Thomas Robert Lienau v. Commonwealth of Virginia ( 2018 )


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  •             VIRGINIA:
    In the Court of Appeals of Virginia on Tuesday           the 16th day of October, 2018.
    PUBLISHED
    Thomas Robert Lienau,                                                                                Appellant,
    against             Record No. 0685-17-4
    Circuit Court No. FE-2015-1303
    Commonwealth of Virginia,                                                                            Appellee.
    Upon a Petition for Rehearing En Banc
    Before Chief Judge Huff, Judge Humphreys, Petty, Beales, Alston,
    Chafin, Decker, O’Brien, Russell, AtLee and Malveaux
    On September 25, 2018 came the appellee, by the Attorney General of Virginia, and filed a petition
    requesting that the Court set aside the judgment rendered herein on September 11, 2018, and grant a rehearing
    en banc on the issue(s) raised in the petition.
    On consideration whereof and pursuant to Rule 5A:35 of the Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia,
    the petition for rehearing en banc is granted and the appeal of those issues is reinstated on the docket of this
    Court. The mandate previously entered herein is stayed pending the decision of the Court en banc.
    The parties shall file briefs in compliance with the schedule set forth in Rule 5A:35(b). The appellant
    shall attach as an addendum to the opening brief upon rehearing en banc a copy of the opinion previously
    rendered by the Court in this matter. An electronic version of each brief shall be filed with the Court and
    served on opposing counsel. In addition, four printed copies of each brief shall be filed. It is further ordered
    that the appellee shall file an electronic version and four additional copies of the appendix previously filed in
    this case.1
    A Copy,
    Teste:
    Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk
    original order signed by a deputy clerk of the
    By:      Court of Appeals of Virginia at the direction
    of the Court
    Deputy Clerk
    1
    The guidelines for filing electronic briefs and appendices can be found at
    www.courts.state.va.us/online/vaces/resources/guidelines.pdf.
    -2-
    COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
    Present: Judges Petty, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata
    Argued at Alexandria, Virginia
    PUBLISHED
    THOMAS ROBERT LIENAU
    OPINION BY
    v.     Record No. 0685-17-4                                   JUDGE WILLIAM G. PETTY
    SEPTEMBER 11, 2018
    COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
    FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
    Penney S. Azcarate, Judge
    Peter D. Greenspun (Anastasia T. Kranias; Greenspun Shapiro PC,
    on briefs), for appellant.
    Katherine Quinlan Adelfio, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R.
    Herring, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellee.
    Thomas Robert Lienau heard an intruder in his home at night and armed himself. When
    he encountered the intruder, Lienau fired one shot and killed him. A jury convicted Lienau of
    involuntary manslaughter.1 Lienau argues on appeal that the trial court erred in refusing to give
    the jury an instruction on self-defense. We agree. Accordingly, we reverse and remand.
    I. BACKGROUND
    Usually, this Court “review[s] the evidence in the light most favorable to the
    Commonwealth, the prevailing party in the trial court.” Dawson v. Commonwealth, 
    63 Va. App. 429
    , 431, 
    758 S.E.2d 94
    , 95 (2014). However, “[w]hen reviewing a trial court’s refusal to give a
    proffered jury instruction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the proponent of
    1
    Lienau was originally indicted for murder. The jury acquitted him of that charge and
    convicted him of the lesser-included offense of involuntary manslaughter.
    the instruction.” Commonwealth v. Vaughn, 
    263 Va. 31
    , 33, 
    557 S.E.2d 220
    , 221 (2002). We
    must therefore view the evidence in the light most favorable to Lienau.2
    Thomas Robert Lienau owned a small townhouse, where he resided in the basement.
    Near his bed, he kept a lever-action rifle that he had received for his twelfth birthday. He kept
    the rifle unloaded, but attached two bullets to the rifle stock with an elastic band. He later
    explained to investigators that he kept the rifle near his bed “for self-defense, for anyone who
    breaks in.” The main floor of the home had the living areas, and the second floor contained
    bedrooms, one of which he rented to J.R. Najim. J.R. owned a gun, which he sometimes kept in
    his second-floor room. Lienau did not permit J.R.’s brother, Mohammed Najim, in the house
    because, as Lienau described him, he was “out of control,” “wacked out,” “always wasted,” and
    “always in trouble.” Nevertheless, Lienau had once found Mohammed asleep on the living room
    couch without permission. Lienau “kicked him out” and warned J.R. that Mohammed was not to
    be in the house. On another occasion, Mohammed entered the home without permission and
    came down the stairs to Lienau’s living area in the basement. This “scared [Lienau] to death.”
