State v. Nielsen , 2014 Utah LEXIS 49 ( 2014 )


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  •               This opinion is subject to revision before final
    publication in the Pacific Reporter.
    
    2014 UT 10
    IN THE
    SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH
    ———————
    STATE OF UTAH,
    Plaintiff and Appellee,
    v.
    CODY LYNN NIELSEN,
    Defendant and Appellant.
    ———————
    No. 20080709
    Filed April 29, 2014
    ———————
    First District, Logan Dep’t
    The Honorable Clint S. Judkins
    No. 011100412
    ———————
    Attorneys:
    Sean D. Reyes, Att’y Gen., Karen A. Klucznik, Asst. Att’y Gen.,
    Salt Lake City, Tony C. Baird, Logan, for appellee
    Craig T. Peterson, Bountiful, for appellant
    ———————
    JUSTICE LEE authored the opinion of the Court, in which
    CHIEF JUSTICE DURRANT, ASSOCIATE CHIEF JUSTICE NEHRING,
    JUSTICE DURHAM, and JUSTICE PARRISH joined.
    ———————
    JUSTICE LEE, opinion of the Court:
    ¶1 Cody Nielsen was convicted of the aggravated murder of
    Trisha Autry and sentenced to life without parole. On this appeal,
    Nielsen raises a series of challenges to the venue for his trial—a
    Cache County trial with a jury comprised of Box Elder County
    residents. He also questions the sufficiency of the evidence to sus-
    tain lesser offenses of kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping and
    the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his bindover for trial on
    aggravated murder. Finally, he asserts that his convictions for
    kidnapping and desecration of a body should have merged with
    his conviction of aggravated murder, necessitating vacatur of the-
    se lesser offenses.
    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶2 We affirm Nielsen’s conviction of and sentence for aggra-
    vated murder and desecration of a body, but reverse and vacate
    his kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping convictions on mer-
    ger grounds.
    I
    ¶3 On the morning of June 24, 2000, fifteen-year-old Trisha
    Autry disappeared from her home in Hyrum, Utah. Her disap-
    pearance remained a mystery for nearly a year, until the remains
    of her body and clothing were discovered buried in a hole at the
    U.S.D.A. Predator Research Facility in the nearby town of Mill-
    ville. Nielsen, an employee at the Predator Facility, was eventual-
    ly arrested and charged with her murder.
    ¶4 According to the evidence gathered by law enforcement,
    Nielsen first met Trisha in April of 2000. She was walking home
    from school with a friend when he passed them in his truck sever-
    al times. He eventually pulled up and began talking to them.
    Nielsen gave them his pager number, and told them to call him if
    they ―ever want[ed] to go do something, party, drink, whatever.‖
    ¶5 A few days later, Trisha was walking home with a different
    friend when Nielsen’s truck passed them again. Trisha’s friend
    testified that Trisha became agitated, and told her that the man in
    the truck—whom she called ―Sam‖—had been following her and
    calling her at home. The two girls ran away from the truck when it
    passed again, and were eventually picked up by their neighbor.
    The neighbor testified that the girls were ―pretty nervous.‖ After
    this second incident, Trisha began calling home after school ―pret-
    ty much every day‖ and asking her family members to come and
    pick her up so that she wouldn’t have to walk home.
    ¶6 Trisha’s mother awoke early on the morning of June 24 and
    discovered that Trisha was not in her bedroom. After the family
    failed to find her, Trisha’s mother called the police to report Tri-
    sha missing at about 6:30 a.m.
    ¶7 In Trisha’s room, her mother noticed that many of Trisha’s
    belongings were missing: the clothing she had worn the previous
    day, a pair of old tennis shoes that Trisha didn’t like, and a bra
    that she only wore when sleeping. The missing clothes led her
    mother to deduce that she hadn’t left to meet anyone, because Tri-
    sha would have changed into clean clothes, and only wore dirty
    clothes ―if she wasn’t going anywhere.‖ Based on this and other
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                           Opinion of the Court
    evidence, Trisha’s mother concluded that she had gone for a soli-
    tary walk. The immediate investigation into Trisha’s disappear-
    ance failed to produce any information on her whereabouts.
    ¶8 A few weeks earlier, in late May or early June of 2000, one
    of Nielsen’s coworkers, William Pitt, noticed Nielsen digging a
    large hole on the grounds of the Predator Facility, using a backhoe
    and grader that he used in his job at the facility. When Pitt asked
    him about the hole, Nielsen told him he wanted to ―see how deep
    of a hole he could dig‖ with the backhoe. Pitt told Nielsen to fill
    the hole because it was a safety hazard. In the following months,
    Pitt and another employee, Doris Zemlicka, observed Nielsen
    digging around the area with a backhoe, creating a large pile of
    trash and debris in and on the now-filled-in hole. Eventually they
    noticed that Nielsen burned the pile of trash and debris over the
    course of an entire day.
    ¶9 Almost one year later, the efforts of a private investigator
    led police to identify Nielsen as a suspect in Trisha’s disappear-
    ance and to home in on the Predator Facility. Cadaver dogs were
    brought in as an element of a search of the facility. The dogs alert-
    ed on the area of the hole dug by Nielsen. In the ensuing excava-
    tion, law enforcement discovered a part of Trisha’s jawbone, sev-
    eral hundred other bone fragments, her shoes, bra, and part of the
    waistband of her underwear. The police interviewed Nielsen, who
    admitted that he had met Trisha and sometimes went by the nick-
    name ―Sam.‖ Under further questioning, Nielsen neither admitted
    nor denied that he killed Trisha.
    ¶10 Nielsen was charged with aggravated murder, obstruction
    of justice, and desecration of a dead body. After a preliminary
    hearing, the trial court bound him over as charged. Nielsen sub-
    sequently filed a motion for a change of venue—from Cache
    County to Davis County—asserting a potential for jury bias
    against him due to extensive pretrial publicity in Cache County.
    The State did not oppose the motion, which was granted by the
    trial court.
    ¶11 For reasons unclear from the record, the trial court did not
    immediately transfer the case to Davis County. Instead, ongoing
    pretrial proceedings continued in Cache County. About a year lat-
    er, in September 2002, defense counsel raised the venue issue
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    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    again, this time seeking a trial in Box Elder County instead of Da-
    vis. Again, the State did not object, and the trial court agreed.
    ¶12 Again, however, the case was not immediately transferred.
    Instead, the parties’ attention turned to concerns regarding the
    size and security of the courtroom facilities in Box Elder County.
