Asset Acceptance LLC v. Utah State Treasurer ( 2016 )


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    2016 UT App 25
    THE UTAH COURT OF APPEALS
    ASSET ACCEPTANCE LLC,
    Appellant,
    v.
    UTAH STATE TREASURER, UNCLAIMED PROPERTY ADMINISTRATOR,
    Appellee.
    Memorandum Decision
    No. 20140686-CA
    Filed February 4, 2016
    Fourth District Court, American Fork Department
    The Honorable Thomas Low
    No. 129101488
    Gregory M. Constantino, Attorney for Appellant
    Sean D. Reyes, Thom D. Roberts, and Michael K.
    Green, Attorneys for Appellee
    Clark L. Snelson, Attorney for Amicus Curiae
    Utah State Tax Commission
    JUSTICE JOHN A. PEARCE authored this Memorandum Decision, in
    which JUDGE GREGORY K. ORME concurred, with opinion.1 JUDGE
    J. FREDERIC VOROS JR. concurred dubitante, with opinion.
    PEARCE, Justice:
    ¶1    Asset Acceptance LLC appeals the district court’s order
    quashing its writ of garnishment on the Unclaimed Property
    1. Justice John A. Pearce began his work on this case as a
    member of the Utah Court of Appeals. He became a member of
    the Utah Supreme Court thereafter and completed his work on
    the case sitting by special assignment as authorized by law. See
    generally Utah R. Jud. Admin. 3-108(3).
    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    Division (Administrator).2 The district court concluded that
    Asset Acceptance’s garnishment of property held by
    Administrator was not authorized by Utah Code section 78B-5-
    808, which provides for the service of a writ of garnishment on
    the State in certain instances. Asset Acceptance appeals.3 We
    affirm.4
    ¶2      Asset Acceptance obtained a default judgment against a
    debtor for his unpaid credit card debt. In an attempt to satisfy
    the judgment, Asset Acceptance applied for a writ of
    garnishment against Administrator to obtain unclaimed
    property held by Administrator but purportedly belonging to
    the debtor. See generally Utah R. Civ. P. 64D (setting out the
    procedures for the issuance of a writ of garnishment). The
    district court issued the writ of garnishment to be served on
    Administrator.
    ¶3     Administrator moved to quash the writ, arguing it could
    not be enforced against Administrator, an entity of the State.
    Administrator maintained that the State’s governmental
    immunity and the Governmental Immunity Act of Utah (the
    Immunity Act) bar the garnishment of property held by the
    State. The district court granted Administrator’s motion to
    quash, concluding that Utah law does not require Administrator
    2. On appeal, the Unclaimed Property Division, which acts
    under the direction of the Utah State Treasurer, refers to the
    relevant party as the Unclaimed Property Administrator. We
    adopt that nomenclature.
    3. In addition to the parties’ briefings in this case, we requested
    and received briefing from the Utah State Tax Commission, as
    amicus curiae.
    4. This case and its companion case, Federal Pacific Credit Co. v.
    Utah State Treasurer, 
    2016 UT App 24
    , were argued together. The
    cases are legally and factually indistinguishable.
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    to comply with the writ of garnishment. Asset Acceptance
    appeals.
    ¶4      Asset Acceptance argues that Administrator must comply
    with the writ because governmental immunity does not apply in
    this situation, and, even if it did, that the Immunity Act waives
    any immunity Administrator might otherwise possess. Asset
    Acceptance also argues that its writ of garnishment is authorized
    by Utah Code section 78B-5-808 and the Utah Supreme Court’s
    interpretation of a prior version of that statute in Funk v. Utah
    State Tax Commission, 
    839 P.2d 818
     (Utah 1992).
    ¶5     These arguments require us to review the district court’s
    order to determine if the court properly analyzed and applied
    various statutes. We review the district court’s interpretation of a
    statute for correctness and afford no deference to the district
    court’s decision. DePatco, Inc. v. Teton View Golf Estates, LLC, 
    2014 UT App 266
    , ¶ 6, 
    339 P.3d 126
    ; see also Gutierrez v. Medley, 
    972 P.2d 913
    , 914–15 (Utah 1998).
    ¶6     ‚Sovereign immunity—the principle that the state cannot
    be sued in its own courts without its consent—was a well-settled
    principle of American common law at the time Utah became a
    state.‛ Madsen v. Borthick, 
    658 P.2d 627
    , 629 (Utah 1983). Utah
    case law has long recognized that sovereign immunity generally
    prohibits actions against the State unless it has expressly waived
    its immunity. See Wilkinson v. State, 
    134 P. 626
    , 630 (Utah 1913)
    (‚*I+n the absence of either express constitutional or statutory
    authority an action against a sovereign state cannot be
    maintained.‛).
    ¶7     The Utah Legislature codified the doctrine of sovereign
    immunity in the Immunity Act. See Scott v. Universal Sales, Inc.,
    
    2015 UT 64
    , ¶ 55, 
    356 P.3d 1172
     (‚Prior to the enactment of [the
    Immunity Act] in 1965, the common law doctrine of sovereign
    immunity prevented a citizen from suing a state governmental
    entity for any act considered to be a function of government.‛).