    2
    It is this standard of review that constitutes our foundational disagreement with the
    dissent. Lienau did not testify during the guilt phase of the trial. The majority of the facts
    surrounding the actual shooting come from statements Lienau made to the police soon after the
    shooting and during a recorded two-hour interview at the police station. The dissent has
    searched these interviews for statements by Lienau that, when viewed in a light most favorable to
    the Commonwealth, would support a jury’s rejection of his self-defense claim. However, as we
    note below, that is not our task in reviewing this appeal. We must review the facts, and the
    reasonable inferences that might be drawn from those facts, looking for evidence that would
    support Lienau’s requested instruction. For instance, while the dissent views his statement to the
    police “No, No, [the threat] happened earlier” to conclude there was no imminent threat at the
    time of the shooting, infra 19, we consider that statement of a previous threat in conjunction with
    the nighttime home invasion as evidence that would support a reasonable apprehension of bodily
    harm. Thus, while we have no quarrel with the dissent as to the law of self-defense, we believe
    that the facts, when viewed throught the appropriate prism, are sufficient to warrant allowing the
    jury, and not the trial judge or this Court, to determine whether Lienau acted in self-defense.
    -2-
    He told Mohammad, “Don’t you ever come in this house again. You’re not invited here; I’ve
    told you that before. Get out!”
    On the evening of July 16, 2015, Lienau received a phone call from J.R. asking him to
    come to J.R.’s second-floor room to mediate a fight between J.R. and Mohammed, who,
    unbeknownst to Lienau, had come to visit J.R. J.R. and Mohammed continued yelling and
    threatening to kill each other, so Lienau told them to leave the house. Lienau believed
    Mohammed was high on drugs at the time.3 After J.R. and Mohammed left the house at about
    5:50 p.m., Lienau locked the front door. About a half an hour later, Mohammed returned and
    began to pound on Lienau’s front door and to kick it with his bare feet. Mohammed was causing
    a disturbance in the neighborhood, and a neighbor sent Lienau a text message that Mohammed
    was pounding the door and incessantly ringing the doorbell, really upset because the door was
    locked. Lienau sent a text message to J.R. saying that he needed to come get Mohammed.
    Finally, the pounding stopped, and Lienau believed Mohammed had left.
    Shortly before 10:00 p.m., Lienau was home alone in his basement when he heard a loud
    bang and footsteps on the main floor. He carried the unloaded rifle up the basement stairs to
    investigate. Although he had fully locked the deadbolt earlier, he now saw the door open. An
    intruder had burst into the home with so much force that pieces of door trim and door frame lay
    in the living room with the metal deadbolt strike plate still attached. Lienau took the two bullets
    from the elastic band, loaded one in the rifle, and put the other in his pocket. Although Lienau
    had not yet seen the intruder, he strongly suspected the intruder was Mohammed.
    With his now-loaded rifle, Lienau approached the stairwell to the second floor. Lienau
    saw Mohammed come from the second floor to the top of the stairs. Lienau aimed the rifle at
    3
    The medical examiner testified at trial that Mohammed had used cocaine the day he
    died.
    -3-
    Mohammed’s legs, wanting to scare him. Lienau was shaking badly and, although he said he did
    not intend to pull the trigger, the rifle discharged. The bullet travelled upward through
    Mohammed’s left calf and through his right thigh, ending in the stair tread of the top step, below
    the level of the second floor. Although Lienau rendered first aid, Mohammed died shortly
    thereafter from his wound.
    Both immediately after the shooting and in a statement he gave police at the police
    station, Lienau maintained that he never intended to pull the trigger. He said it happened
    “unfortunately too fast” “and [he] wasn’t thinking.” He explained that he “didn’t think about it
    that deeply” at the time but was “try[ing] to piece some of it” together during the interview. He
    said, “With an intruder and the door broken in . . . I just saw red.” He said he was in a “rage”
    and shaking so much he would not have been able to hit a target if he had been aiming. He
    admitted that he was upset at Mohammed’s actions earlier that evening, especially after he had
    already kicked him out. He said, “I let my temper, my emotions, get the better of me.”
