Ronald P. Berton v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2013 )


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  •                                              COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
    Present: Judges Frank, Petty and Senior Judge Haley
    UNPUBLISHED
    Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
    RONALD P. BERTON
    MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
    v.     Record No. 1388-12-4                                         JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK
    DECEMBER 3, 2013
    COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY
    William T. Newman, Jr., Judge1
    William H. Miller, Assistant Public Defender (Dusty Sparrow,
    Assistant Public Defender; Office of the Public Defender, on briefs),
    for appellant.
    Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Kenneth T.
    Cuccinelli, II, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
    Appellant, Ronald P. Berton, was convicted in a jury trial of breaking and entering with
    the intent to commit aggravated sexual battery in violation of Code § 18.2-91, abduction with
    intent to defile in violation of Code § 18.2-48, rape in violation of Code § 18.2-61, sodomy in
    violation of Code § 18.2-67.1, and breaking and entering with the intent to commit rape in
    violation of Code § 18.2-90. On appeal, appellant argues the trial court erred in: 1) joining the
    trials involving two separate victims, 2) denying appellant’s motion for funds for a DNA expert,
    3) excluding appellant’s DNA evidence, 4) finding the evidence sufficient to sustain appellant’s
    conviction for breaking and entering with the intent to commit rape, and 5) denying appellant’s
    *
    Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
    1
    The Honorable Benjamin N.A. Kendrick presided over the hearing on appellant’s
    motion to sever the jury trials.
    jury instruction on a lesser-included offense of simple abduction of Z.N. For the reasons that
    follow, we reverse and dismiss in part, and reverse and remand in part.
    BACKGROUND
    September 10, 2008 Offense
    In the morning of September 8, 2008, Z.N. was asleep in her bed, located in the living
    room of her ground-floor apartment in Arlington County. She heard a noise in the kitchen but
    thought it was her roommate. She then was awakened by the sensation of her blanket moving,
    followed by the appellant touching her buttocks. Z.N. looked up and saw appellant, with his
    penis exposed, wearing a condom, masturbating with one hand while wielding a large butcher’s
    knife from her kitchen in the other hand. Appellant had the knife in his hand during the entire
    incident. When asked by Z.N. how he entered her apartment, appellant responded the door was
    locked and he unlocked the door.
    Z.N. tried to get out of her bed but appellant pushed her back. She then attempted to flee,
    first to the bedroom, and then out of the apartment, but each time the appellant caught her and
    forced her back into the living room where her bed was located. Z.N. testified that appellant
    grabbed Z.N. on her left bicep. The police took DNA swabs from both her right and left biceps.
    Z.N. told appellant her roommate would soon return, and told appellant to leave her apartment.
    She told him if he raped or killed her, he would go to prison.
    Appellant responded, “I could have raped you, but I’m not going to.” Appellant forced
    Z.N. to display her breasts. He again masturbated, ejaculating into a condom. A condom was
    recovered near Z.N.’s bed. Before leaving, appellant took a towel and a glass of water from the
    kitchen. He thanked Z.N., hugged her, and said he felt “blessed.” He did not take the knife with
    him.
    -2-
    A mixture of DNA was found on the handle of the butcher’s knife. Testing established
    that appellant could not be excluded as a contributor to the mixture and that the likelihood of a
    randomly selected individual being a contributor to the DNA mixture was one in 2.1 million in
    the Caucasian population, one in 250 million in the black population, and one in 660 million in
    the Hispanic population.2
    The same day of the incident, Z.N. assisted Sergeant Fortunato of the Arlington County
    Police Department in preparing a composite sketch of her attacker. Fortunato testified that Z.N.
    had good recollection and advised him where the composite needed to be adjusted. Z.N.
    testified, “I definitely remembered his face.” The sketch was admitted into evidence and was
    published to the jury. Z.N. also testified her apartment was well lit and she could see everything
    “very clear.” Appellant was in her apartment for fifteen to twenty minutes.3
    Corporal Avery collected various swabs from the scene, including the swabs from Z.N.’s
    right and left biceps.
    September 26, 2010 Offense
    L.Z. lived in Arlington County, in a ground-floor garden apartment only one sixth of a
    mile from Z.N.’s apartment. Access to her apartment required passage through both the exterior
    door of the building, going down stairs and then passing through the door to her apartment.