    In defining the Immunity Act’s scope, the Legislature has
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    provided that the Immunity Act’s ‚waivers and retentions of
    immunity‛ apply to ‚all functions of government, no matter
    how labeled,‛ and in a separate subsection, that the Immunity
    Act ‚governs all claims against governmental entities or against
    their employees or agents arising [from the employee’s or
    agent’s official capacity].‛ Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7-101(2)(a), (b)
    (LexisNexis 2014). The Immunity Act further states, ‚Except as
    may be otherwise provided in this chapter, each governmental
    entity and each employee of a governmental entity are immune
    from suit for any injury that results from the exercise of a
    governmental function.‛ Id. § 63G-7-201(1).5 The Immunity Act
    defines ‚governmental function‛ as ‚each activity, undertaking,
    or operation‛ of a governmental entity or employee. Id. § 63G-7-
    102(4)(a). ‚Governmental function‛ also includes ‚a
    governmental entity’s failure to act.‛ Id. § 63G-7-102(4)(c). The
    Utah Supreme Court has noted that the breadth of this definition
    encompasses ‚anything the government decides to do.‛ Scott,
    
    2015 UT 64
    , ¶ 58.
    ¶8    Thus, absent a waiver, the State’s governmental immunity
    prohibits Asset Acceptance from seeking to judicially compel
    Administrator to comply with a writ of garnishment.6 Cf. Hall v.
    5. In 2015, after the district court entered the order in this case,
    the Utah Legislature amended this provision. It now provides,
    ‚Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, each
    governmental entity and each employee of a governmental
    entity are immune from suit for any injury that results from the
    exercise of a governmental function.‛ Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7-
    201(1) (LexisNexis Supp. 2015). The Legislature also amended
    section 63G-7-101 to add subsection (3), which now provides, ‚A
    governmental entity and an employee of a governmental entity
    retain immunity from suit unless that immunity has been
    expressly waived in this chapter.‛ Id. § 63G-7-101.
    6. The Utah Supreme Court has recognized that ‚the legislature
    can limit how and when the state may be subject to
    (continued…)
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    Utah State Dep’t of Corr., 
    2001 UT 34
    , ¶ 14, 
    24 P.3d 958
     (holding
    that the Immunity Act ‚must be strictly applied‛ because ‚it is
    through the [Immunity Act] that the legislature has recognized
    the necessity of immunity as essential to the protection of the
    state in rendering the many and ever increasing number of
    governmental services‛ (citation and internal quotation marks
    omitted)); Epting v. State, 
    546 P.2d 242
    , 244 (Utah 1976) (‚The
    decisions of this court, and other states, have indicated
    recognition of the principle that where there is thus a general
    preservation of governmental immunity, any exception must be
    found to be clearly stated within the provisions of the [Immunity
    Act+.‛ (footnotes omitted)).7
    (…continued)
    garnishment.‛ Funk v. Utah State Tax Comm’n, 
    839 P.2d 818
    , 821
    (Utah 1992).
    7. Other jurisdictions have recognized that governmental
    immunity prevents writs of garnishment against state or federal
    entities absent specific waiver of that immunity. See, e.g.,
    Applegate v. Applegate, 
    39 F. Supp. 887
    , 889 (E.D. Va. 1941) (‚That
    [an attachment or garnishment of property held by the United
    States] cannot be maintained without the consent of the United
    States to being sued has long been established.‛); Doss v. Thomas,
    
    183 Ohio App. 3d 795
    , 
    2009-Ohio-2275
    , 
    919 N.E.2d 219
    , at ¶ 12
    (‚The general rule nationally is that the United States, the states,
    and their political subdivisions and agencies cannot be
    summoned as a garnishee in an action without clear and
    unequivocal statutory authorization, consent, or waiver.‛);
    Hernando County v. Warner, 
    705 So. 2d 1053
    , 1054 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
    App. 1998) (‚The state and its subdivisions and agencies are
    immune from garnishment proceedings absent a clear and
    unequivocal legislative enactment to the contrary.‛); see also
    North Sea Prods., Ltd. v. Clipper Seafoods Co., 
    595 P.2d 938
     (Wash.
    1979) (en banc) (analyzing tribal immunity). This is true even
    (continued…)
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    (…continued)
    where the plaintiff attempts to garnish the property of private
    parties held by a state or federal agency. See, e.g., In re Pritchard,
    
    75 B.R. 877
    , 880 (Bankr. D. Minn. 1987) (‚It must be
    acknowledged that, under the doctrine of sovereign immunity,
    the United States is not subject to suit as a third-party garnishee
    or bailee in attachment or garnishment proceedings in the
    absence of a statutory waiver of that immunity.‛); Herzig v.
    Horrigan, 
    644 A.2d 360
    , 362–63 (Conn. App. Ct. 1994) (rejecting
    an argument that ‚property execution on a state agency *to
    attach the property of a third party+ is not the ‘institution of suit’
    and thus is not barred by the doctrine of sovereign immunity,‛
    because Connecticut law ‚does not limit the application of the
    doctrine of sovereign immunity to suits against the state
    involving the state’s direct pecuniary interest in the outcome‛);
    Meyers v. Ohio State Lottery Comm’n, 
    517 N.E.2d 1029
    , 1033–34
    (Ohio Ct. App. 1986) (holding that lottery winnings held by
    Ohio’s State Lottery Commission but owing to a third party are
    generally not subject to attachment by a lottery winner’s
    judgment creditors because, among other things, the state’s
    sovereign immunity generally prevents it from being sued in its
    courts and ‚the legislature ha[d] not specifically provided that
    these winnings may be attached‛ (emphasis in original)); Ridge
    Lumber Co. v. Overmont Dev., 
    366 A.2d 125
    , 125 (Md. Ct. Spec.
