Matthew Normand Ouellette v. Commonwealth ( 2004 )


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  •                                COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
    Present: Judges Bumgardner, Humphreys and Senior Judge Hodges
    Argued at Richmond, Virginia
    MATTHEW NORMAND OUELLETTE
    MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
    v.     Record No. 0776-03-2                               JUDGE RUDOLPH BUMGARDNER, III
    JULY 20, 2004
    COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE
    Edward L. Hogshire, Judge
    Vanessa E. Hicks, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
    Richard B. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jerry W.
    Kilgore, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
    The trial court convicted Matthew Normand Ouellette of two counts of possession of a
    controlled substance with intent to distribute, bribery, possession of a controlled substance while
    possessing a firearm, and possession of marijuana. He appeals the denial of his motion to
    suppress statements and evidence obtained after a traffic stop. Concluding the encounter was
    consensual, we affirm.
    In determining whether the defendant was seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment,
    we “give deference to the factual findings of the trial court and . . . determine independently
    whether, under the law, the manner in which the evidence was obtained satisfies constitutional
    requirements.” McCain v. Commonwealth, 
    261 Va. 483
    , 490, 
    545 S.E.2d 541
    , 545 (2001).
    Detective Lloyd Hill stopped the defendant’s vehicle after he ran a stop sign and made an illegal
    U-turn. The detective stopped the defendant in a public place, parked behind him, but did not
    *
    Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
    block in his vehicle. After asking the defendant for his license and registration, the detective
    asked him to step back to the detective’s car where he explained the reason for the stop. He then
    advised the defendant that he was not a traffic officer and was not going to write a ticket.
    The detective explained, “What I want to talk to you about . . . is the drug situation.” He
    told the defendant he “had seen him cruising through some of our drug areas, and some of the
    weird twists and turns that he had taken because he had gone and stopped in certain places, like
    made U-turns and things like that, that was just kind of strange.” He asked if the defendant had
    drugs in the car. The defendant replied, “No.” The detective then asked if he would consent to a
    search of the car, and the defendant responded, “I want to say no.”
    The detective asked the defendant to wait a few minutes and went to speak with the
    passenger. He returned a few minutes later and asked if the defendant had any marijuana in the
    car. The defendant answered, “No.” The detective next asked, “[I]f I had a dog sniff the car,
    would the dog hit on it?” He explained that if the defendant had been smoking in the car a dog
    would alert to it. The detective told the defendant that if he had only a small amount of
    marijuana, he might receive a simple warning, but he added that if it was “a lot . . . like a sellable
    amount, then sometimes I have to handle that one differently.” The defendant responded,
    “[T]here might be a small blunt in the car.” When the detective asked if the defendant would
    mind getting it for him, the defendant went to his car, got a vest, removed a small colored bag,
    and handed the bag to the detective. The detective realized the bag contained marijuana, ecstasy,
    and ketamine (a cat tranquilizer). He arrested the defendant.
    Pursuant to the arrest, the detective searched the defendant’s car. He found a .357 bullet
    but no weapon. When he asked if there was a gun, the defendant responded that the gun was at a
    friend’s house. The detective asked for consent to search the defendant’s house. The defendant
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    replied, “I don’t guess I have a choice.” When the detective repeated the request, the defendant
    consented.
    The detective drove the defendant to his house where he advised the defendant of his
    Miranda rights. He characterized the defendant as “[s]cared . . . but not uncooperative.” The
    defendant asked whether the detective needed a search warrant, but the detective responded that
    he did not because he had consent. He asked, “I do have permission to search the house, right?”
    The defendant said, “Yes,” shook his head affirmatively, and handed the detective his keys to the
    apartment. The defendant then accompanied the detective during the search and directed the
    detective to the gun, to drug paraphernalia, and to a locked firebox in his bedroom closet. The
    box contained approximately 500 hits of ecstasy, fourteen vials of ketamine, and approximately
    $5,000 cash.
    The defendant conceded the traffic stop was lawful, but argued his continued detention
    amounted to an illegal seizure. The trial court denied the motion to suppress finding the
    defendant voluntarily cooperated with the detective.