    In light of these concerns, the State suggested that the trial be held
    in Cache County; the defense objected. Ultimately, the trial court
    ordered that the trial be held in Cache County, but with jurors
    chosen in and transported from Box Elder County.
    ¶13 Before trial, the prosecution amended the information,
    charging Nielsen with one count of aggravated murder, two
    counts of desecration of a human body, one count of aggravated
    kidnapping, and one count of kidnapping. At trial, after the State
    had concluded its case-in-chief, the defense moved for a directed
    verdict on all five charges. The trial court denied the motion.
    ¶14 The jury ultimately convicted Nielsen as charged, finding
    that the kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping charges served
    as the statutory aggravators required to sustain the aggravated
    murder charge. The trial court noted that kidnapping was a lesser-
    included offense of aggravated kidnapping, however, and ruled
    that the kidnapping conviction should merge into aggravated
    kidnapping. For reasons unclear on the record, however, the
    court’s final judgment failed to reflect the ruling on merger—
    indicating instead that Nielsen was convicted on both the kidnap-
    ping and aggravated kidnapping charges.
    ¶15 After returning its verdict, the jury also heard evidence that
    Nielsen had been previously convicted of assault. At the time the
    crime was committed, a prior felony conviction involving ―the use
    or threat of violence to a person‖ was a statutory aggravator for
    aggravated murder. UTAH CODE § 76-5-202(1)(h) (2000). But alt-
    hough Nielsen had been charged and convicted on a felony as-
    sault charge, the conviction had been statutorily reduced to a class
    A misdemeanor under Utah Code section 76-3-402. The jury re-
    ceived a copy of the criminal record and concluded that Nielsen’s
    crime was a felony involving the use of violence, and considered
    it as a statutory aggravator for sentencing purposes.
    ¶16 Nielsen’s aggravated murder conviction triggered the capi-
    tal sentencing statute. UTAH CODE § 76-3-207. Under that statute,
    the jury exercises wide discretion when determining what sen-
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                           Opinion of the Court
    tence to impose, and can consider ―any . . . facts in aggravation or
    mitigation of the penalty that the court considers relevant to the
    sentence.‖ 
    Id. § 76-3-207(2)(1)(iv).
    Of the three possible sentences
    that the jury could have imposed (life, life without the possibility
    of parole, and death), the jury sentenced Nielsen to life without
    the possibility of parole. He was also sentenced to fifteen years to
    life in prison for the aggravated kidnapping charge and up to five
    years in prison for each count of desecration of a human body. His
    sentences were to run consecutively.
    ¶17 Nielsen filed a timely motion for new trial in April 2004.
    For reasons not entirely clear from the record, that motion was left
    pending—without Nielsen ever submitting a memorandum in
    support and without any ruling disposing of the motion—for over
    four years. Eventually, in July 2008, the district court issued two
    separate orders finally disposing of Nielsen’s pending motion.
    Nielsen filed two separate notices of appeal, each within thirty
    days of the district court’s orders.
    ¶18 The parties appear to concede the timeliness of Nielsen’s
    appeal, and we see no reason to disagree. Under rule 4(b)(1) of the
    Utah Rules of Appellate Procedure, the thirty-day period for Niel-
    sen’s notice of appeal was to ―run[] from the entry of the [district
    court’s] order disposing of the motion‖ for new trial. It appears
    from the record that the trial court did not ―dispos[e] of‖ the mo-
    tion until July 2008, so we conclude that Nielsen filed a timely no-
    tice of appeal preserving our appellate jurisdiction.
    II
    ¶19 On appeal, Nielsen challenges his convictions and sentenc-
    es on several grounds. First, he asserts a range of errors related to
    venue issues—asserting plain error by the district court and/or
    ineffective assistance of counsel in connection with the failure to
    transfer the case to Davis County, the subsequent consideration of
    a transfer to Box Elder County, and the ultimate determination to
    try the case in Cache County with Box Elder jurors. Second, Niel-
    sen appeals the denial of his motion for directed verdict on the
    kidnapping charge, asserting that there was insufficient evidence
    on an essential element of that crime. Third, Nielsen challenges
    the sufficiency of the evidence to bind him over for trial on the
    charge of aggravated murder. And finally, he appeals his convic-
    tions for aggravated kidnapping, kidnapping, and desecration of
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    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    a body on merger grounds, asserting that these crimes should
    have merged into the aggravated murder conviction.
    ¶20 We affirm Nielsen’s convictions and sentences for aggra-
    vated murder and desecration of a body, but reverse and vacate
    his convictions for kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping on
    merger grounds.
    A. Venue Issues
    ¶21 Nielsen asserts a series of challenges to the various venue
    determinations made by the district court—in the failure to trans-
    fer the case to Davis County while later determining to transfer
    the case to Box Elder County, and also in holding the trial in
    Cache County with Box Elder jurors. The first of these challenges
    was unpreserved in the district court, and comes before us on
    Nielsen’s assertion of ineffective assistance of counsel and plain
    error. The latter challenge was preserved below. We affirm, reject-
    ing the first set of venue arguments based on Nielsen’s failure to
    establish prejudice and rejecting the last on the merits.
    1. Failure to transfer to Davis County
    ¶22 When the district court granted Nielsen’s motion to trans-
    fer venue to Davis County, the judge was required by statute to
    transfer the case for trial to the transferee court. UTAH CODE § 78-
    13-10 (2001). By rule, the transfer of ―all documents of record con-
    cerning the case‖ was to be effected ―without delay.‖ UTAH R.
    CRIM. P. 29(e). Nielsen asserts plain error in the district court’s
    failure to do so, and claims that his trial counsel was ineffective in
    not raising this issue below. He also asserts parallel challenges to
    the subsequent determination to transfer the case to Box Elder
    County, claiming both plain error and ineffective assistance in not
    abiding by the initial decision to transfer to Davis County.
    ¶23 We reject both claims for lack of proof of prejudice. Niel-
    sen’s only assertion of harm from the district court’s failure to
    promptly transfer the case to Davis County is the notion that ―the
    defendant was tried by a jury who was selected from a county
    that had extensive prejudicial media coverage of the alleged