    App. 1976) (‚*G+overnmental officers and subdivisions of the
    State are exempt from attachment proceedings where the money
    sought to be attached is held by the garnishee in its official
    capacity.‛); Knight v. Knight, 
    409 So. 2d 432
    , 435–36 (Ala. Civ.
    App. 1982) (holding that a public employee’s salary held by the
    City of Birmingham was generally immune from garnishment
    under the doctrine of sovereign immunity and concluding that
    ‚the general rule . . . is only changed by statute‛ because ‚the
    modification of the doctrine is a legislative question, not one for
    the courts‛).
    20140686-CA                      6                 
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    ¶9     Asset Acceptance argues that not only has the State
    waived its governmental immunity with regard to the
    garnishment in this case, but that its garnishment is also
    authorized by the Immunity Act’s general waiver of immunity
    in Utah Code section 63G-7-301(2)(a) for certain types of suits.
    Administrator counters that it is immune from Asset
    Acceptance’s garnishment due to Utah Code section 63G-7-603’s
    reservation of immunity from judicial actions taken through
    certain processes.
    ¶10 ‚Because we will not alter the meaning of a statute by
    judicial fiat, we must try to interpret it in accordance with the
    legislature’s intent.‛ Flowell Elec. Ass’n, Inc. v. Rhodes Pump, LLC,
    
    2015 UT 87
    , ¶ 34, 
    361 P.3d 91
    . ‚When we are faced with two
    statutes that purport to cover the same subject, we seek to
    determine the legislature’s intent as to which applies.‛ Jensen v.
    IHC Hosps., Inc., 
    944 P.2d 327
    , 331 (Utah 1997). In doing so, we
    ‚follow the general rules of statutory construction, which
    provide both that ‘the best evidence of legislative intent is the
    plain language of the statute,’‛ 
    id.
     (citation omitted), and ‚that
    when two statutory provisions conflict in their operation, the
    provision more specific in application governs over the more
    general provision,‛ Taghipour v. Jerez, 
    2002 UT 74
    , ¶ 11, 
    52 P.3d 1252
     (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
    ¶11 Section 63G-7-301(2)(a) provides that immunity is waived
    ‚as to any action brought to recover, obtain possession of, or
    quiet title to real or personal property.‛ Utah Code Ann. § 63G-
    7-301(2)(a) (LexisNexis Supp. 2015). Section 63G-7-603(2)
    provides, ‚Execution, attachment, or garnishment may not issue
    against a governmental entity.‛ Id. § 63G-7-603(2) (2014).
    ¶12 Section 63G-7-603 is the more specific statute. It provides
    that the precise action attempted by Asset Acceptance—
    garnishment—may not issue against a governmental entity. Id.
    In contrast, section 63G-7-301 addresses a much broader range of
    potential actions, including any action to recover or obtain
    possession of personal property. See id. § 63G-7-301(2)(a) (Supp.
    20140686-CA                      7                 
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    2015). Thus, section 63G-7-603 applies here, preventing the
    issuance of Asset Acceptance’s garnishment.8
    ¶13 Moreover, Administrator’s reading of the Immunity Act
    comports with our prior interpretation of section 63G-7-603. See
    Fisher v. Fisher, 
    2003 UT App 91
    , ¶¶ 13–14, 
    67 P.3d 1055
    . In Fisher,
    an attorney obtained a judgment for past-due child support and
    an award of future child support payments. Id. ¶ 2. His client
    sought the assistance of the Office of Recovery Services (ORS) to
    garnish her ex-husband’s wages. Id. The attorney then filed an
    attorney lien on the funds ORS had collected. Id. ORS moved to
    quash the lien arguing, in part, that the Immunity Act did not
    permit such a lien. See id. ¶¶ 2, 7.
    ¶14 Specifically, ORS argued a prior (but identical) version of
    section 63G-7-603(2), which commands that ‚[e]xecution,
    8. Asset Acceptance contends that its garnishment does not fall
    within the reservation of immunity in section 63G-7-603 because
    Administrator does not own the property to be garnished and,
    therefore, the garnishment does not ‚issue against a
    governmental entity.‛ See Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7-603(2)
    (LexisNexis 2014). Amicus curiae Utah State Tax Commission
    argues that the Immunity Act ‚does not specifically permit or
    prevent Utah from being served with a writ of garnishment to
    garnish funds or property belonging to a third party.‛ Our
    precedent forecloses both arguments. We have previously held
    that a writ of garnishment served on a government agency to
    obtain property in the possession of, but not owned by, that
    government agency ‚issues‛ against that entity for purposes of
    section 63G-7-603. See Fisher v. Fisher, 
    2003 UT App 91
    , ¶¶ 13–14,
    
    67 P.3d 1055
     (holding that an attorney lien could not issue
    against property held by a state entity, but owing to a third
    party). Moreover, Asset Acceptance points to nothing in the
    statutory language that could be read to specifically create a
    waiver of immunity when a party is attempting to garnish
    property held but not owned by Administrator.