    On the evening of September 25, 2010, L.Z. was out drinking with friends and became
    intoxicated. She arrived at her apartment at about 2:00 a.m. on September 26, 2010, unlocked
    the door to her apartment, and entered. She plugged in her iPhone and went to bed. She did not
    testify whether she closed or locked the door.
    2
    The condom was not tested for DNA.
    3
    While the record does not indicate Z.N. identified appellant in court, Detective Michael
    Austin did so.
    -3-
    She awoke at about 10:15 a.m. on September 26, and found her iPhone and laptop
    computer missing. A beer had been taken from her refrigerator, and she found a condom on her
    couch. She went to a neighbor for assistance because she did not have a land-line telephone to
    call the police. While waiting for the police, L.Z. began to notice vaginal discomfort. The police
    took L.Z. to Fairfax Inova Hospital for examination by a sexual assault nurse examiner
    (S.A.N.E.), which included the use of a physical evidence recovery kit (P.E.R.K.). Sperm was
    recovered both from the vaginal/cervical swab and the rectal swab, establishing penetration in
    L.Z.’s vagina and anus.
    L.Z. had no recollection of the attack or how appellant gained access to her apartment.
    There was no direct evidence of how appellant gained entry into L.Z.’s apartment.
    A forensic scientist compared the DNA found on appellant’s buccal swab with L.Z.’s
    anal-rectal swab and the vaginal-cervical swab. Appellant could not be eliminated as a
    contributor. The probability of randomly selecting an unrelated individual with a DNA profile
    matching that developed from the sperm fraction on both swabs is one in greater than 6.5 billion,
    approximately the world’s population.
    ANALYSIS
    Motion to Sever
    Prior to trial, appellant filed a motion to sever the 2008 charges from the 2010 charges.
    Appellant filed an exhibit with his motion proffering the differences between the two offenses:
    2008 Charges                  2010 Charges
    Forced Entry             No Forced Entry
    Weapon                   No Weapon
    Force/Intimidation           Incapacitation
    Masturbation            Vaginal/Anal Rape
    Condom Used              No Condom Used
    Interaction with Complainant Complainant Incapacitated
    No Valuables Taken      Valuable Electronics Stolen
    Additional proffers were made at the hearing on the motion.
    -4-
    In response, the Commonwealth argued that there are a number of factors that link the
    two incidents, i.e., that each is idiosyncratic to permit an inference of a pattern of behavior. The
    Commonwealth submitted an exhibit which listed the similarities.4
    2008                                2010
    September                       September
    Morning hours                   Morning hours
    Victim home alone               Victim home alone
    Victim in bed                   Victim in bed
    Victim young woman (19)         Victim young woman (23)
    Long hair                       Long hair
    Garden style apartment building Garden style apartment building
    Ground floor apartment          Ground floor apartment
    Unsecured main door             Unsecured main door
    Enters through front door       Enters through front door
    Victim visible through window Victim visible through window
    Defendant brings condom         Defendant brings condom
    Defendant takes drink with him Defendant takes drink with him
    DNA                             DNA
    In denying the motion, the trial court found joinder was necessary to prove the
    perpetrator’s identity and noted fourteen similarities, those listed in the Commonwealth’s
    exhibit. The court further found a common scheme or plan and that there were idiosyncratic
    similarities. The court concluded the evidence of the 2008 case can be used in the 2010 case to
    show the perpetrator’s identity and the 2010 case can be used in the 2008 case to show intent.
    A court may direct that an accused be tried at one time for all offenses pending against
    him if (1) “justice does not require separate trials,” Rule 3A:10(b), and (2) “the offenses are
    based on the same act or transaction, or on two or more acts or transactions that are connected or
    constitute parts of a common scheme or plan,” Rule 3A:6(b). Whether different offenses should
    be tried separately is a matter that rests within the sound discretion of a trial court. Fincher v.
    4
    Evidence presented at trial did not support a number of the Commonwealth’s proffered
    similarities. However, “[i]n determining whether to sever the cases for trial, the trial court
    should make the determination based upon the situation as it appears before trial.” Spence v.
    Commonwealth, 
    12 Va. App. 1040
    , 1045, 
    407 S.E.2d 916
    , 918 (1991).
