Gary Jerome Palmer v. Commonwealth ( 1996 )


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  •                      COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
    Present: Judges Baker, Bray and Senior Judge Hodges
    Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
    GARY JEROME PALMER
    MEMORANDUM OPINION *
    v.        Record No. 2213-95-1         BY JUDGE JOSEPH E. BAKER
    DECEMBER 17, 1996
    COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
    Alfred W. Whitehurst, Judge
    Jennifer T. Stanton (Stowe & Stanton, P.C.,
    on brief) for appellant.
    Daniel J. Munroe, Assistant Attorney General
    (James S. Gilmore, III, Attorney General, on
    brief), for appellee.
    Gary Jerome Palmer (appellant) appeals from his bench trial
    convictions by the Circuit Court of the City of Norfolk (trial
    court) for second offense possession of cocaine with intent to
    distribute in violation of Code § 18.2-248, possession of a
    firearm while in possession of cocaine with intent to distribute
    in violation of Code § 18.2-308.4, and possession of a firearm
    after having been convicted of a felony in violation of Code
    § 18.2-308.2.   Appellant contends that the trial court erred when
    it refused to suppress the cocaine and firearm evidence, in
    admitting the certificate of analysis of the cocaine into
    evidence, and in finding that the chain of custody of the drugs
    was not broken.   Finding no error, we affirm the judgment of the
    trial court.
    *
    Pursuant to Code § 17-116.010 this opinion is not
    designated for publication.
    In an appeal from an adverse ruling on a motion to suppress,
    we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    prevailing party below and grant all reasonable inferences fairly
    deducible therefrom.     Williams v. Commonwealth, 
    4 Va. App. 53
    ,
    58, 
    354 S.E.2d 79
    , 82 (1987); Fore v. Commonwealth, 
    220 Va. 1007
    ,
    1010, 
    265 S.E.2d 729
    , 731, cert. denied, 
    449 U.S. 1017
     (1980).
    The finding of the trial court will not be disturbed unless it is
    not supported by the evidence and plainly wrong, Commonwealth v.
    Grimstead, 
    12 Va. App. 1066
    , 1067, 
    407 S.E.2d 47
    , 48 (1991), and
    the burden is upon appellant to show that the trial court's
    ruling constituted reversible error.     Fore, 220 Va. at 1010, 265
    S.E.2d at 731.    Our review of the record includes evidence
    adduced at both the trial and the suppression hearing.      DePriest
    v. Commonwealth, 
    4 Va. App. 577
    , 583, 
    359 S.E.2d 540
    , 542-43
    (1987), cert. denied, 
    488 U.S. 985
     (1988).
    Appellant first contends that the evidence fails to show
    that the arresting officer, Detective Richard A. Scarola
    (Scarola), articulated reasonable suspicion to justify a Terry
    stop.    We disagree.   Terry declared that the Fourth Amendment
    does not proscribe all seizures, only those that are
    unreasonable.     Terry v. Ohio, 
    392 U.S. 1
    , 9 (1968); see also
    Hogan v. Commonwealth, 
    15 Va. App. 355
    , 367-68, 
    423 S.E.2d 841
    ,
    849-50 (1992), and cases there cited.
    There is no litmus test for reasonable suspicion.   Harmon v.
    Commonwealth, 
    15 Va. App. 440
    , 444-45, 
    425 S.E.2d 77
    , 79 (1992).
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    Each instance of police conduct must be judged for
    reasonableness in light of the particular circumstances.
    Castenada v. Commonwealth, 
    7 Va. App. 574
    , 580, 
    376 S.E.2d 82
    , 85
    (1989) (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 21).
    The analysis proceeds with various objective
    observations, information from police reports
    if such are available, and consideration of
    the modes or patterns of operation of certain
    kinds of law breakers. From these data, a
    trained officer draws inferences and makes
    deductions--inferences and deductions that
    might well elude an untrained person.
    The process does not deal with hard
    certainties, but with probabilities. Long
    before the law of probabilities was
    articulated as such, practical people
    formulated certain common sense conclusions
    about human behavior; jurors as factfinders
    are permitted to do the same--and so are law
    enforcement officers.
    United States v. Cortez, 
    449 U.S. 411
    , 418 (1981).   In
    determining what cause is sufficient for a police officer to stop
    a person, "cognizance must be taken of the 'totality of the
    circumstances--the whole picture.'"    Williams, 4 Va. App. at 65,
    354 S.E.2d at 85.   The totality of the circumstances includes the
    consideration that a trained law enforcement officer may be able
    to perceive and articulate meaning in given conduct which would
    not be perceived by an untrained person.    United States v.