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    attachment, or garnishment may not issue against a
    governmental entity,‛ precluded the lien. Id. ¶ 13 (alteration in
    original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We
    agreed, concluding that the funds the attorney sought to attach
    were ‚in the possession and control of ORS, a governmental
    agency that is immune from execution, attachment, or
    garnishment.‛ Id. ¶ 14. Asset Acceptance does not discuss Fisher
    in its briefing.9 In the absence of argument attempting to
    distinguish Fisher and its application of the Immunity Act in
    similar circumstances, we conclude that Fisher’s reasoning
    applies and that section 63G-7-603(2) prohibits Asset Acceptance
    from garnishing the property held by Administrator.
    ¶15 Finally, Asset Acceptance argues that Utah Code section
    78B-5-808 authorizes its garnishment in this action. The district
    court rejected this argument, concluding that a ‚common sense
    reading of [section 78B-5-808 shows] that the State is subject to
    garnishment only for money owed to a public official or
    employee as either salary or wages.‛ We agree with the district
    court.
    ¶16 When interpreting a statute, ‚our primary goal is to
    evince the true intent and purpose of the Legislature.‛ Marion
    Energy, Inc. v. KFJ Ranch P’ship, 
    2011 UT 50
    , ¶ 14, 
    267 P.3d 863
    9. Nor has Asset Acceptance asked us to revisit Fisher’s holding.
    ‚*I+n accordance with horizontal stare decisis . . . [an appellate
    court] will overrule its own precedent in the limited
    circumstances where it is ‘clearly convinced that the rule was
    originally erroneous or is no longer sound because of changing
    conditions and that more good than harm will come by
    departing from precedent.’‛ State v. Tenorio, 
    2007 UT App 92
    ,
    ¶ 9, 
    156 P.3d 854
     (quoting State v. Bennett, 
    2000 UT 34
    , ¶ 8, 
    999 P.2d 1
    ). Furthermore, the party seeking a departure from
    precedent ‚carries a heavy burden of persuasion.‛ Ewing v.
    Department of Transp., 
    2010 UT App 158
    , ¶ 13, 
    235 P.3d 776
    . Asset
    Acceptance has made no effort to shoulder that burden.
    20140686-CA                     9                 
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). ‚The best
    evidence of the legislature’s intent is the plain language of the
    statute itself.‛ 
    Id.
     (citation and internal quotation marks
    omitted). ‚When discerning the plain meaning of the statute,
    terms that are used in common, daily, nontechnical speech,
    should, in the absence of evidence of a contrary intent, be given
    the meaning which they have for laymen in such daily usage.‛
    O’Dea v. Olea, 
    2009 UT 46
    , ¶ 32, 
    217 P.3d 704
     (citation and
    internal quotation marks omitted). Further, ‚*w+hen the meaning
    of [a] statute can be discerned from its language, no other
    interpretive tools are needed.‛ Marion Energy, 
    2011 UT 50
    , ¶ 15
    (second alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation
    marks omitted). A statute is ambiguous only when it is
    ‚susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations.‛ 
    Id.
     ‚A
    statute is not ambiguous merely because the parties disagree
    about its meaning. Rather, [a] statute is ambiguous [only] if it
    can be understood by reasonably well-informed persons to have
    different meanings.‛ Peeples v. State, 
    2004 UT App 328
    , ¶ 8 n.3,
    
    100 P.3d 254
     (alterations in original) (citation and internal
    quotation marks omitted).
    ¶17   Section 78B-5-808 provides,
    The state and any subdivision, agency, or
    institution of the state which has in its possession
    or under its control any credits or other personal
    property of, or owing any debt to, the defendant in
    any action, whether as salary or wages, as a public
    official or employee may be subject to attachment,
    garnishment, and execution in accordance with any
    rights, remedies, and procedures applicable to
    attachment,        garnishment,  and      execution,
    respectively . . . .
    Utah Code Ann. § 78B-5-808 (LexisNexis 2012).
    ¶18 Asset Acceptance argues that the operative language of
    section 78B-5-808 is its first clause, which provides for
    20140686-CA                     10                
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    garnishment of ‚any credits or other personal property of, or
    owing any debt to, the defendant in any action.‛ 
    Id.
     Based on
    this broad language, it contends section 78B-5-808 provides for
    garnishment of both public employee and nonpublic employee
    property held by the State.
    ¶19 In contrast, Administrator contends that the district
    court’s interpretation of section 78B-5-808 is correct; it asserts
    that the statute ‚makes clear that only a public official or
    employee may have his property garnished.‛ Administrator
    reasons that the statute’s broad statement ‚defendant in any
    action‛ is narrowed by ‚as a public official or employee‛ and
    that the broad statement ‚any credits or other personal
    property‛ is similarly narrowed by the later phrase ‚whether as
    salary or wages.‛ According to Administrator, when the
    statutory language is read as a whole, it authorizes garnishment
    only against the salary or wages of a public official or employee.