    I don’t have any doubt that Mr. Ouellette is in a bad spot. And you
    know, the question is, do you say yes and cooperate, or do you say
    no, and wait for them to get a warrant, and take some other action.
    But I think in this particular case, there appears to have been a ----
    other than the question do I have to, or do I have a choice, or the
    statement, I don’t know that I have a choice, it appears to be an
    attempt by the Defendant to cooperate with the investigation. I’m
    not seeing where his will was overborne, or there was some type of
    corrosive [sic] activity.
    The judge concluded:
    [A]bsent any authority it seems to me that this whole process was
    one, sort of escalating series of events. Discovery of one thing led
    to the voluntary revelation of another, led to the search of the
    house, led to the finding of whatever was there. . . . I’m going to
    have to overrule the motion to suppress.
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    Additional police questioning is permissible after a lawful traffic stop is completed if the
    continued encounter is consensual. See Ohio v. Robinette, 
    519 U.S. 33
    (1996). Officers may
    “pose questions, ask for identification, and request consent to search . . . provided they do not
    induce cooperation by coercive means.” United States v. Drayton, 
    536 U.S. 194
    , 201 (2002).
    The Fourth Amendment “proscribes unreasonable searches and seizures; it does not proscribe
    voluntary cooperation.” Florida v. Bostick, 
    501 U.S. 429
    , 439 (1991).
    “The crucial test is whether, taking into account all of the circumstances surrounding the
    encounter, the police conduct would ‘have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not
    at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business.’” 
    Id. at 437
    (citations omitted).
    “As long as the person to whom questions are put remains free to disregard the questions and
    walk away,” the Fourth Amendment has not been implicated. United States v. Mendenhall, 
    446 U.S. 544
    , 554 (1980). The encounter remains consensual “as long as the citizen voluntarily
    cooperates with the police.” United States v. Wilson, 
    953 F.2d 116
    , 121 (4th Cir. 1991).
    In Dickerson v. Commonwealth, 
    266 Va. 14
    , 
    581 S.E.2d 195
    (2003), a police officer
    stopped the defendant for a traffic infraction. After conducting field sobriety tests, the officer
    decided not to place a charge and told the defendant he was free to go. As the defendant started
    to get into his car, the officer asked if he had anything illegal in it. The defendant said, “No.”
    The officer then asked if he smoked marijuana. The defendant replied that he did but not while
    driving and volunteered that there were some “roaches in the ashtray.” The defendant denied
    permission to search the car but handed the officer the ashtray containing marijuana cigarette
    remains.
    The Supreme Court concluded a new, consensual encounter followed an initial detention
    and release. 
    Id. at 18,
    581 S.E.2d at 197. The officer asked questions seeking information and
    did not imply restraint or the need to restrain which caused the defendant to volunteer
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    incriminating information. The Court stressed the officer told the defendant he was free to go
    and the defendant had returned to his vehicle and started to get inside.
    Harris v. Commonwealth, 
    266 Va. 28
    , 
    581 S.E.2d 206
    (2003), also involved a lawful stop
    followed by questions unrelated to the stop. The officer stopped the defendant at 4:00 a.m. for a
    broken license plate light. When asked for his license and registration, the defendant produced
    his social security card. The officer confirmed by radio that the defendant had a valid license
    and returned the social security card. He did not tell the defendant whether he would place
    charges, nor did he tell defendant he was free to go. When the officer asked if the defendant had
    anything illegal in the car, the defendant replied that he did not and consented to a search of the
    car. The officer removed the defendant and the passenger, patted them down, and searched the
    vehicle finding stolen property.
    The officer conceded he had no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, but he did not
    tell the defendant he was free to go or indicate whether he was going to issue him a ticket. The
    Supreme Court held the continued encounter was not consensual. A reasonable person would
    not have believed that the traffic stop had terminated and that he was free to leave. The Court
    stressed that the officer did nothing to indicate to Harris that he was no longer subject to
    detention for a traffic violation. “[H]e had not been told that he was free to leave or that Officer
    Davis was not going to charge him with a traffic violation.” 
