Robert Ray Crouch v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2014 )

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Humphreys, Kelsey and Petty
UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Richmond, Virginia
ROBERT RAY CROUCH
MEMORANDUM OPINION BY
v. Record No. 1404-13-2 JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
MAY 27, 2014
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KING GEORGE COUNTY
J. Martin Bass, Judge Designate
Christopher M. Reyes, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the
Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.
Steven A. Witmer, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Robert Ray Crouch appeals his conviction of five counts of obtaining money by false
pretenses, in violation of Code § 18.2-178.1 On appeal, Crouch argues that the trial court erred
in failing to strike the evidence as to those charges because the Commonwealth allegedly failed
to prove that Crouch took property belonging to another. For the reasons set forth below, we
reverse the judgment of the trial court with respect to the obtaining money by false pretenses
convictions.
I.
Because the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case and this
memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, we recite below only those facts and

Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
1
Crouch was also convicted of nine counts of failure to deposit cemetery perpetual care
funds, in violation of Code § 54.1-2319. Crouch did not challenge those convictions.
incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of
this appeal. “On appeal, ‘we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, granting to it all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.’” Archer v.
Commonwealth, 26 Va. App. 1, 11, 492 S.E.2d 826, 831 (1997) (quoting Martin v.
Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)).
So viewed, the evidence presented at trial established that in July 2009 Crouch registered
Stonecrest Financial, Inc. (“Stonecrest”) with the State Corporation Commission of Virginia.2 In
September 2009, Crouch, through Stonecrest, purchased History Land Memorial Park cemetery.
Stonecrest, doing business as Meadow-Brooke Memorial Gardens, was licensed by the Cemetery
Board of the Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation of the Commonwealth of
Virginia. As required by law, the cemetery established and maintained a preneed trust account
with the Bay Trust Company. See Code § 54.1-2325.3
Starting December 11, 2009, Crouch sent Bay Trust a series of demands for the
withdrawal of funds from Meadow-Brooke Memorial Gardens’s preneed trust account based on
services purportedly rendered. Crouch made four such demands, totaling $34,420.51.4 Each
time, Bay Trust delivered checks payable to Meadow-Brooke Memorial Gardens for the sum
requested. The checks were ultimately deposited into Stonecrest’s checking account. When
2
The company name is spelled Stone Crest Financial throughout the transcript.
However, the certificate of incorporation lists the name as Stonecrest Financial. We will refer to
the company as such.
3
Code § 54.1-2325 requires a cemetery owner to establish a special trust account called a
“Preneed Trust Account” and to deposit forty percent of the receipts from the sale of property or
services to be delivered in the future into the trust account. These funds may only be withdrawn
after the property is delivered or the services rendered. See Code § 54.1-2330. A willful
violation of these statutes constitutes a Class 1 misdemeanor. Code § 54.1-2342.
4
Crouch made demands for $2,196; $11,129.51; $5,190; and $15,905.
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Crouch deposited the last check, for $15,905, on June 23, 2010, he withdrew $9,000 of it in cash.
Fifteen Commonwealth’s witnesses testified that they did not receive the services that Crouch
certified under oath had been provided to justify the trust fund disbursements.
On May 26, 2010, Crouch submitted to Bay Trust a demand for the withdrawal of
$50,000 in “excess funds” maintained in the preneed trust account. See Code § 54.1-2330
(requiring “the trustee . . . , as of the close of the cemetery company’s fiscal year, upon written
assurance to the trustee of a certified public accountant . . . , [to] return to the seller any income
in the seller’s account which, when added to the specific funds, is in excess of the current cost
requirements for all undelivered property or services included in the seller’s preneed burial
contracts”).
Along with the demand, Crouch submitted a statement of trust fund accounting, allegedly
prepared by Charles Henson of Henson’s Accounting & Tax Services, Inc. The Virginia Board
of Accountancy, however, has no record of any such accountant or accounting firm.5 The
demand was also accompanied by a compliance agent’s certificate, allegedly prepared by
Cynthia Kimbro. Kimbro testified at trial, however, that she did not sign or prepare any such
certificate. Regardless, Bay Trust delivered to Meadow-Brooke Memorial Gardens a check for
$50,000. At 1:13 p.m. on May 28, 2010, Crouch deposited the check into Stonecrest’s bank
account. Then, at 1:22 p.m. that same day, Crouch withdrew $9,000 by cashing a check payable
to “CASH,” drawn on the Stonecrest account.6
5
At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence that the address of the accounting firm
was actually the location of a vacant parking lot in the City of Richmond.
6
Crouch also withdrew an additional $30,000 with a check made payable to Monumental
Realty Group, Inc. The record is somewhat unclear as to the exact nature of the payment.
However, during oral argument, the Commonwealth conceded that throughout the trial, Crouch,
an officer of the Stonecrest corporation, and Stonecrest itself were treated at trial as a single
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Crouch was indicted by a grand jury on July 12, 2012. Following a jury trial, Crouch was
convicted of, among other things, five counts of obtaining money by false pretenses. He was
sentenced to a total of sixty months in jail, with one year suspended, and a $12,500 fine—twelve
months in jail and a $2,500 fine for each of the five counts. The trial court ordered that Crouch
be placed on post-release supervision for one year following the date of his release from
incarceration.