    ¶20 We agree with Administrator and the district court. The
    only reasonable reading of the statute requires the State to
    respond to garnishments only if it is holding property owed as
    salary or wages to a public official or employee. When distilled
    to its component parts, the statute provides that the State is
    subject to ‚attachment, garnishment, and execution‛ when it
    ‚has in its possession or under its control‛ certain property of, or
    owing to, ‚the defendant in any action.‛ See Utah Code Ann.
    § 78B-5-808. And, most importantly, the statute narrows this
    potentially broad grant to only those situations where the
    property in the State’s possession or control is held, ‚whether as
    salary or wages‛ and the defendant in the action is ‚a public
    official or employee.‛ See id.
    ¶21 Asset Acceptance argues that the word ‚whether‛ and the
    words that follow it in section 78B-5-808 act only to illustrate
    certain descriptive examples of when a garnishment may be
    issued against the State. Based on this reading, Asset Acceptance
    argues that the statute has ‚broad application.‛ We disagree. The
    statute’s use of the word ‚whether‛ cannot reasonably be
    20140686-CA                     11                
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    construed to provide an illustrative example. To come to this
    conclusion, we would be required to determine that the
    Legislature used ‚whether‛ to describe a non-exhaustive list,
    and that ‚whether‛ in this instance is the equivalent of
    ‚including‛ or ‚includes, but is not limited to.‛10 This we simply
    cannot do; we are not aware of any case, nor have the parties
    pointed us to any, where a court has interpreted ‚whether‛ to
    signify a non-exhaustive list of descriptive examples. Both the
    ordinary meaning of ‚whether‛ and the structure of section 78B-
    5-808 indicate that ‚whether‛ limits, rather than illustrates, the
    statute’s prior language.11
    ¶22 Asset Acceptance’s argument is further undercut by the
    Legislature’s actions following the Utah Supreme Court’s
    10. ‚Including‛ or ‚includes‛ is a somewhat unique word in the
    English language, particularly with regard to its legal usage,
    because it has long been held to unambiguously indicate a non-
    exhaustive list. See, e.g., Federal Land Bank of St. Paul v. Bismarck
    Lumber Co., 
    314 U.S. 95
    , 100 (1941); Helvering v. Morgan’s Inc., 
    293 U.S. 121
    , 125–26 (1934); Chickasaw Nation v. United States, 
    208 F.3d 871
    , 878 (10th Cir. 2000).
    11. Additionally, ‚whether‛ is defined as ‚alternative conditions
    or possibilities‛ such as ‚whether or not‛ or ‚whichever one of
    the two.‛ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
    Dictionary 1346 (10th ed. 1999); see also Whether, Oxford
    Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/a
    merican_english/whether (last visited Jan. 13, 2016) (defining
    ‚whether‛ as ‚*i+ndicating that a statement applies whichever of
    the alternatives mentioned is the case‛ or ‚*e+xpressing a doubt
    or choice between alternatives‛), archived at perma.cc/9CHP-
    6LKE. While dictionary definitions are not dispositive in our
    interpretation of statutes, they are ‚useful in cataloging a range
    of possible meanings that a statutory term may bear.‛ State v.
    Canton, 
    2013 UT 44
    , ¶ 13, 
    308 P.3d 517
     (citation and internal
    quotation marks omitted).
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    decision in Funk v. Utah State Tax Commission, 
    839 P.2d 818
     (Utah
    1992). In Funk, First Security Bank obtained a writ of
    garnishment directing the Utah State Tax Commission to attach
    Funk’s state tax refund. Id. at 819. After the Tax Commission
    complied with the writ, Funk filed suit against the Tax
    Commission, arguing that, as a state entity, the Tax Commission
    was immune from the garnishment and could not comply with
    the writ because no specific legislation authorized its
    compliance. Id.
    ¶23 The Funk court used a prior version of Utah Code section
    78B-5-808 as the starting point for its analysis. See id. at 820. The
    then-applicable version of the statute authorized garnishments
    against the State when the property at issue was owing to ‚the
    defendant in any action, whether as salary or wages, as a public
    official or employee, or otherwise.‛ 
    Utah Code Ann. § 78-27-15
    (Michie 1987) (emphasis added). The supreme court held, ‚The
    ‘or otherwise’ language and the phrase ‘the defendant in any
    action’ indicate that the legislature intended the statute to have
    broad application.‛ Funk, 839 P.2d at 820. The court concluded
    that, ‚*a+lthough the legislature can limit how and when the
    state may be subject to garnishment,‛ the then-enacted statute
    authorized attachments, garnishments, and executions against
    both public and nonpublic employees. Id. at 821. It reasoned, ‚If
    the statute were intended to apply only to public employees,
    there would be no need to add ‘or otherwise.’‛ Id. at 820. Based
    upon this reading of the statute, Funk concluded that the statute
    ‚authorizes the *Tax+ Commission to comply with a writ of
    garnishment of a state tax refund owing to nonpublic
    employees.‛ Id. at 821.
    ¶24 Following Funk, the Legislature removed the words ‚or
    otherwise‛ from the statute. See Title 78 Recodification and
    Revision, ch. 3, § 840, 
    2008 Utah Laws 48
    , 437–38; cf. Utah Code
    Ann. § 78B-5-808 (LexisNexis 2008). Thus, prior to its
    amendment, the statute authorized garnishments against certain
    property owing to ‚the defendant in any action, whether as
    salary or wages, as a public official or employee, or otherwise.‛
    20140686-CA                     13                 
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    
    Utah Code Ann. § 78-27-15
     (Michie 1987) (emphasis added). As
    amended, the statute provides for garnishments against certain
    property owing to ‚the defendant in any action, whether as
    salary or wages, as a public official or employee.‛ 
    Id.