    Id. at 33,
    581 S.E.2d at 210.
    The essential facts in this case most closely resemble those in Dickerson. While the
    detective did not return the defendant’s license or tell him he was free to go as in Harris, he
    explicitly informed the defendant that he was not going to issue a traffic summons. The
    defendant immediately knew the reason for the traffic stop had concluded. The detective then
    began asking non-coercive questions about drug activity. The questions sought information and
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    did not imply restraint or the need to restrain. The detective never ordered the defendant to stay
    or demanded answers to his questions. The defendant was cooperative and was not restrained.
    A consensual encounter does not become an unconstitutional seizure by the presence of
    several armed officers, 
    Drayton, 536 U.S. at 204-05
    ; by the failure to tell the person he is free to
    go, 
    Robinette, 519 U.S. at 39-40
    ; by the failure to explain that the person is free to disregard
    further questioning, I.N.S. v. Delgado, 
    466 U.S. 210
    , 216 (1984); or by retention of the person’s
    license, United States v. Weaver, 
    282 F.3d 302
    , 310 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 
    537 U.S. 847
    (2002).
    “‘While most citizens will respond to a police request, the fact that people do so, and do so
    without being told they are free not to respond, hardly eliminates the consensual nature of the
    
    response.’” 282 F.3d at 309-10
    (quoting 
    Delgado, 466 U.S. at 216
    ).
    Under these circumstances, we cannot say that a reasonable person would have felt
    restrained or compelled to answer the officer’s questions. The defendant was stopped in a public
    place. He was not touched, frisked, or restrained in any way. There was no use of force,
    brandishing of weapons, or blocking of the defendant’s car and no intimidation, threat, or
    command. The defendant was immediately told he would not receive a citation for his traffic
    violations. The detective asked non-coercive questions regarding drugs in a manner that did not
    compel cooperation or response. The defendant voluntarily responded to the questions, retrieved
    the contraband from his car, and gave it to the detective. He voluntarily cooperated with the
    police.
    The defendant also contends he did not freely and voluntarily consent to the search of his
    car and house. In addition to his claim that the detention was illegal, he emphasizes the
    detective’s reference to a drug dog, the remark that the detective would only give a warning if
    the defendant had a small amount of marijuana, and the detective’s description of the defendant
    as “scared, maybe, but not uncooperative.”
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    The fact that consent to search was given after mention of a drug dog was a factor to
    consider, but it did not compel a finding that the consent was coerced. See Bosworth v.
    Commonwealth, 
    7 Va. App. 567
    , 571, 
    375 S.E.2d 756
    , 758 (1989) (a suspect’s consent to search
    was not coerced even though it was given after officer stated he could obtain a search warrant if
    a drug dog alerted to her car). The detective’s comment about only giving a warning could not
    have coerced consent because the defendant had to know he had more than a small amount of
    marijuana. Further, the detective made clear that the situation would be different if the defendant
    had more than a small amount of marijuana. The description that the defendant was scared does
    not compel a finding that his consent was involuntary. See 
    Weaver, 282 F.3d at 311
    (“awkwardness alone does not invoke the protections of the Fourth Amendment”).
    The defendant also contends he was subjected to custodial interrogation before being
    advised of his Miranda rights. In a search incident to arrest, the detective recovered a bullet in
    the defendant’s car and asked him whether he had a firearm. That question produced no
    evidence that could be suppressed. The detective also obtained the defendant’s address, and
    asked for consent to search his house. The questions did not seek incriminating responses, and
    the request for the defendant’s address was a routine booking question. The inquiries did not
    invoke Miranda. Riddick v. Commonwealth, 
    22 Va. App. 136
    , 145, 
    468 S.E.2d 135
    , 139 (1996).
    In addition, before final consent to search the house was obtained, the warnings had been given.
    The defendant and the detective had a consensual encounter during which the defendant
    voluntarily consented to the search of his car and his house. Accordingly, we affirm the denial
    of his motion to suppress.
    Affirmed.
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