    crimes and bused the short distance to the county where the al-
    leged crimes took place.‖ That is insufficient. Where the alleged
    harm is a tainted jury in a trial that has already taken place, the
    question is not a mere likelihood of bias in the jury venire; it is ac-
    tual bias on the part of the jurors who actually sat. Lafferty v. State,
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    2007 UT 73
    , ¶ 42, 
    175 P.3d 530
    . Nielsen has made no such show-
    ing. He has asserted that pretrial publicity might have tainted the
    jury venire, while conceding that he has no evidence of actual bias
    on the part of any actual juror.
    ¶24 Nielsen’s lack of proof of such prejudice foils his claims of
    plain error and ineffective assistance of counsel. A claim of plain
    error fails in the absence of proof that an error is harmful—in the
    sense of having a ―reasonable likelihood‖ of affecting the out-
    come. State v. Harris, 
    2012 UT 77
    , ¶ 24, 
    289 P.3d 591
    . The same
    goes for a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Such a claim
    requires a showing both ―that counsel’s performance was defi-
    cient‖ and that ―the deficient performance prejudiced the de-
    fense.‖ Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 687 (1984). Thus,
    even assuming that the court’s failure to transfer was error and
    that counsel was deficient in failing to raise the issue, Nielsen’s
    claims fail absent any salient showing of prejudice.
    2. Holding trial in Cache County with Box Elder jurors
    ¶25 In December 2003, over two years after Nielsen was first
    charged, the trial judge decided to hold the trial in Cache County
    due to security and logistical concerns relating to the courthouse
    in Box Elder County. To minimize the risk of any potential bias
    resulting from pretrial publicity, however, the judge also deter-
    mined to convene a jury from a venire consisting of residents of
    neighboring Box Elder County.
    ¶26 Nielsen challenges the trial judge’s decision overruling his
    objection to these determinations. He bears a heavy burden in so
    doing. The law leaves decisions regarding venue transfer largely
    in the discretion of the trial judge. See City of Grantsville v. Redev.
    Agency, 
    2010 UT 38
    , ¶ 53, 
    233 P.3d 461
    . We overturn discretionary
    judgments on such matters only in the rare case of an abuse of
    discretion. 
    Id. ¶27 We
    see no abuse of discretion here. Nielsen’s principal
    claim of an abuse of discretion is his speculation that a jury as-
    sembled in Cache County may have felt ―undue pressure . . . to
    make a decision they may not otherwise make, if they were free
    from all of that over in Box Elder County.‖ But as we noted in the
    City of Grantsville case, trial judges act well within the broad
    bounds of their discretion in denying venue transfer motions in
    the face of ―allegations of bias . . . based on general apprehensions
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    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    based upon conjecture.‖ 
    2010 UT 38
    , ¶ 53 (internal quotation
    marks omitted). That conclusion is clearer where the defense has
    the opportunity to ―weed out potentially biased jurors‖ during
    voir dire proceedings, 
    id., and even
    more so where the court took
    the additional step of busing jurors from a neighboring county.
    ¶28 We cannot conclude that the judge’s decisions were so arbi-
    trary and capricious that ―no reasonable [person] would take the
    view adopted by the trial court.‖ State v. Butterfield, 
    2001 UT 59
    ,
    ¶ 28, 
    27 P.3d 1133
    (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
    omitted). Granted, other alternatives for dealing with Nielsen’s
    concerns regarding pretrial publicity were also available. The
    judge could have held the trial in a different venue, such as Davis
    County, for example. But the existence of other alternatives does
    not make the one selected by the judge an irrational one. And we
    accordingly affirm because we deem his chosen approach a rea-
    sonable one among many.
    B. Sufficiency of the Evidence on Kidnapping Convictions
    ¶29 Nielsen’s challenge to his kidnapping and aggravated kid-
    napping convictions sets its sights on the denial of his motion for
    directed verdict. He argues that there was insufficient evidence
    for a reasonable jury to decide beyond a reasonable doubt that
    Trisha went with Nielsen against her will, a necessary element of
    kidnapping (and thus also an element of aggravated kidnapping).
    UTAH CODE §§ 76-5-301, –302.
    ¶30 The applicable standard of review is again highly deferen-
    tial. In assessing a claim of insufficiency of the evidence, ―we re-
    view the evidence and all inferences which may reasonably be
    drawn from it in the light most favorable to the verdict of the ju-
    ry.‖ State v. Maestas, 
    2012 UT 46
    , ¶ 302, 
    299 P.3d 892
    (internal quo-
    tation marks omitted). We reverse ―only when the evidence, so
    viewed, is sufficiently inconclusive or inherently improbable that
    reasonable minds must have entertained a reasonable doubt that
    the defendant committed the crime of which he or she was con-
    victed.‖ 
    Id. (internal quotation
    marks omitted).
    ¶31 In attempting to carry that heavy burden, Nielsen sweep-
    ingly asserts that the State ―produced no direct evidence on the
    victim’s unwillingness to go with the defendant, and the best cir-
    cumstantial evidence that they could come up with was that the
    victim might have been leery or scared of the defendant.‖ The
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                            Opinion of the Court
    State offers two lines of response. First it asks us to stop short of
    reaching the merits in light of Nielsen’s purported failure to mar-
    shal the evidence—specifically, his failure to present, ―in compre-
    hensive and fastidious order, every scrap of competent evidence
    introduced at trial which supports the very findings the appellant
    resists.‖ Chen v. Stewart, 
    2004 UT 82
    , ¶ 77, 
    100 P.3d 1177
    (internal
    quotation marks omitted). Second, and alternatively, the State
    challenges Nielsen’s position on the merits, identifying evidence
    in the record that it sees as sufficient to sustain an inference that
    Trisha was taken against her will.
    ¶32 We reject the State’s first point but agree with its second.
    Before addressing the merits of Nielsen’s challenge to the suffi-
    ciency of the evidence, we first consider the State’s marshaling ar-
    gument—acknowledging some dicta in our prior cases that ap-
    pears to support it, but refining and clarifying the standard going
    forward.
    1. Marshaling
    ¶33 Our rules of appellate procedure prescribe standards for
    the form, organization, and content of a brief on appeal. See UTAH
    R. APP. P. 24. Some of the standards in rule 24 are sufficiently clear
    and objective that the failure to follow them may result in the re-
    jection of a noncompliant brief by our clerk’s office. A brief that