     § 78B-5-808
    (LexisNexis 2012). Through the amendment, the Legislature
    removed the language the Funk court relied upon to hold that
    the statute’s reach extended to persons other than public
    employees.12
    ¶25 Additionally, while we conclude the plain language of the
    statute is unambiguous and thus we are not required to look
    beyond the plain language of the statute, we also note that the
    statute’s title, ‚Salaries of public officers subject to garnishment,‛
    12. Asset Acceptance argues that the Legislature’s amendment
    was merely a stylistic change that did not affect the supreme
    court’s decision in Funk. It argues that the statute’s legislative
    history indicates that the Legislature did not intend its removal
    of ‚or otherwise‛ to have any substantive effect. The
    amendments to section 78B-5-808 were part of the Legislature’s
    recodification of the entire judicial code. See Title 78
    Recodification and Revision, ch. 3, § 840, 
    2008 Utah Laws 48
    ,
    437–38. The house sponsor stated that the bill made ‚no
    substantial changes to law.‛ Recording of Utah House Floor
    Debates, H.B. 78, 57th Leg., Gen. Sess. (Jan. 22, 2008)
    (statement of Rep. Jackie Biskupski), available at http://utahlegisla
    ture.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?clip_id=17197&meta_id=50
    9722, archived at https://perma.cc/S9K8-WV58. As noted above,
    however, the Legislature’s removal of ‚or otherwise‛ had a
    substantive effect on the statute’s meaning. Asset Acceptance’s
    argument highlights the dangers of ignoring a statute’s text in
    favor of arguments based upon the comments of individual
    legislators. ‚We cannot properly invoke the legislative history in
    a manner overriding the terms of the statute. Legislative history
    is not law. It may be useful in informing our construction of
    ambiguities in the law. But its utility ends there.‛ Graves v. North
    E. Servs., Inc., 
    2015 UT 28
    , ¶ 64, 
    345 P.3d 619
    .
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    comports with our reading of the statute. 
    Id.
     And the statute’s
    placement by the Legislature in Title 78B of the Utah Code—the
    judicial code—rather than in Title 63G—the general government
    code—suggests that it was not meant to have the broad effect
    attributed to it by Asset Acceptance. Had the Legislature
    intended to provide a broad grant of immunity from
    garnishment, it likely would have included the statute in the
    Immunity Act, located in chapter 7 of Title 63G of the Utah
    Code. While we do not rely directly on either of these factors in
    our decision, they nonetheless bolster our conclusion.
    ¶26 Thus, we conclude that Asset Acceptance’s writ of
    garnishment against Administrator is not authorized by the
    plain language of Utah Code section 78B-5-808. We also hold
    that the Legislature’s amendment to that statute supplants the
    applicability of the supreme court’s holding in Funk to the
    current version of the statute.13
    ¶27 Finally, it bears noting that, despite our ruling, the Utah
    Code provides Asset Acceptance with a path to obtain the
    13. As noted above, we asked the Utah State Tax Commission to
    file a brief in this case as amicus curiae. See supra note 3. We
    asked the Tax Commission to weigh in on the dispute before us
    because, at oral argument, counsel for Asset Acceptance
    represented that the Tax Commission’s practice was to comply
    with writs of garnishment, despite the Legislature’s 2008
    amendment to Utah Code section 78B-5-808. In its brief, the Tax
    Commission confirmed its practice and represented that it ‚does
    not believe it can disregard the rule established by Funk without
    clear guidance given by a Court, or an act of the legislature
    which unequivocally states a contrary intent.‛ We hold today
    that the Legislature overrode Funk’s precedential authority when
    it amended the statute to remove the words, ‚or otherwise.‛ We
    leave the question of whether it constitutes good policy to allow
    private parties to compel the Tax Commission and other state
    entities to process writs of garnishment to the Legislature.
    20140686-CA                     15                
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    property it seeks. The Unclaimed Property Act, see 
    Utah Code Ann. §§ 67
    -4a-101 to -902 (LexisNexis 2014), provides a means
    for creditors to access the unclaimed property of third-party
    debtors. The Unclaimed Property Act provides that ‚the owner
    may receive from [Administrator] the principal amount turned
    over to the state.‛ 
    Id.
     § 67-4a-401. The Act defines ‚owner‛ as,
    among other things, ‚a creditor, claimant, or payee in the case of
    other intangible property.‛ Id. § 67-4a-102(21)(c). Administrator
    therefore contends, ‚[A] creditor, which includes a judgment
    creditor like [Asset Acceptance], can simply file a claim for the
    debtor’s unclaimed property claim. *Administrator+ will satisfy
    the underlying unclaimed property claim . . . up to the amount
    of the judgment or the amount of unclaimed property claim,
    whichever is less.‛
    ¶28 We conclude that neither the Immunity Act nor Utah
    Code section 78B-5-808 waives Administrator’s governmental
    immunity with respect to the garnishment in this action. The
    Legislature’s 2008 amendment to Utah Code section 78B-5-808
    narrowed the scope of that statute and removed the language
    upon which the Utah Supreme Court relied to decide Funk v.