    -5-
    Commonwealth, 
    212 Va. 552
    , 553, 
    186 S.E.2d 75
    , 76, cert. denied, 
    409 U.S. 913
    (1972). Thus,
    a trial court’s ruling on the matter will not be reversed absent a showing that the court abused its
    discretion. 
    Id. A common
    scheme or plan is present only if the relationship among offenses is dependent
    upon the existence of a plan that ties the offenses together and demonstrates that the objective of
    each offense was to contribute to the achievement of a goal not obtainable by the commission of
    any of the individual offenses. Spence v. Commonwealth, 
    12 Va. App. 1040
    , 1044, 
    407 S.E.2d 916
    , 918 (1991). To meet the “connected” test, the crimes should be “so intimately connected
    and blended with the main facts adduced in evidence, that they cannot be departed from with
    propriety.” Kirkpatrick v. Commonwealth, 
    211 Va. 269
    , 273, 
    176 S.E.2d 802
    , 806 (1970)
    (quoting Walker v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. (1 Leigh) 628, 631 (1829)).
    In Scott v. Commonwealth, 
    274 Va. 636
    , 
    651 S.E.2d 630
    (2007), the Supreme Court of
    Virginia held:
    In deciding this issue, we first observe that we have not
    defined the term “common scheme or plan” in the context of Rule
    3A:6(b). However, in our decisions addressing the admissibility of
    evidence of other crimes in criminal trials, we often have applied
    the term in discussing pattern offenses or modus operandi. For
    example, in Scates v. Commonwealth, 
    262 Va. 757
    , 
    553 S.E.2d 756
    (2001), we held that evidence of similar offenses is admissible
    to prove a “common scheme, design, or plan,” for purposes of
    establishing a defendant’s identity, when those offenses exhibit
    “such a concurrence of common features that the various acts are
    naturally to be explained as caused by a general plan of which they
    are the individual manifestations.” 
    Id. at 762,
    553 S.E.2d at 759
    (quoting McWhorter v. Commonwealth, 
    191 Va. 857
    , 870-71, 
    63 S.E.2d 20
    , 26 (1951)). We also have stated that evidence of other
    crimes is admissible in cases of disputed identity to prove the
    probability of a common perpetrator, provided that the other
    crimes bear a “singular strong resemblance to the pattern of the
    offense charged” and are “sufficiently idiosyncratic to permit an
    inference of pattern for purposes of proof.” Turner v.
    Commonwealth, 
    259 Va. 645
    , 651, 
    529 S.E.2d 787
    , 791 (2000)
    -6-
    (quoting Chichester v. Commonwealth, 
    248 Va. 311
    , 326-27, 
    448 S.E.2d 638
    , 649 (1994))[.]
    
    Scott, 274 Va. at 644-45
    , 651 S.E.2d at 635.
    The Scott Court observed that the terms “common scheme” and “common plan” are not
    synonymous. The term “common scheme” describes crimes that share features idiosyncratic in
    character, which permit an inference that each individual offense was committed by the same
    person or persons as part of a pattern of criminal activity involving certain identified crimes. 
    Id. at 645,
    651 S.E.2d at 635. In contrast, the term “common plan” describes crimes that are related
    to one another for the purpose of accomplishing a particular goal. 
    Id. at 646,
    651 S.E.2d at 635.
    The terms “common scheme” and “common plan,” however, are not mutually exclusive and a
    series of crimes may exhibit both a “common scheme” and a “common plan.” 
    Id. at 646,
    651
    S.E.2d at 635-36.
    The Supreme Court of Virginia, in Spencer v. Commonwealth, 
    240 Va. 78
    , 
    393 S.E.2d 609
    (1990), discussed “modus operandi”:
    We adopt the standard articulated by the Seventh Circuit in
    United States v. Hudson, 
    884 F.2d 1016
    (7th Cir. 1989): evidence
    of other crimes, to qualify for admission as proof of modus
    operandi, need not bear such an exact resemblance to the crime on
    trial as to constitute a “signature”. Rather, it is sufficient if the
    other crimes bear “a singular strong resemblance to the pattern of
    the offense 
    charged.” 884 F.2d at 1021
    (quoting United States v.
    Shackleford, 
    738 F.2d 776
    , 783 (7th Cir. 1984)). That test is met
    where the other incidents are “sufficiently idiosyncratic to permit
    an inference of pattern for purposes of proof,” 
    id., thus tending
    to
    establish the probability of a common perpetrator.