    exceeds the rule’s limits on length, for example, would be rejected
    by our clerk’s office, as would a brief that fails to include a table of
    contents or statement of the standard of review. See 
    id. 24(a)(2), (5).
    Typically a party filing a noncompliant brief would be given
    an opportunity to correct these sorts of deficiencies. But failure to
    do so theoretically could result in our failure to reach the merits
    on the basis of the party’s procedural default under rule 24.
    ¶34 Other standards in rule 24 are more subjective, and not
    susceptible to rejection by the clerk’s office or to procedural de-
    fault by the court. Such standards are often an outgrowth of a par-
    ty’s burden of persuasion on appeal. Thus, rule 24 requires the
    appellant’s brief to set forth ―the contentions and reasons of the
    appellant with respect to the issues presented . . . with citations to
    the authorities, statutes, and parts of the record relied on.‖ 
    Id. 24(a)(9). Our
    clerk’s office makes no attempt to police this rule at
    the outset. That assessment is left to the court. And we perform it
    not as a matter of gauging procedural compliance with the rule,
    but as a necessary component of our evaluation of the case on its
    9
    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    merits, as viewed through the lens of the applicable standard of
    review. See State v. Thomas, 
    961 P.2d 299
    , 305 (Utah 1998) (―While
    failure to cite to pertinent authority may not always render an is-
    sue inadequately briefed, it does so when the overall analysis of
    the issue is so lacking as to shift the burden of research and argu-
    ment to the reviewing court.‖); Salt Lake Cnty. v. Butler, Crockett &
    Walsh Dev. Corp., 
    2013 UT App 30
    , ¶ 37 n.5, 
    297 P.3d 38
    (holding
    that the appellant ―has not met its burden of persuasion on appeal
    by adequately briefing a plausible claim‖).
    ¶35 Historically, our marshaling requirement was understood
    to fall into the latter category. For many years, we conceived of
    the responsibility to marshal the evidence supporting a chal-
    lenged factual finding as a mere component of an appellant’s
    broader burden of overcoming the weighty deference granted to
    factual determinations in the trial court. Thus, when a party failed
    to marshal and distinguish evidence supportive of a challenged
    verdict or finding of fact, our response was not to decline to reach
    the merits as a matter of default, but simply to affirm on the
    ground that the appellant had failed to carry its heavy burden of
    persuasion.
    ¶36 This version of the marshaling principle was announced in
    our cases as early as 1961. See Charlton v. Hackett, 
    360 P.2d 176
    , 176
    (Utah 1961). We followed this approach consistently for several
    decades thereafter. See, e.g., Nyman v. Cedar City, 
    361 P.2d 1114
    ,
    1115 (Utah 1961); Egbert & Jaynes v. R.C. Tolman Constr. Co., 
    680 P.2d 746
    , 747 (Utah 1984). We coined the term ―marshal[ing]‖ in
    1985, see Scharf v. BMG Corp., 
    700 P.2d 1068
    , 1070 (Utah 1985), but
    still continued to view marshaling as part of the overall burden
    necessary to meet the clear error standard of review on appeal.
    See, e.g., IFG Leasing Co. v. Gordon, 
    776 P.2d 607
    , 616–17 (Utah
    1989).
    ¶37 Over time our caselaw occasionally has migrated in the
    other direction—toward the hard-and-fast default notion of a pro-
    cedural rule. Instead of noting an appellant’s failure to marshal as
    a step toward concluding that it had failed to establish clear error,
    we sometimes have identified a marshaling deficiency as a
    ground for an appellant’s procedural default—citing a lack of
    marshaling as a basis for not reaching the merits. See, e.g., United
    Park City Mines Co. v. Stichting Mayflower Mountain Fonds, 
    2006 UT 35
    , ¶¶ 38, 41, 
    140 P.3d 1200
    .
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                            Opinion of the Court
    ¶38 Over a similar span of time, we also added some additional
    teeth to the rule. Thus, while rule 24(a)(9) itself (adopted in 1999)
    speaks only of ―marshal[ing] all record evidence that supports the
    challenged finding,‖ our caselaw has sometimes extended this
    principle to require an appellant to ―present, in comprehensive
    and fastidious order, every scrap of competent evidence intro-
    duced at trial which supports the very findings the appellant re-
    sists,‖ and to do so in a manner in which he ―temporarily re-
    move[s] [his] own prejudices and fully embrace[s] the adversary’s
    position‖ by assuming the role of ―devil’s advocate.‖ Chen, 
    2004 UT 82
    , ¶¶ 77–78 (internal quotation marks omitted).
    ¶39 Our commitment to the hard-and-fast default notion of the
    marshaling rule has been less than complete. Sometimes we have
    openly overlooked a failure to marshal and proceeded to the mer-
    its. See, e.g., State v. Green, 
    2005 UT 9
    , ¶¶ 12–13, 
    108 P.3d 710
    . In
    many other cases, moreover, we have reverted to our earlier con-
    ception of marshaling, and disposed of the case on its merits de-
    spite an alleged failure to marshal ―every scrap‖ of contrary evi-
    dence. And in all events we have declined to state a limiting prin-
    ciple, leaving the question of whether to treat marshaling as a ba-
    sis for a default or instead as a component of the burden of per-
    suasion purely a matter of our discretion. See Martinez v. Media-
    Paymaster Plus/Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 
    2007 UT 42
    , ¶¶ 19–20, 
    164 P.3d 384
    (noting that parties risk forfeiting their
    challenges to factual questions when they fail to marshal but sus-
    taining the court of appeals’ choice to resolve the case on its mer-
    its because ―[t]he reviewing court . . . retains discretion to consider
    independently the whole record and determine if the decision be-
    low has adequate factual support‖).
    ¶40 The time has come to reconcile and regularize our cases in
    this field. In so doing, we recognize and reiterate the importance
    of the requirement of marshaling. It is a boon to both judicial
    economy and fairness to the parties. See Chen, 
    2004 UT 82
    , ¶ 79.
    Thus, an appellant who seeks to prevail in challenging the suffi-
    ciency of the evidence to support a factual finding or a verdict on
    appeal should follow the dictates of rule 24(a)(9), as a party who
    fails to identify and deal with supportive evidence will never per-
    suade an appellate court to reverse under the deferential standard
    of review that applies to such issues. That said, we now conclude
    that the hard-and-fast default notion of marshaling is more prob-
    lematic than helpful—particularly when compounded by the
    heightened requirements of our caselaw (to present ―every scrap‖
    of evidence and to play ―devil’s advocate‖) and our retention of
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    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    discretion to disregard a marshaling defect where we deem it ap-