    Utah State Tax Commission, 
    839 P.2d 818
     (Utah 1992). Funk’s
    reasoning, therefore, no longer governs the interpretation of that
    statute. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order
    quashing Asset Acceptance’s writ of garnishment.
    ORME, Judge (concurring):
    ¶29 I concur in the lead opinion. I confess that the alternative
    route to the same result outlined in the other concurring opinion
    also rings true.
    ¶30 But whether affirmance is mandated by the plain
    language of the key statute or by judicial precedent that reflects a
    misreading of several statutes, this simply is not good public
    policy. For the life of me, I cannot see why our Legislature
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    would have any interest in protecting judgment debtors from
    making good on their just obligations. Stated the other way, I
    cannot see why our Legislature would want to hinder the State’s
    citizens who hold valid judgments in their efforts to collect on
    those judgments. Yet that is the very upshot of the statutory
    scheme now in effect—at least as the statutory language has
    been interpreted by both of the state’s appellate courts.
    ¶31 True, the current scheme does insulate state agencies from
    the modest inconvenience of preparing answers to garnishment
    interrogatories and, in appropriate cases, from the ‚trouble‛ of
    issuing and mailing a check payable to the successful garnishor.
    But this seems inconsequential in the face of the compelling
    competing interests, namely that the citizens of this State should
    make good on their just debts and that garnishment should be
    readily available as a tool in favor of judgment creditors to help
    make this happen.
    ¶32 Very simply, the State, like any other person or entity
    holding funds owed to a judgment debtor that ought properly be
    shifted to that debtor’s creditor, should be required to facilitate
    the transfer. I hope the Legislature will immediately reconsider
    the current policy that instead insulates debtors from the reach
    of our garnishment laws as concerns those debtors’ funds in the
    possession of the State or one of its entities, whether those funds
    be in the form of a public employee’s salary, unclaimed accounts
    owned by the debtor, or a state tax refund.
    VOROS, Judge (concurring dubitante):
    ¶33 I do not read the Governmental Immunity Act as the
    majority opinion does. I do read Funk v. Utah State Tax
    Commission, 
    839 P.2d 818
     (Utah 1992), as the majority does, and I
    agree it requires affirmance here. But I question the soundness of
    Funk.
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    ¶34 First, as to the Governmental Immunity Act. 14 I agree with
    amicus Utah State Tax Commission that the Act ‚does not
    specifically permit or prevent Utah from being served with a
    writ of garnishment to garnish funds or property belonging to a
    third party.‛ The Act states, ‚A governmental entity and an
    employee of a governmental entity retain immunity from suit
    unless that immunity has been expressly waived in this
    chapter.‛ Utah Code Ann. § 63G-7-101(3) (LexisNexis Supp.
    2015). I doubt that this reference to ‚suit‛ encompasses a
    14. ‚Historically, the ability to sue the State of Utah or one of its
    political subdivisions rested on a determination of whether the
    governmental entity was protected by the common law doctrine
    of sovereign immunity.‛ Tindley v. Salt Lake City Sch. Dist., 
    2005 UT 30
    , ¶ 9, 
    116 P.3d 295
    . But ‚*t+hat changed in 1965, when the
    Utah Legislature enacted the Utah Governmental Immunity
    Act . . . .‛ 
    Id.
     The Act represents ‚the codification of sovereign
    immunity,‛ Hall v. Utah State Dep't of Corr., 
    2001 UT 34
    , ¶ 14, 
    24 P.3d 958
    , and thus ‚establishes the law of this state respecting
    the subjects to which *it+ relates,‛ 
    Utah Code Ann. § 68-3-2
    (2)
    (LexisNexis 2010). It has ‚significantly altered the common law
    of sovereign immunity, and substituted a statutory framework
    to be interpreted by the courts and reshaped by the Legislature
    as necessary from time to time.‛ Madsen v. Borthick, 
    658 P.2d 627
    ,
    629–30 (Utah 1983). It represents a ‚careful balancing‛ of the
    need to protect the government from ‚a flood of lawsuits‛ on the
    one hand and the hardship imposed on parties injured by
    governmental acts on the other. Taylor ex rel. Taylor v. Ogden City
    Sch. Dist., 
    927 P.2d 159
    , 167 (Utah 1996). Thus while the Act has
    in some ways ‚limited Utah’s sovereign immunity,‛ Cope v. Utah
    Valley State Coll., 
    2014 UT 53
    , ¶ 16, 
    342 P.3d 243
    , it has in others
    ‚extended the scope of governmental immunity far beyond the
    common law doctrine of sovereign immunity,‛ DeBry v. Noble,
    
    889 P.2d 428
    , 434 (Utah 1995). These pronouncements suggest
    that the Act has wholly supplanted the common law doctrine of
    sovereign immunity.
    20140686-CA                     18                 
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    garnishment seeking funds belonging to a third party—Asset
    Acceptance has not sued the State Treasurer. Therefore, its
    garnishment does not fall within the plain language of section
    63G-7-101(3).
    ¶35 Section 63G-7-101 states that the Act’s immunities and
    waivers ‚govern*+ all claims against governmental entities or
    against their employees or agents arising out of the performance
    of the employee’s duties, within the scope of employment, or
    under color of authority.‛ 
    Id.