    
    Spencer, 240 Va. at 90
    , 393 S.E.2d at 616.
    Generally, evidence of other offenses is inadmissible if it is offered merely to show that
    an accused was likely to commit the crime for which he is being tried. There are, however,
    well-established exceptions to the general rule.
    -7-
    Evidence of other offenses is admitted if it shows the conduct and
    feeling of the accused toward his victim, if it establishes their prior
    relations, or if it tends to prove any relevant element of the offense
    charged. Such evidence is permissible in cases where the motive,
    intent or knowledge of the accused is involved, or where the
    evidence is connected with or leads up to the offense for which the
    accused is on trial.
    
    Kirkpatrick, 211 Va. at 272
    , 176 S.E.2d at 805.
    Appellant’s assignment of error limits our inquiry to determine whether the 2008 and
    2010 crimes share a common scheme or plan and whether justice requires separate trials.5 The
    Commonwealth does not argue the two events are based on the same act or transaction.
    While each offense had factors in common, that commonality is marginal at best. Those
    factors do not show an idiosyncratic pattern of behavior. It can safely be said that many crimes
    occur when the victim is home alone and that the perpetrator enters through the front door to a
    ground floor apartment. In cases of sexual assault, it would not be uncommon for the perpetrator
    to bring a condom.
    More significantly are the dissimilarities between the two offenses. While the perpetrator
    brought a condom with him both times, the 2008 incident involved the use of the condom but the
    2010 incident did not. The 2010 incident involved rape and sodomy but the 2008 attack only
    involved the perpetrator’s self-gratification. The 2010 incident involved a violent sexual attack,
    but in the 2008 incident the perpetrator was far less aggressive. In 2010, the perpetrator stole
    personal property from the victim, but not so in 2008. A weapon was used in 2008, but not in
    2010. In 2008, there was evidence of forced entry but no such evidence in 2010. Importantly,
    the two attacks were separated in time by two years. The interval between the two offenses is
    relevant. See Satcher v. Commonwealth, 
    244 Va. 220
    , 229, 
    421 S.E.2d 821
    , 827 (1992) (finding
    5
    Specifically, appellant’s assignment of error states: “The trial court erred in joining the
    2008 case with the 2010 case where the charges were without a common scheme or plan and
    justice required separate trials.”
    -8-
    common scheme when two incidents involving two victims both occurred on the evening at the
    same location); Foster v. Commonwealth, 
    6 Va. App. 313
    , 322, 
    369 S.E.2d 688
    , 694 (1988)
    (finding that where there had been a three-year hiatus between the offenses, “no action was taken
    to establish a common scheme or plan”).
    The Commonwealth argues that the rape of 2010 was relevant to prove appellant’s intent
    to defile Z.N. in the 2008 incident and that the modus operandi established the identity of the
    perpetrator. This argument is premised on the Commonwealth’s contention that there are
    idiosyncratic similarities between the two crimes.
    Here, we conclude there was no common scheme or plan nor idiosyncratic similarities
    that would allow the two cases to be tried together. We further conclude that the evidence of the
    2008 assault would not be admissible in the 2010 trial.
    Nothing suggests that each offense was intended to assist in accomplishing a goal other
    than that achieved by each individual offense. The two offenses were separated by two years,
    one was a violent attack while the other involved a touching; one involved larceny, the other did
    not; the means by which the two offenses occurred were different; the record does not disclose
    whether the two victims had the same appearance. There was no logical connection between the
    two offenses.
    We acknowledge there were general similarities, yet those similarities do not reflect a
    pattern of behavior. Cf. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 
    259 Va. 654
    , 676-78, 
    529 S.E.2d 769
    ,
    782-83 (2000) (finding evidence of two other rapes admissible to prove identity of defendant in
    rape and capital murder case because crimes bore “strong resemblance” to one another, including
    that defendant knew all three black female victims, did not force entry into their dwellings, used
    steak knives obtained from victims’ dwellings in attacks, and asked for glass of water or drank
    from glass in each dwelling); 
    Turner, 259 Va. at 651-53
    , 529 S.E.2d at 790-92 (finding evidence
    -9-
    of previous rapes and abductions admissible to prove defendant’s identity when common
    idiosyncratic features included that defendant approached victims in shopping centers as they
    entered vehicles, asked for victims’ names and addresses, ordered victims to look away from
    him, used weapon and threatened to kill victims, took car keys from each victim, and drove each
    victim away from scene where crimes committed); 
    Spencer, 240 Va. at 81
    , 
    87-91, 393 S.E.2d at 611
    , 615-17 (finding evidence of “strikingly similar” offenses admissible to prove identity of
    defendant when common characteristics of offenses included entering bedrooms of victims
    through window, selecting victims who were Caucasian women with similar body structures,
    committing offenses on weekends while on leave from half-way house, and employing same
    type of strangulation for each victim).