    propriate.
    ¶41 We therefore repudiate the default notion of marshaling
    sometimes put forward in our cases and reaffirm the traditional
    principle of marshaling as a natural extension of an appellant’s
    burden of persuasion. Accordingly, from here on our analysis will
    be focused on the ultimate question of whether the appellant has
    established a basis for overcoming the healthy dose of deference
    owed to factual findings and jury verdicts—and not on whether
    there is a technical deficiency in marshaling meriting a default.
    ¶42 In so holding, we do not mean to minimize the significance
    of our longstanding requirement of marshaling. Instead we aim
    only to clarify it and put it in proper perspective. Thus, we reiter-
    ate that a party challenging a factual finding or sufficiency of the
    evidence to support a verdict will almost certainly fail to carry its
    burden of persuasion on appeal if it fails to marshal. Our point is
    only that that will be the question on appeal going forward. The
    focus should be on the merits, not on some arguable deficiency in
    the appellant’s duty of marshaling.
    ¶43 Too often, the appellee’s brief is focused on this latter
    point, and not enough on the ultimate merits of the case. To en-
    courage the latter and discourage the former, we also hereby re-
    pudiate the requirements of playing ―devil’s advocate‖ and of
    presenting ―every scrap of competent evidence‖ in a ―comprehen-
    sive and fastidious order.‖ Supra ¶ 38. That formulation is no-
    where required in the rule. And its principal impact on briefing
    has been to incentivize appellees to conduct a fastidious review of
    the record in the hope of identifying a scrap of evidence the appel-
    lant may have overlooked. That is not the point of the marshaling
    rule, and will no longer be an element of our consideration of it.
    ¶44 Under this standard as now clarified, we reject the State’s
    request that we treat Nielsen’s failure to marshal every scrap of
    evidence supporting the jury’s verdict as a stand-alone basis for
    rejecting his challenge to his kidnapping conviction. We proceed
    instead to the merits of Nielsen’s argument, while emphasizing
    that our assessment of his claim on appeal is certainly affected
    (and greatly undermined) by the overbroad assertions in his brief
    regarding the absence of evidence in the record and by his general
    failure to identify and deal with that evidence.
    12
    Cite as: 
    2014 UT 10
                            Opinion of the Court
    2. Sufficiency of the evidence
    ¶45 Nielsen vastly undersold the record evidence supporting
    his conviction of kidnapping. The evidence was largely circum-
    stantial. But it was nonetheless sufficient.
    ¶46 When we consider an insufficiency of the evidence claim,
    ―we review the evidence and all inferences which may reasonably
    be drawn from it in the light most favorable to the verdict of the
    jury.‖ Maestas, 
    2012 UT 46
    , ¶ 302 (internal quotation marks omit-
    ted). We may reverse a verdict ―only when the evidence, so
    viewed, is sufficiently inconclusive or inherently improbable that
    reasonable minds must have entertained a reasonable doubt that
    the defendant committed the crime of which he or she was con-
    victed.‖ 
    Id. (internal quotation
    marks omitted).
    ¶47 Nielsen challenges the verdict on kidnapping with the
    sweeping assertion that ―the state produced no direct evidence on
    the victim’s unwillingness to go with the defendant, and the best
    circumstantial evidence that they could come up with was that the
    victim might have been leery or scared of the defendant.‖ That
    assertion falls far short under the above-noted deferential stand-
    ard of review. Direct evidence is not required. Sustainable ver-
    dicts are entered every day on the sole basis of circumstantial evi-
    dence. State v. John, 
    586 P.2d 410
    , 411–12 (Utah 1978) (noting that
    circumstantial evidence ―is recognized as a valid method of ascer-
    taining the truth‖).1 And where the jury returns a verdict that is
    reasonably sustained by circumstantial evidence and the infer-
    ences drawn from it, we must uphold the jury’s verdict.
    1   See also United States v. Langford, 
    647 F.3d 1309
    , 1319 (11th Cir.
    2011) (―[C]ircumstantial evidence may be used to establish an el-
    ement of a crime, even if the jury could draw more than one rea-
    sonable inference from the circumstantial evidence, and in judg-
    ing sufficiency of the evidence, we apply the same standard
    whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial.‖); State v. Mitch-
    ell, 
    343 S.W.3d 381
    , 391 (Tenn. 2011) (―The standard of review is
    the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or circum-
    stantial evidence, or a combination of both.‖) (internal quotation
    marks omitted); State v. Bonner, 
    955 A.2d 625
    , 635 (Conn. App. Ct.
    2008) (―[I]t does not diminish the probative force of the evidence
    that consists, in whole or in part, of evidence that is circumstantial
    rather than direct.‖) (internal quotation marks omitted).
    13
    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶48 That is certainly the case here. The jury heard testimony
    that Nielsen repeatedly followed Trisha home from school; that
    Trisha consistently responded to this attention with fear, which
    she expressed to her friends, church leader, mother, and sister;
    that she repeatedly asked to be picked up from school rather than
    walk home because she was afraid of Nielsen; that on the morning
    of her disappearance, she was wearing clothing that she would
    not have worn if she had intended to meet someone on her walk;
    and that Trisha’s remains showed signs of blunt force injuries in-
    flicted before her death.
    ¶49 All of this is relevant circumstantial evidence suggesting
    that Trisha would not have willingly gone anywhere with Niel-
    sen. And we must view that evidence ―and all reasonable infer-
    ences drawn therefrom in a light most favorable to the verdict.‖
    Maestas, 
    2012 UT 46
    , ¶ 177 (internal quotation marks omitted). We
    accordingly affirm, as we cannot conclude in light of this evidence
    that ―reasonable minds must have entertained a reasonable
    doubt‖ about the essential elements of the kidnapping charge. 
    Id. (internal quotation
    marks omitted).
    C. Bindover on the Aggravated Murder Charge
    ¶50 In challenging the bindover on the aggravated murder
    charge, Nielsen asserts that there was no evidence of any aggra-
    vating elements presented at the preliminary hearing—
    specifically, that there was no evidence to suggest that Trisha was
    taken unwillingly, in a manner supporting the kidnapping aggra-
    vator. This claim overlaps substantially with the one addressed to
    the sufficiency of the evidence to support the kidnapping convic-
    tion, addressed above. Supra ¶¶ 45–49. But Nielsen’s focus here is
    on the sufficiency of the circumstantial evidence presented at the
