
offender registration provisions. Hall, 440 S.W.3d at 693−94; McCraw,
525 S.W.3d at 706. I ultimately agree with this logic.
So, what about the Court’s counterarguments today? The Court
points to language in Article 62.002(b) and (c) of the sex offender
registration chapter in the Code of Criminal Procedure. Majority
Opinion at 21−23 & n.15 (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 62.002(b)
& (c)). Read together, these provisions hold that a sex offender’s duty to
register is “not affected by” two qualified circumstances: (1) an appeal of
the conviction or adjudication, (Subsection (b)(1))—unless that appeal
should prove successful (Subsection (c)); and (2) a “pardon” of the
conviction or adjudication (Subsection (b)(2))—unless the “pardon” is
obtained “on the basis of subsequent proof of innocence” (Subsection
(c)). 4 In order to effectuate certain “purposes” it divines “holistically”
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4The Court finds it arguable that Subsection (c) of Article 62.002
provides an exclusive list of circumstances that will affect the reportability of
a sex offense: reversal on appeal and a pardon for innocence. Because judicial
clemency is not included in the Subsection (c) list, the argument goes, it must
still not affect reportability under the negative-implication canon of statutory
construction, also known as expressio unius est exclusio alterius. See Majority
Opinion at 22 (“Arguably, the express mention of these circumstances suggests
that any other non-enumerated circumstances do not result in termination of
the duty to register under Chapter 62.”). But the negative-implication canon is
highly context-dependent. See Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, READING
LAW: THE INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL TEXTS (2012), at 107 (“Virtually all the
authorities who discuss the negative-implication canon emphasize that it must
be applied with great caution, since its application depends so much on
context.”). I do not believe that the Court’s use of the canon in this case properly
accounts for context.
If anything, the relevant list of circumstances is to be found in
Subsection (b) of Article 62.002, not Subsection (c). To wit: reportability is “not
affected by: (1) an appeal of the conviction or adjudication; or (2) a pardon of
the conviction or adjudication.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 62.002(b)
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from the statutory scheme—having almost nothing to do with the actual
language of Article 62.002 itself—the Court believes that the non-
innocence-based pardon provision in Subsection (b)(2) should be read to
cover not just executive clemency, but also judicial clemency under
former Article 42.12, Section 7. Id. at 22−27.
The statute does not speak of clemency in a general sense,
however, but only specifically of a “pardon.” And courts do not grant
“pardons”—at all (not even based on innocence). 5 It is therefore clear to
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me that the references to the “pardon” power in both Subsections (b)(2)
and (c) of Article 62.002 must refer exclusively to executive clemency.
And if the statutory list of circumstances that do not affect reportability
of a sex offense for sex offender registration purposes does not include
judicial clemency, it is not for us to supplement the list. In short, absent
more particular language in Article 62.002(b)(2)—to offset what Cuellar
(emphasis added). Subsection (c) simply operates as a kind of qualifier of the
enumerated circumstances that appear in Subsection (b). It clarifies that a
successful appeal nevertheless will affect reportability, notwithstanding the
list in Subsection (b), as will a pardon if it is a pardon for innocence. If the
Subsection (b) list of circumstances that will not affect reportability is
exclusive, and if that list does not include judicial clemency (as seems plain to
me, see text post), then that must mean—applying the negative-implication
canon—that judicial clemency may affect reportability after all, since it is not
on the list.
5 It is true that the members of this Court have not always agreed on
the constitutional scope of the executive pardon power. See VanDyke v. State,
538 S.W.3d 561, 573−79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); id. at 585−89 (Yeary, J.,
dissenting). But I venture to say that all would agree that whatever the scope
of the pardon power, only the Executive Department may constitutionally
exercise it—subject, perhaps, only to the judicial power to “place the defendant
upon probation” that was carved out under Article 4, Section 11A of the Texas
Constitution. TEX. CONST. art. II, § 1; id. art. IV, § 11A.
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concluded was the “crystal clear” language of Article 42.12, Section 7—
I do not construe it to include anything more than an executive pardon,
since only the Executive Department can “pardon.” If the Court believes
that was a legislative oversight, it is for the Legislature to fix, not us.