    Furthermore, even though the evidence of appellant’s guilt is overwhelming, the error
    was not harmless in joining the two trials because the additional evidence of the other
    inadmissible offenses may have affected the jury’s decision concerning appropriate punishment.
    See Burley v.Commonwealth, 
    29 Va. App. 140
    , 149, 
    510 S.E.2d 265
    , 270 (1999) (error harmless
    where it “clearly has had no impact upon the verdict or sentence in a case”). We cannot say the
    sentence ultimately imposed upon a finding of guilt for each separate offense date was not
    affected by the joinder for trial of the other charges.6
    Because we find the trial court abused its discretion in joining the two offenses and that
    the error was not harmless, we reverse the convictions in each and remand for a new trial on each
    if the Commonwealth be so disposed.7
    6
    Because we are resolving this issue by finding there was no common scheme, we need
    not address whether justice required separate trials.
    7
    We do not decide whether evidence of one incident is admissible in the trial of the other
    incident on retrial.
    - 10 -
    September 26, 2010 Burglary
    Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence as to the September 26, 2010
    burglary of L.Z.’s apartment. He maintains that there is no evidence the burglary occurred at
    night or that he broke and entered the apartment in the daytime.
    When presented with a sufficiency challenge on appeal, we review the evidence in the
    “light most favorable” to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Hudson, 
    265 Va. 505
    , 514, 
    578 S.E.2d 781
    , 786 (2003). This principle requires us to “discard the evidence of the accused in
    conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the credible evidence favorable to
    the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.” Parks v. Commonwealth,
    
    221 Va. 492
    , 498, 
    270 S.E.2d 755
    , 759 (1980) (emphasis and citation omitted). ‘“This familiar
    standard gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
    testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate
    facts.’” Kelly v. Commonwealth, 
    41 Va. App. 250
    , 257-58, 
    584 S.E.2d 444
    , 447 (2003) (en
    banc) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 
    443 U.S. 307
    , 319 (1979)). Thus, we do not “substitute our
    judgment for that of the trier of fact” even if our opinion were to differ. Wactor v.
    Commonwealth, 
    38 Va. App. 375
    , 380, 
    564 S.E.2d 160
    , 162 (2002).
    Code § 18.2-90 provides, in pertinent part, “If any person . . . in the nighttime enters
    without breaking or in the daytime breaks and enters . . . a dwelling house . . . he shall be deemed
    guilty of statutory burglary.” Thus, one commits statutory burglary under these code sections
    when one either enters in the nighttime or enters after breaking at any time. Griffin v.
    Commonwealth, 
    13 Va. App. 409
    , 411-12, 
    412 S.E.2d 709
    , 711 (1991). In this context, “the
    nighttime” means “the hours from sunset to sunrise.” Wright v. Commonwealth, 
    49 Va. App. 312
    , 319, 
    641 S.E.2d 119
    , 122 (2007).
    - 11 -
    The evidence only proves the burglary took place between 2:00 a.m. when L.Z. returned
    to her apartment, and 10:15 a.m. when she awoke the next morning. This time period spans both
    the nighttime and daytime. There is no other evidence in which the fact finder could determine
    the time of the burglary. Further, the record is devoid of any facts that would prove a breaking
    occurred, an element of proof required if the burglary occurred during the daytime. The only
    evidence is that appellant entered the apartment.