     § 63G-7-101(2)(b) (emphasis
    added). Reasonable minds could disagree as to whether a
    garnishment served on the State Treasurer constitutes a ‚claim.‛
    But the Act does not apply to all claims, only those ‚arising out
    of the performance of the employee’s duties, within the scope of
    employment, or under color of authority.‛ And Asset
    Acceptance’s garnishment does not arise out of the performance
    of any governmental employee’s duties. So even if Asset
    Acceptance’s garnishment did qualify as a ‚claim‛ against a
    governmental entity, it nevertheless does not fall within the
    plain language of section 63G-7-101.
    ¶36 I also agree with the Tax Commission that § 63G-7-603
    ‚does not appear to apply to writs seeking third party funds.‛
    That section states, ‚Execution, attachment, or garnishment may
    not issue against a governmental entity.‛ Id. § 63G-7-603(2)
    (2008). But we interpret statutes ‚in harmony with other statutes
    in the same chapter and related chapters.‛ State v. Barrett, 
    2005 UT 88
    , ¶ 29, 
    127 P.3d 682
     (citation and internal quotation marks
    omitted). And this sentence addressing garnishment appears in
    Part 6 of the Act, which deals with ‚actions‛ (which require an
    undertaking of not less than $300), judgments ‚against a
    governmental entity,‛ and the unavailability of punitive
    damages against the government—in short, lawsuits against
    governmental entities. In this context, the statement that
    ‚garnishment may not issue against a governmental entity‛
    most plausibly refers to the situation where the government is
    the judgment debtor, not the garnishee. True, our opinion in
    Fisher reads section 63G-7-603 to prevent liens against property
    20140686-CA                     19                
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    owned by third parties. See Fisher v. Fisher, 
    2003 UT App 91
    , ¶ 13,
    
    67 P.3d 1055
    . But I find Fisher unpersuasive for the reason stated
    by the Tax Commission: Fisher ‚never explains how the
    Immunity Act could have applied to the proceedings. There was
    no claim arising out of a public employee’s duties.‛
    ¶37 In sum, I do not agree that sections 63G-7-101(2), 63G-7-
    101(3), or 63G-7-603 apply to a garnishment targeting third party
    funds in the hands of the State. But because I read Funk as the
    majority opinion does, I vote to affirm the judgment of the
    district court.
    ¶38 That said, I doubt the soundness of Funk. Funk seems to
    address governmental immunity, but in fact applies section 78B-
    5-808. See Funk v. Utah State Tax Comm’n, 
    839 P.2d 818
    , 820 (Utah
    1992). That section does nothing more than make ‚salaries of
    public officers subject to garnishment‛—that is in fact the title of
    the section. The section resides in the Judicial Code, far from the
    Governmental Immunity Act, in a chapter titled ‚Procedure and
    Evidence‛ and a part titled ‚Miscellaneous.‛ It does not purport
    to be a waiver of governmental immunity; indeed, nothing in
    Part 8 seems to address governmental immunity. The sections
    surrounding section 808 address tender, money deposited in
    court, bonds, payment of costs by the State and counties, service
    of process, sureties on stay bonds, depositions, releases, and
    comparative negligence.
    ¶39 So while we read Funk as an interpretation of the limits of
    governmental immunity, really it interprets a statute with no
    apparent connection to governmental immunity. Nor does Funk
    ever cite the Governmental Immunity Act. It refers to
    governmental immunity only twice; both references describe the
    allegations of the complaint filed in that case. And in that case,
    as in this one, the Tax Commission took the position that nothing
    in the Utah Code prevented the State from releasing third party
    funds to judgment creditors pursuant to writs of garnishment.
    20140686-CA                     20                
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    Asset Acceptance v. Utah State Treasurer
    See Funk, 839 P.2d at 820.15 Without analyzing whether such a
    garnishment qualified as a claim against the government and
    without citing any legal prohibition against the release of such
    funds, the Funk court read a negative pregnant into the statute
    affirmatively authorizing garnishment of money owed to
    governmental employees ‚or otherwise.‛ See id. at 820–21. It held
    that but for the phrase ‚or otherwise,‛ the law—precisely what
    law remained unstated—would prevent the garnishment at issue
    there. But notwithstanding its shaky analytical foundation, that
    holding binds this court. And it requires affirmance here.
    ¶40 Affirming this judgment will have significant real world
    implications. I agree with Judge Orme that, whatever its source,
    the policy we are constrained to implement in this case makes
    little sense. As Judge Orme notes in his concurring opinion,
    today’s holding protects ‚judgment debtors from making good
    on their just obligations.‛ Supra ¶ 30. And today’s decision may
    extend that protection to thousands of such judgment debtors.
    Based on its reading of Funk—which we today reject—the Tax
    Commission routinely processes the very type of garnishments
    the State Treasurer here resists. In the past three fiscal years, the
    Tax Commission has received and responded to a total of 10,729
    writs, resulting in 2,651 refunds garnished to the tune of
    $1,249,635. Today’s opinion will, I fear, end that practice.
    15. Although the Utah State Tax Commission appears as amicus
    here by invitation of the court, in Funk it was the appellee.
    20140686-CA                     21                 
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