II.
On appeal, Crouch argues that the trial court erred by failing to strike the indictments for
obtaining money by false pretenses because the Commonwealth failed to prove that Crouch took
property belonging to another. Crouch argues that he acted on behalf of Stonecrest when he
requested funds be disbursed from Stonecrest’s preneed trust account and deposited them into
the company’s operating account. Thus, he argues, while his actions resulted in the transfer of
funds from one account to another, the legal ownership of those funds remained unchanged.7
We agree.
“On review of a challenge to its sufficiency, we view the evidence in the light most
favorable to the Commonwealth, the party prevailing below, and grant to it all reasonable
inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Nolen v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 593, 595, 673
S.E.2d 920, 921 (2009). “‘Sufficiency-of-the-evidence review involves assessment by the courts
of whether the evidence adduced at trial could support any rational determination of guilt beyond
entity. Therefore, we will not consider whether Crouch’s withdrawal of the money from the
Stonecrest operating account constituted a crime.
7
Crouch concedes that he obtained physical possession of the funds, but maintains that
ownership never changed, arguing that “[a]t all times Stonecrest Financial was the legal owner of
the funds.”
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a reasonable doubt.’” Carter v. Commonwealth, 54 Va. App. 700, 703, 682 S.E.2d 77, 78 (2009)
(quoting United States v. Powell, 469 U.S. 57, 67 (1984)).
Code § 18.2-178 states, “If any person obtain, by any false pretense or token, from any
person, with intent to defraud, money, a gift certificate or other property that may be the subject
of larceny, he shall be deemed guilty of larceny thereof . . . .” Furthermore,
[i]n order to sustain a conviction for larceny by false pretenses, the
Commonwealth must prove: “(1) an intent to defraud; (2) an actual
fraud; (3) use of false pretenses for the purpose of perpetrating the
fraud; and (4) accomplishment of the fraud by means of the false
pretenses used for the purpose, that is, the false pretenses to some
degree must have induced the owner to part with his property.”
Riegert v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 511, 518, 237 S.E.2d 803, 807 (1977) (emphasis added)
(quoting Bourgeois v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 268, 272, 227 S.E.2d 714, 717 (1976)). A
criminal false pretense has been defined as follows:
“[T]he false representation of a past or existing fact, whether by
oral or written words or conduct, which is calculated to deceive,
intended to deceive, and does in fact deceive, and by means of
which one person obtains value from another without
compensation. According to the definition, the false pretense must
be a representation as to an existing fact or past event. False
representations amounting to mere promises or statements of
intention have reference to future events and are not criminal
within the statute, even though they induce the party defrauded to
part with his property. But if false representations are made, some
of which refer to existing facts or past events, while others refer
solely to future events, a conviction may be had if it is shown that
any of the representations as to existing facts induced the
complaining witness to part with his property.”
Parker v. Commonwealth, 275 Va. 150, 154, 654 S.E.2d 580, 582 (2008) (emphasis added)
(quoting Hubbard v. Commonwealth, 201 Va. 61, 66, 109 S.E.2d 100, 104 (1959)). “The crime
is complete when the fraud intended is consummated by obtaining the property sought by means
of the false representations . . . .” Quidley v. Commonwealth, 221 Va. 963, 966, 275 S.E.2d 622,
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625 (1981). However, “‘[a]n essential element of larceny by false pretenses is that both title to
and possession of property must pass from the victim to the defendant (or his nominee).’” Baker
v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 192, 194, 300 S.E.2d 788, 789 (1983) (quoting Cunningham v.
Commonwealth, 219 Va. 399, 402, 247 S.E.2d 683, 685 (1978)).
This case is controlled by our decision in Rooney v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 634,
500 S.E.2d 830 (1998). In Rooney, the corporation failed to make payments into the
corporation’s preneed trust account upon receiving payments pursuant to preneed burial
contracts. Id. at 638, 500 S.E.2d at 831. This Court reversed the corporation president’s
embezzlement conviction after finding that money paid to a corporation as consideration for
preneed property and services is the property of the cemetery corporation—“[t]he monies paid to
the corporation for preneed . . . property and services belonged to the corporation; they were not
‘entrusted’ to the corporation with the expectation that the corporation would return the monies
or deliver them to a third person.”8 Id. at 644, 500 S.E.2d at 834. Furthermore, we noted that
[t]he monies were paid to the corporation as consideration for
property or services that the corporation would provide the
purchaser in the future. The statute governs the corporation’s
management of its own property in order to ensure that it will have
adequate monetary resources to deliver future burial property or
services. Thus, the evidence failed to establish that receipts from
the sale of preneed and perpetual care property and services were
property that belonged to another and were “entrusted” to the
corporation or to Rooney.