    The Commonwealth argues it is a jury issue whether the burglary arose during the night
    or day; whether it is more likely that appellant chose to commit the crime in the dark of the night
    to avoid detection or whether he would have chosen to commit the offense in the light of day
    where he could have easily been identified. The Commonwealth also contends that since L.Z.
    was clearly intoxicated at 2:00 a.m., but was aware of her surroundings at 10:15 a.m. when she
    arose, sufficient time had elapsed to suggest the entry took place at night. This argument is
    premised on allowing the jury to speculate. There are no facts in which to infer the time of the
    burglary. See Miller v. Commonwealth, 
    15 Va. App. 301
    , 311, 
    422 S.E.2d 795
    , 801 (1992) (“It
    is impermissible to allow ‘the jury to grope in the realm of speculation for an inference or
    inferences not supported by facts proved from evidence presented.’” (quoting Lugo v. Joy, 
    215 Va. 39
    , 42, 
    205 S.E.2d 658
    , 661 (1974))).
    Despite the parties’ speculation as to whether L.Z. left her door open or unlocked, we
    first point out that there is no evidence in the record to support a “breaking” under
    Code § 19.2-90. A breaking for purposes of statutory burglary may be either actual or
    constructive. Johnson v. Commonwealth, 
    221 Va. 872
    , 876, 
    275 S.E.2d 592
    , 594 (1981).8
    ‘“Actual breaking involves the application of some force, slight though it may be, whereby the
    8
    In the present case we are not concerned with an issue of constructive breaking, which
    requires a showing that the unlawful entrance was accomplished by threat of violence, by fraud,
    or by conspiracy. 
    Johnson, 221 Va. at 876
    , 275 S.E.2d at 594.
    - 12 -
    entrance is [achieved]. Merely pushing open a door, turning the key, lifting the latch, or resort to
    other slight physical force is sufficient to constitute this element of [burglary],’” so long as those
    acts “‘resulted in an entrance contrary to the will of the occupier of the [property].’” Id. at 
    876, 275 S.E.2d at 594
    -95 (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 
    132 Va. 521
    , 523, 
    110 S.E. 356
    , 357
    (1922)).
    Therefore, in order to establish the element of breaking in the present case, the
    Commonwealth was required to prove that appellant applied some physical force, however
    slight, to gain entry to L.Z.’s residence. Because none exists in the record, we conclude the
    Commonwealth failed to prove a breaking.
    Because the record is devoid of any evidence of breaking, the evidence must show that
    the entering occurred at nighttime to prove a burglary. However, the evidence shows only that
    the intrusion occurred between 2:00 a.m. and 10:15 a.m.
    We therefore find the evidence insufficient to convict appellant of the burglary with the
    intent to commit rape pursuant to Code § 18.2-90. We reverse that conviction and dismiss that
    indictment.
    Lesser-Included Instruction
    Appellant next contends the trial court erred in not giving appellant’s proposed jury
    instruction on abduction with the intent to deprive Z.N. of her personal liberty as a lesser-included
    instruction of “abduction with the intent to defile.”9
    This argument is premised on appellant’s statement to Z.N. that he could have raped her but
    stated, “I’m not going to.” Thus, appellant concludes he did not abduct her with the intent to rape.
    However, this is not the standard we apply to determine an intent to defile.
    9
    Appellant does not contest the abduction, only the element of intent.
    - 13 -
    Settled principles provided that an accused is entitled to a jury instruction not only on the
    offense charged but also on any offenses lesser included in the offense charged, Commonwealth v.
    Dalton, 
    259 Va. 249
    , 253, 
    524 S.E.2d 860
    , 862 (2000), as long as the proffered instruction finds
    support in the evidence, Commonwealth v. Sands, 
    262 Va. 724
    , 729, 
    553 S.E.2d 733
    , 736 (2001). It
    is well established in Virginia that jury instructions “are proper only if supported by the evidence,
    and that more than a scintilla of evidence is necessary to support a lesser-included offense
    instruction requested by the defendant.” Commonwealth v. Donkor, 
    256 Va. 443
    , 445, 
    507 S.E.2d 75
    , 76 (1998). Because the issue on appeal concerns the trial court’s refusal of the lesser-included
    offense instruction, and even though the Commonwealth prevailed at trial, we must view the
    evidence on this issue in the light most favorable to appellant, the proponent of the instruction.
    Porter v. Commonwealth, 
    276 Va. 203
    , 241, 
    661 S.E.2d 415
    , 434 (2008).