    preliminary hearing, and on the decision to bind him over for tri-
    al.
    ¶51 We affirm. The evidentiary standard on bindover is low.
    All that is required is ―believable evidence of all the elements of
    the crime charged.‖ State v. Clark, 
    2001 UT 9
    , ¶ 15, 
    20 P.3d 300
    (in-
    ternal quotation marks omitted). And the magistrate’s assessment
    of that evidence is deferential, viewed in the light most favorable
    to the prosecution and with all reasonable inferences given to the
    prosecution. 
    Id. ¶ 10.
     ¶52 The circumstantial evidence presented at the preliminary
    hearing appears to be the same circumstantial evidence presented
    14
    Cite as: 
    2014 UT 10
                          Opinion of the Court
    to the jury. Thus, our rejection of Nielsen’s challenge to his kid-
    napping conviction necessarily requires the rejection of his chal-
    lenge to the magistrate’s bindover decision. That is because the
    evidentiary standard at bindover is much lower than it is at trial.
    If there was enough evidence to convict Nielsen beyond a reason-
    able doubt, there was certainly enough evidence to sustain the
    bindover decision. This is consistent with our general rule that
    any alleged defect in a bindover decision is cured by a subsequent
    guilty verdict on the same charge, foreclosing an appeal on the
    bindover decision. Thomas v. State, 
    2002 UT 128
    , ¶ 7, 
    63 P.3d 672
    (―[A]n error at the preliminary stage is cured if the defendant is
    later convicted beyond a reasonable doubt.‖) (internal quotation
    marks omitted); State v. Morgan, 
    2001 UT 87
    , ¶ 7 n.1, 
    34 P.3d 767
    (―[C]onviction renders any defect [in a bindover order] moot.‖).
    D. Merger
    ¶53 Nielsen’s last set of claims concern the doctrine of merger.
    First, he claims that his kidnapping conviction merged with his
    conviction on aggravated kidnapping, and that the former convic-
    tion should accordingly be vacated. Second, he also contends that
    his convictions on aggravated kidnapping, kidnapping, and on
    two counts of desecration of a body merged into his aggravated
    murder conviction, and should likewise be vacated.
    ¶54 The State confesses error as to the kidnapping conviction. It
    acknowledges that kidnapping and aggravated kidnapping
    merged, and thus that the former should have been vacated. On
    that charge we accordingly reverse and remand to allow the con-
    ceded error to be corrected.
    ¶55 That leaves the question whether desecration of a body and
    aggravated kidnapping were lesser-included offenses that merged
    with the aggravated murder conviction. This question was not
    preserved below, so it comes to us on plain error review. To re-
    verse on plain error grounds we would have to conclude that
    there was an error, that the error was obvious, and that the error
    was prejudicial. Harris, 
    2012 UT 77
    , ¶ 24. We reverse and vacate
    the aggravated kidnapping conviction on plain error grounds, but
    affirm the sentence of life without parole on the aggravated mur-
    der conviction in light of Nielsen’s failure to articulate any con-
    crete grounds for concluding that the merger error prejudiced his
    sentence.
    15
    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    ¶56 Upon careful review of the record, it is apparent that only
    the kidnapping convictions—and not the desecration counts—
    were presented as aggravators at the guilt stage. Desecration of a
    human body did not qualify as a statutory aggravator under the
    law at the time of defendant’s crimes, Utah Code section 76-5-
    202(1) (2000), and it was not presented to the jury as such. Evi-
    dence of Nielsen’s prior assault conviction was introduced to the
    jury after it had convicted Nielsen of aggravated murder.2 Thus,
    the only statutory aggravators at issue when the jury was decid-
    ing whether Nielsen was guilty of aggravated murder were the
    kidnapping charges.
    ¶57 Because the desecration counts do not implicate the doc-
    trine of merger, the only merger question presented is whether
    Nielsen’s aggravated kidnapping charge merged with his aggra-
    vated murder conviction. As Nielsen indicates, our cases sustain
    the conclusion that these two crimes should properly have
    merged. See State v. Shaffer, 
    725 P.2d 1301
    , 1312–14 (Utah 1986)
    (aggravated robbery merges with aggravated murder where the
    former is predicate offense offered as sole aggravator sustaining
    2 Nielsen alludes generally to a concern regarding the propriety
    of the sentencing jury’s consideration of his prior assault convic-
    tion as an aggravator in the form of a conviction for a violent felo-
    ny, noting that by the time of sentencing that felony had been ―re-
    duced to a class A misdemeanor under Utah Code . . . 76-3-402.‖
    But he stops short of asserting that point as a ground for question-
    ing his sentence on aggravated murder. Instead he raises the point
    only as a lead-in to his conclusion that the prior assault conviction
    should not be assumed to have been ―used as the aggravating cir-
    cumstance that was an essential element in proving aggravated
    murder.‖ We agree with Nielsen on that point, which seems ap-
    parent given that the prior violent felony was not even introduced
    to the jury until after the guilt phase. Thus, we do not and need
    not reach a legal question that has not been presented by Nielsen
    and is not properly before us, which is whether a past crime’s sta-
    tus as a ―convict[ion]‖ of a ―felony involving the use or threat of
    violence to a person‖ under Utah Code section 76-5-202(1)(h)
    (2000) is to be assessed as of the time of the original conviction or
    should instead be reassessed in light of a subsequent reduction
    under Utah Code section 76-3-402.
    16
    Cite as: 
    2014 UT 10
                           Opinion of the Court
    the latter conviction); State v. Ross, 
    2007 UT 89
    , ¶ 61, 
    174 P.3d 628
    (holding that ―an underlying felony that constitutes the aggravat-
    ing circumstance merges with the conviction for aggravated mur-
    der‖). The principle established in Shaffer and Ross is precisely ap-
    plicable here. Because the aggravated kidnapping conviction was
    the sole aggravator presented to the jury at the guilt phase, the
    aggravated kidnapping offense was ―established by proof of the
    same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission
    of the offense charged.‖ UTAH CODE § 76-1-402(3)(a). For that rea-
    son Nielsen’s aggravated kidnapping conviction should have
    merged with his aggravated murder conviction.
    ¶58 The failure to identify this problem was a clear error. Our
    caselaw on the merger of predicate offenses with aggravated
    crimes is clear and well-established. And given that the merger
    problem is straightforward (not fact-intensive or complex) and
    could not conceivably have been ignored on strategic grounds, we
    deem it sufficient to sustain the conclusion that it should have
    been obvious to the court and parties below. See State v. Gornick,
    