Id. at 644-45, 500 S.E.2d at 834 (emphasis added). Therefore, we held that the president of the
cemetery corporation was not guilty of embezzling corporate funds because the money was not
8
“To establish the crime of embezzlement . . . , the Commonwealth must prove that the
accused wrongfully appropriated to his or her own use or benefit, with the intent to deprive the
owner thereof, the property entrusted or delivered to the accused.” Zoretic v. Commonwealth,
13 Va. App. 241, 243, 409 S.E.2d 832, 833-34 (1991).
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“entrusted” to the corporation on behalf of another; rather, it became the property of the
corporation upon receipt. Id. at 645, 500 S.E.2d at 834.
Similarly, to uphold Crouch’s conviction for obtaining money by false pretenses, we
must be satisfied that the evidence at trial was sufficient to prove that Crouch obtained money,
with the intent to defraud, from the owner by a false pretense. “The gravamen of the
offense . . . is the obtainment of ownership of property . . . .” Quidley, 221 Va. at 966, 275
S.E.2d at 624. As we noted in Rooney, however, money paid into Stonecrest’s preneed trust
account is money that belonged to the corporation. The money was not held in trust on behalf of
the purchaser, and there was no person or entity other than Stonecrest that had any equitable
interest in it. Simply put, Stonecrest did not obtain ownership of the money by a false pretense
because it already had ownership of the money. 9
III.
Despite its acknowledgement that the preneed trust account money was owned by
Stonecrest, the Commonwealth argues that Crouch waived his objection to the sufficiency of the
evidence by failing to object to two faulty jury instructions which, it argues, became the law of
the case and bind Crouch on appeal. Specifically, the jury instructions pertaining to larceny by
9
The larceny by false pretense indictments failed to allege from whom the property was
stolen. Furthermore, at trial the Commonwealth did not argue that the trustee’s possessory rights
to the money were sufficient to support a conviction of larceny. Finally, on appeal, the Attorney
General conceded “that the trust funds were owned by Stonecrest, under this Court’s holding in
Rooney v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 634, 500 S.E.2d 830 (1998).” Appellee’s Br. at 6 n.2.
Thus, we will leave for another day the question of whether money obtained by a beneficiary
from a trustee by means of a false pretense constitutes the taking of the property of another for
purposes of establishing a larceny. See generally Latham v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 934, 37
S.E.2d 36 (1946) (recognizing that proof of any legal interest or special ownership that may be
less than absolute title is sufficient proof of ownership to sustain an indictment for larceny or for
similar offenses); Model Penal Code § 223.0(7) (“‘[P]roperty of another’ includes property in
which any person other than the actor has an interest which the actor is not privileged to infringe,
regardless of the fact that the actor also has an interest in the property . . . .”).
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false pretenses did not require the Commonwealth to prove that Crouch’s fraud resulted in his
obtaining money that was the property of another.
At the conclusion of all the evidence, Crouch made a motion to strike the evidence and
cited Rooney in arguing that the evidence failed to establish that the money did not belong to
Stonecrest. Later, defense counsel also objected to the Commonwealth’s proposed instructions
regarding the obtaining money by false pretenses charge. In making that objection, counsel
stated,
The defendant is charged with obtaining the property of
another by false pretenses. I think that that first sentence needs to
say that he’s charged with obtaining the property of another by
false pretenses. . . . I have a problem with he’s not charged with
obtaining disbursement of trust funds for preneed burial contracts
by false pretenses. He’s charged with larceny by false pretenses or
the obtaining of property of another by false pretenses.
He also asked the trial court to modify the instructions so that they either cited the statute
pertaining to larceny by false pretenses verbatim, or, pointed out that larceny is the taking of the
property of another. The trial court appeared to sustain this objection and noted that the
instruction should be changed. However, despite Crouch’s objection and the trial court’s
apparent ruling, it appears from the record that the instructions ultimately given did not address
ownership of the property.10
Normally, when a party proffers or agrees to an instruction
which is contrary to a position previously argued during trial, the
agreed instruction becomes the law of the case, and the party is
deemed to have waived its previous objection. However, when the
10
While we have the written instructions, the transcript does not set out what was
actually read to the jury. Notably, the written instructions make no mention of “property of
another.” Instead, they required only that the Commonwealth prove beyond a reasonable doubt:
that the defendant was the possessor of trust fund accounts for preneed burial services contracts;
that the defendant falsely certified to the trustee that he had delivered property or performed
services in fulfillment of the trust; this false representation resulted in disbursements to him of
funds from the trust in excess of $200; and that he did so with the intent to defraud.
-8-
record is clear that the party is not waiving its objection to the prior
ruling, but merely proffering or agreeing to an instruction
consistent with the trial court’s prior ruling, the previous objection
will not be waived.
WJLA-TV v. Lewis, 256 Va. 140, 159, 564 S.E.2d 383, 395 (2002) (citation omitted).
Here, Crouch preserved the issue for appeal to this Court by making a timely motion to
strike the evidence. Additionally, he did not proffer or agree to a contrary jury instruction.
Instead, he clearly objected to the jury instructions’ lack of reference to the taking of property of
another. Accordingly, we conclude that he did not waive the argument he presented in his
motion to strike.
IV.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse Crouch’s conviction and dismiss the indictments.
Reversed and dismissed.
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