    Gooding, 
    695 F.2d 78
    , 82 (4th Cir. 1982).   The officer's
    perception need not rise to the level of probable cause; rather,
    the officer must only possess a reasonable, articulable suspicion
    that criminal activity may be afoot.    United States v. Sokolow,
    
    490 U.S. 1
    , 7 (1989).
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    The Fourth Amendment does not require a
    policeman who lacks the precise level of
    information necessary for probable cause to
    arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and
    allow a crime to occur or a criminal to
    escape. On the contrary, Terry recognized
    that it may be the essence of good police
    work to adopt an intermediate response. A
    brief stop of a suspicious individual, in
    order to determine his identity or to
    maintain the status quo momentarily while
    obtaining more information, may be most
    reasonable in light of the facts known to the
    officer at the time.
    Williams, 4 Va. App. at 65, 354 S.E.2d at 86 (quoting Adams v.
    Williams, 
    407 U.S. 143
    , 145-46 (1972).
    In the case before us, eight members of the Norfolk Police
    Vice-Narcotics Unit were armed with information that illegal
    narcotics distributions were reputed to be taking place in a
    particular block of an area managed by the Norfolk Redevelopment
    and Housing Authority.   The officers were patrolling the area at
    2:00 p.m. on February 20, 1995, in two unmarked cars.   Detective
    Richard Scarola, a seventeen-year veteran of the Norfolk Police
    Department who had been assigned to vice-narcotics 1 for the last
    nine years, was among the eight officers.
    Scarola exited from one of the unmarked police vehicles and
    entered the reputed block where a playground facility was
    located.   As Scarola approached the playground, he observed seven
    or eight men in the area.   They did not appear to be playing on
    the playground.   Scarola observed appellant whose back was
    1
    During that period, Scarola had made "a few hundred"
    arrests for narcotics violations.
    - 4 -
    partially turned toward him.    Appellant appeared to be talking to
    another man directly in front of him.    Appellant had his right
    hand out, palm up, and made a motion as if he were placing
    something in the other man's hand.
    Scarola was approximately twenty-five feet away when he
    heard someone yell "Five-0," a street term used to indicate that
    police are in the area.    Appellant turned in the direction of
    Scarola and then turned the opposite way and ran from Scarola's
    view.
    Considering Scarola's knowledge of the totality of the
    circumstances, his training and experience as a narcotics
    investigator, and appellant's flight, Scarola articulated
    reasonable suspicion that criminal activity may have been afoot.
    This reasonable suspicion justified further investigation.
    Appellant also argues that Scarola did not have probable
    cause to arrest him.    We disagree.
    Scarola pursued appellant behind a brick shed.   At this
    point Scarola was the only officer in the immediate area.
    Appellant was out of sight for fifteen to thirty seconds.     When
    Scarola caught up with appellant, he observed appellant
    withdrawing his hand from a trash can and simultaneously heard
    the "thud" of something heavy hitting the trash can.     Appellant
    then turned and faced Scarola.    Scarola asked appellant "to let
    me see your hands."    Instead of responding as requested,
    appellant placed his hands out of sight underneath his sweatshirt
    - 5 -
    near the waist of his pants.   Scarola, "worried for [his] safety
    and any other investigator's safety," "reached and grabbed" for
    appellant's hands so that he could see them.   As Scarola
    contacted appellant's arm, both men fell to the ground.     After a
    short wrestle, and as one of the other officers came up to
    assist, Scarola "stood [appellant] back up, placed him on a wall
    and arrested him."    Scarola then walked over to the trash can,
    seven or eight feet away, opened it and found a loaded gun and
    beeper inside.   Thereafter, for his protection and incident to
    the arrest, Scarola searched appellant and found bags of cocaine.
    We hold that there was no violation of appellant's Fourth
    Amendment rights and that Scarola had probable cause to arrest
    appellant.   In Williams, 4 Va. App. at 67, 354 S.E.2d at 87, this
    Court clearly established that suspicion of narcotics possession
    and distribution gives rise to an inference of dangerousness.      To
    hold otherwise would be an invitation to violence in what is
    always a potentially explosive situation.    Id.   The record before
    us establishes that Scarola had reasonable suspicion that drug
    activity was afoot.   When someone yelled out "Five-0" in a
    reputed narcotics transaction area where appellant was observed
    passing something to another person, thereby alerting him to
    police presence in the area, appellant fled.   Appellant's
    "flight" in the face of lawful authority, with the other evidence
    in the record, supplied reasonable suspicion, invited pursuit by
    the officer, and colored conduct that may have appeared innocent
    - 6 -
    to the untrained observer.   See Quigley v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.