The Court also discusses its opinion in Rodriguez v. State, 93
S.W.3d 60 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002), decided some seven months after
Cuellar. Majority Opinion at 24−25. There the Court concluded that
retroactive application of sex offender registration requirements did not
violate ex post facto principles because the requirements were “civil and
remedial in nature,” the effects of which were not so punitive as to
constitute criminal penalties. Rodriguez, 93 S.W.3d at 79. I guess I just
do not understand how the fact that sex offender registration
requirements are themselves civil, not criminal, can change the fact that
an order setting aside a conviction—under Article 42.12, Section 7—has
made what would otherwise have been a reportable conviction
“disappear.” Cuellar, 70 S.W.3d at 820. “[A] person whose conviction is
set aside” pursuant to this statute is simply “not a convicted felon.” Id.Cuellar asserted that the only exceptions are those specifically
contained in Article 42.12, Section 20 (formerly Section 7) itself. In the
absence of more specific legislative language somewhere else to
counteract the nullifying effect of a judicial set-aside order entered
under Article 42.12, Section 7, 6 I would conclude that Applicant had no
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6See, for example, the decision of the Texas Supreme Court in Tune v.
Tex. Dep’t Pub. Safety, 23 S.W.3d 358 (Tex. 2000). There, the petitioner argued
that the fact that his prior conviction had been set aside under Article 42.12,
Section 7, meant that he was eligible for a concealed-handgun license,
notwithstanding language in the Concealed Handgun Act that prohibited
licensure for convicted felons. Id. at 363. Pointing to language in the Act itself
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reportable conviction for which he was required to register in the first
place. He cannot, therefore, be lawfully convicted for failing to do so.
III. CONCLUSION
This Court has said that a post-conviction habeas corpus
applicant who can satisfy the Elizondo standard has suffered a due
process violation entitling him to a new trial. Elizondo, 947 S.W.2d at
290. Likewise, an applicant who can show that his conviction was based
on “no evidence” may obtain post-conviction relief on due process
grounds. Perales, 215 S.W.3d at 419−20. As far as I am concerned, it
should follow—even more so—that an applicant who can show that he
is “absolutely innocent,” given the undisputed facts and the prevailing
law, should also be entitled to relief under due process principles,
regardless of whether he pled guilty or has presented “new evidence” to
demonstrate it. Warfield, 618 S.W.3d at 74−75 (Yeary, J., concurring).
Whether the Court accurately called the claim in Harbin an “actual
innocence” claim (or, as I would call it, an “Elizondo claim”), a “no-
evidence” claim, or some other species of due process claim (an “absolute
actual innocence claim”), it rightly granted the applicant relief in that
that defined a conviction for its purposes, the Supreme Court concluded that
the petitioner was not eligible for licensure, notwithstanding having received
judicial clemency under Article 42.12, Section 7. Id. at 363−64. But the
definition of “convicted” in the Concealed Handgun Act differed in a crucial
way from that in Article 62.002 of the sex offender chapter of the Code of
Criminal Procedure. The definition of “convicted” in the Concealed Handgun
Act expressly referred both to judicial and executive clemency, defining the
term such that neither a judicial “discharge” from community supervision nor
an executive “pardon” (unless it was a pardon for innocence) was excepted. The
language of Article 62.002, which the Court invokes today, contains no such
reference to judicial clemency as did the statutory language the Supreme
Court was construing in Tune.
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case under the circumstances. We should likewise grant relief to
Applicant in this case today, whatever label we choose to append to his
due process claim. 7 6F
Because the Court denies relief despite all I have pointed out
here, I respectfully dissent.
FILED: June 28, 2023
PUBLISH
7 Despite the delay between Applicant’s conviction and the filing of this,
his initial post-conviction application for writ of habeas corpus, I would not
conclude that he is barred by laches. He pled guilty and was convicted of this
failure-to-register offense in August of 2007, but did not file his writ
application until September of 2018, more than eleven years later. Arguably,
however, he could not have known to pursue his claim until he was contacted
in 2017 by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice Office of State Counsel
for Offenders and told he had no duty to register after all. Majority Opinion at
7. Moreover, the State does not invoke laches here, and even if it did, the
Court’s seminal opinion in Ex parte Perez, 398 S.W.3d 206, 218 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013), left “intact the equitable principles that permit a court to reject the
State’s reliance on laches when the record shows[,]” among other things, that
an applicant might be able to prove his innocence.