    130 P.3d 780
    , 783 (Or. 2006) (identifying the following considera-
    tions as suggesting that an error is ―plain‖: that the error is one of
    law; that it is ―obvious, not reasonably in dispute‖; that it ―ap-
    pears on the face of the record,‖ meaning that the reviewing court
    does not need to ―go outside the record to identify the error or
    choose between competing inferences,‖ such as a strategy of the
    parties; and that ―the facts constituting the error are irrefutable‖)
    (internal quotation marks omitted). The prejudice from such error
    is also obvious: Nielsen’s conviction of aggravated kidnapping
    stands separate from his conviction on aggravated murder, as
    does his separate sentence of fifteen years to life.
    ¶59 Because the independent conviction and sentence are plain-
    ly prejudicial to Nielsen, we reverse and vacate Nielsen’s convic-
    tion and sentence on aggravated kidnapping, while leaving undis-
    turbed his conviction and sentence on aggravated murder.3 We
    3  Theoretically, an error in entering a separate conviction on a
    predicate offense could also have an impact on the sentence for
    the aggravated crime. But Nielsen has not alleged, much less es-
    tablished, a basis for that kind of prejudice, or requested a remand
    for resentencing on aggravated murder on such ground. Perhaps
    that is understandable, as our cases generally consider an error
    17
    STATE v. NIELSEN
    Opinion of the Court
    also affirm Nielsen’s two convictions for desecration of a human
    body.
    ——————
    regarding a nonmerged predicate offense to be harmless as to the
    sentence on the greater offense, see State v. Hill, 
    674 P.2d 96
    , 98
    (Utah 1983) (holding that theft conviction merged with aggravat-
    ed robbery but declining to remand for resentencing on aggravat-
    ed robbery), and the lack of a conviction on the predicate offense
    would not have foreclosed the sentencing jury from considering
    the facts establishing that offense. UTAH CODE § 76-3-207(2)(a) (―In
    capital sentencing proceedings, evidence may be presented on
    . . . the nature and circumstances of the crime . . . .‖). In any event,
    we need not and do not reach these issues here, as they are not
    presented.
    18
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 20080709