    In Simms v. Commonwealth, 
    2 Va. App. 614
    , 
    346 S.E.2d 734
    (1986), this Court discussed
    abduction with the intent to defile and distinguished “sexual intercourse” from an “intent to defile.”
    When the Commonwealth charged appellant with
    abduction with intent to defile under Code § 18.2-48, it had the
    burden of proving that appellant (1) abducted the complaining
    witness and (2) did so with the specific intent to defile. The
    elements of the offense of abduction with intent to defile are
    separate and distinct from the elements of attempted rape.
    Attempted rape includes the intent to engage in sexual intercourse
    with a female victim, whereas abduction with intent to defile
    requires an intent to sexually molest a victim of any sex. See
    Fitzgerald v. Commonwealth, 
    223 Va. 615
    , 632, 
    292 S.E.2d 798
    ,
    808 (1982), cert. denied, 
    459 U.S. 1228
    (1983) (the terms “defile”
    and “sexually molest” are interchangeable within the meaning of
    Code § 18.2-48). Sexual molestation, while including sexual
    - 14 -
    intercourse, also embraces many acts which are distinct from
    sexual intercourse. See Code § 18.2-67.10(6).10
    
    Simms, 2 Va. App. at 617
    , 346 S.E.2d at 735 (footnote added).
    Here, appellant woke Z.N. from her sleep. He touched her buttocks. He restrained her
    when she attempted to arise from her bed. As Z.N. attempted to escape, appellant brought her
    back into the living room where her bed was located. He masturbated, with an exposed penis, in
    front of Z.N. He also made Z.N. expose her breasts while he masturbated.
    The issue before us is not whether appellant is guilty of aggravated sexual battery
    pursuant to Code § 18.2-67.3 or sexual battery pursuant to Code § 18.2-67.4, but whether he
    abducted her with the intent to defile, i.e., to sexually molest Z.N. The fact that he said he could
    have raped her or that there was no evidence he attempted to rape her is irrelevant. As we stated
    in Simms, rape is only one manifestation of an intent to defile.
    Here, there is no evidence to support granting an instruction on abduction with the intent
    to deprive Z.N. of her liberty. Throughout the incident, all of appellant’s activities were sexual
    in nature, from touching Z.N.’s buttocks, to exposing his penis and masturbating, to telling Z.N.
    to expose her breasts, and to asking whether Z.N. had pornography.
    Thus, the trial court did not err in not granting the lesser-included instruction.
    CONCLUSION
    For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying
    appellant’s jury instruction on a lesser-included offense of simple abduction of Z.N. However,
    we conclude that the trial court erred in finding the evidence sufficient to sustain appellant’s
    10
    Sexual abuse, as defined by Code § 18.2-67.10, means the act was committed “with the
    intent to sexually molest, arouse, or gratify any person[.]” Pulliam v. Commonwealth, 
    55 Va. App. 710
    , 714, 
    688 S.E.2d 910
    , 912 (2010). “Molest is defined as ‘to meddle or interfere
    with unjustifiably often as a result of abnormal sexual motivation.”’ 
    Id. at 715
    n.2, 688 S.E.2d at
    913 
    n.2 (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1455 (1993)).
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    conviction for breaking and entering with the intent to commit rape and dismiss that indictment.
    We further conclude that the trial court erred in not severing the two trials as to the two separate
    offense dates. We remand those cases with instructions to try each of the alleged offenses
    occurring on September 10, 2008 separate and apart from those alleged offenses occurring on
    September 26, 2010, if the Commonwealth be so inclined.
    We therefore reverse and dismiss in part, and reverse and remand in part.11
    Reversed and dismissed in part
    and reversed and remanded in part.
    11
    We decline to reach the merits of the issues involving the exclusion of appellant’s
    DNA evidence and the trial court’s denial of appellant’s request for supplemental funding for a
    DNA expert because on remand, the resolution of those issues will have to be determined in the
    context of the evidence presented at the new trial. On remand, there may or may not be a notice
    issue pursuant to Code § 19.2-270.5. As to additional funding for a DNA expert, we cannot
    anticipate whether appellant might amplify his proffer by submitting affidavits or similar specific
    testimony of the expert witness. Further, as it appears that the trial court had previously
    authorized funds to employ the expert witness, we cannot speculate on whether that expert
    witness, if subpoenaed, would be entitled to compensation and mileage pursuant to Code
    § 17.1-612.
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