    App. 28, 33, 
    414 S.E.2d 851
    , 854 (1992) (quoting United States v.
    Lane, 
    909 F.2d 895
    , 899 (6th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 
    498 U.S. 1093
     (1991)); Buck v. Commonwealth, 
    20 Va. App. 298
    , 302-03, 
    456 S.E.2d 534
    , 535-36 (1995).   When Scarola commanded appellant to
    show his hands, he refused and concealed them from view.
    Appellant placed his hands under his sweatshirt at the waistline
    of his pants where he would likely have concealed a weapon if he
    were carrying one.
    Probable cause to justify an arrest means,
    . . . facts and circumstances within the
    officer's knowledge that are sufficient to
    warrant a prudent person, or one of
    reasonable caution, in believing, in the
    circumstances shown, that the suspect has
    committed, is committing, or is about to
    commit an offense. The evidence needed to
    establish probable cause is more than a mere
    suspicion, rumor, or strong reason to suspect
    but less than evidence sufficient to convict.
    United States v. Williams, 
    10 F.3d 1070
    , 1073-74 (4th Cir. 1993)
    (citations omitted), cert. denied, 
    115 S. Ct. 313
     (1994).     At
    this point in time, Scarola had sufficient facts and
    circumstances to warrant his belief that appellant had committed,
    was committing, or was about to commit an offense.
    "The admissibility of evidence is within the broad
    discretion of the trial court, and a ruling will not be disturbed
    on appeal in the absence of an abuse of discretion."   Blain v.
    Commonwealth, 
    7 Va. App. 10
    , 16, 
    371 S.E.2d 838
    , 842 (1988)
    (citation omitted).   Appellant argues that the certificate of
    - 7 -
    analysis should not have been admitted into evidence because it
    did not comport with Scarola's testimony that he recovered twenty
    individually-wrapped bags of cocaine from appellant.   However, a
    comparison of the request for laboratory examination form and the
    certificate of analysis shows the two documents both contain the
    names of appellant and the investigating officer, and the case
    number assigned by the lab.   This information coincides to
    connect the drug analyzed and referenced in the certificate to
    the substance recovered by Scarola.    See Crews v. Commonwealth,
    
    18 Va. App. 115
    , 120, 
    442 S.E.2d 407
    , 409 (1994).   Any
    discrepancy in Scarola's testimony about the number of baggies of
    cocaine he submitted addressed the weight to be given the
    evidence, not its admissibility.   "Where there is mere
    speculation that contamination or tampering could have occurred,
    it is not an abuse of discretion to admit the evidence and let
    what doubt there may be go to the weight to be given the
    evidence."   Reedy v. Commonwealth, 
    9 Va. App. 386
    , 391, 
    388 S.E.2d 650
    , 652 (1990); see also Gosling v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.
    App. 158, 166, 
    415 S.E.2d 870
    , 874 (1992).   Therefore, the trial
    judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting the certificate.
    Scarola testified that he took custody of the drugs from
    appellant and took them to his office.    He sealed the drugs in
    the plastic bag that the drugs were in at trial, labeled the bag,
    and placed it into his evidence locker.   He later took the drugs
    to the police department's property and accounting division where
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    another number was assigned to the evidence.   Scarola then took
    the drugs to the forensic laboratory and gave the evidence to the
    state representative who logged the information in a book and
    gave Scarola a receipt.   Scarola testified that the drugs were in
    substantially the same condition from the time he received them
    from appellant until he took the drugs to the laboratory.
    Thus, the Commonwealth showed with reasonable certainty that
    the evidence had not been altered, substituted, or contaminated
    prior to analysis.   Scarola explained that he thought there were
    twenty bags of cocaine rather than two, as stated on the
    certificate of analysis, but that he was testifying from memory.
    Further, appellant did not "offer any evidence of mishandling or
    tampering to rebut the Commonwealth's proof of chain of custody."
    See Brown v. Commonwealth, 
    21 Va. App. 552
    , 557, 
    466 S.E.2d 116
    ,
    118 (1996).   Again, any argument that a break in the chain of
    custody occurred was based on mere speculation, and the record
    does not suggest any taint or contamination of the evidence.
    Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
    admitting the drugs into evidence.
    For the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is
    affirmed.
    Affirmed.
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