Citation Numbers: 2014 UT 10, 326 P.3d 645, 2014 Utah LEXIS 49, 2014 WL 1687133

Judges: Lee, Durrant, Nehring, Durham, Parrish

Filed Date: 4/29/2014

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 11/13/2024

Authorities (20)

State v. Hill , 1983 Utah LEXIS 1207 ( 1983 )

State v. Green , 518 Utah Adv. Rep. 30 ( 2005 )

Jau-Fei Chen v. Stewart , 510 Utah Adv. Rep. 9 ( 2004 )

United Park City Mines Co. v. Stichting Mayflower Mountain ... , 553 Utah Adv. Rep. 21 ( 2006 )

State v. Gornick , 340 Or. 160 ( 2006 )

IFG Leasing Co. v. Gordon , 109 Utah Adv. Rep. 3 ( 1989 )

State v. Bonner , 110 Conn. App. 621 ( 2008 )

State v. Butterfield , 425 Utah Adv. Rep. 8 ( 2001 )

City of Grantsville v. Redevelopment Agency of Tooele City , 656 Utah Adv. Rep. 37 ( 2010 )

Lafferty v. State , 586 Utah Adv. Rep. 13 ( 2007 )

State v. Thomas , 343 Utah Adv. Rep. 32 ( 1998 )

Thomas v. State , 63 P.3d 672 ( 2002 )

Martinez v. Media-Paymaster Plus/Church of Jesus Christ of ... , 578 Utah Adv. Rep. 20 ( 2007 )

State v. Ross , 590 Utah Adv. Rep. 10 ( 2007 )

State v. Clark , 414 Utah Adv. Rep. 10 ( 2001 )

State v. John , 1978 Utah LEXIS 1436 ( 1978 )

Scharf v. BMG Corp. , 1985 Utah LEXIS 836 ( 1985 )

United States v. Langford , 647 F.3d 1309 ( 2011 )

State v. Morgan , 432 Utah Adv. Rep. 40 ( 2001 )

Strickland v. Washington , 104 S. Ct. 2052 ( 1984 )

View All Authorities »

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State v. Harris , 2015 Utah App. LEXIS 304 ( 2015 )

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