    The Commonwealth charged Lienau with murder. At the conclusion of the trial, Lienau
    moved to strike the evidence on the basis that the Commonwealth had failed to prove the
    shooting was not an accident. The trial court denied the motion. Lienau then requested a jury
    instruction on the law of self-defense, arguing that Lienau was in a “frightening and self-defense
    situation.” The trial court refused the instruction. The jury found Lienau guilty of involuntary
    manslaughter. During sentencing, the trial court sustained the Commonwealth’s objection to
    certain evidence and cross-examination by Lienau. This appeal followed.
    -4-
    II. ANALYSIS
    A. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING THE SELF-DEFENSE INSTRUCTION
    1. Standard of Review
    This Court’s standard of review where the trial court refuses a jury instruction is
    well-established. “As a general rule, the matter of granting and denying instructions . . . rest[s]
    in the sound discretion of the trial court.” King v. Commonwealth, 
    64 Va. App. 580
    , 586, 
    770 S.E.2d 214
    , 217 (2015) (en banc) (alterations in original) (quoting Cooper v. Commonwealth,
    
    277 Va. 377
    , 381, 
    673 S.E.2d 185
    , 187 (2009)). “The trial court’s ‘broad discretion in giving or
    denying instructions requested’ is reviewed for an abuse of discretion.” 
    Id. (quoting Gaines
    v.
    Commonwealth, 
    39 Va. App. 562
    , 568, 
    574 S.E.2d 775
    , 778 (2003) (en banc)).
    However, “if there is evidence in the record to support the defendant’s theory of defense,
    the trial judge may not refuse to grant a proper, proffered instruction.” 
    Id. at 587,
    770 S.E.2d at
    218 (quoting Foster v. Commonwealth, 
    13 Va. App. 380
    , 383, 
    412 S.E.2d 198
    , 200 (1991)). “If
    a proffered instruction finds any support in credible evidence, . . . its refusal is reversible error.”
    
    Id. (quoting McClung
    v. Commonwealth, 
    215 Va. 654
    , 657, 
    212 S.E.2d 290
    , 293 (1975)).
    “Additionally, ‘[w]here the conflicting evidence tends to sustain either the prosecution’s or
    defense’s theory of the case, the trial judge must instruct the jury as to both theories.’” 
    Id. (alteration in
    original) (quoting 
    Foster, 13 Va. App. at 383
    , 412 S.E.2d at 200). The theory,
    however, must find support in the evidence. “A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed
    only on those theories of the case that are supported by [more than a scintilla of] evidence.” 
    Id. (alteration in
    original) (quoting Eaton v. Commonwealth, 
    240 Va. 236
    , 255, 
    397 S.E.2d 385
    , 397
    (1990)). “‘The weight of the credible evidence that will amount to more than a mere scintilla . . .
    is a matter to be resolved on a case-by-case basis’ by assessing the evidence in support of a
    -5-
    proposition against the ‘other credible evidence that negates’ it.” 
    Id. (omission in
    original)
    (quoting Woolridge v. Commonwealth, 
    29 Va. App. 339
    , 348, 
    512 S.E.2d 153
    , 158 (1999)).
    2. The Law of Self-Defense
    A person’s right to defend himself in his own home has strong roots in this
    Commonwealth.
    In the early times our forefathers were compelled to protect
    themselves in their habitations by converting them into holds of
    defense: and so the dwelling house was called the castle. To this
    condition of things, the law has conformed, resulting in the
    familiar doctrine that while a man keeps the doors of his house
    closed, no other may break and enter it, except in particular
    circumstances to make an arrest or the like—cases not within the
    line of our present exposition. From this doctrine is derived
    another: namely, that the persons within the house may exercise
    all needful force to keep aggressors out, even to the taking of life.
    Fortune v. Commonwealth, 
    133 Va. 669
    , 687, 
    112 S.E. 861
    , 867 (1922) (distinguishing between
    an invited guest and one that enters forcefully) (quoting 1 Bish. New Cr. Law § 857, 858 (3th
    ed.)), cited with approval in Hines v. Commonwealth, 
    292 Va. 674
    , 679-80, 
    791 S.E.2d 563
    , 565
    (2016).
    The Supreme Court has recognized that “[a] defendant may always act upon reasonable
    appearance of danger, and whether the danger is reasonably apparent is always to be determined
    from the viewpoint of the defendant at the time he acted.” McGhee v. Commonwealth, 
    219 Va. 560
    , 562, 
    248 S.E.2d 808
    , 810 (1978). “In the context of a self-defense plea, ‘imminent danger’
    is defined as ‘an immediate, real threat to one’s safety . . . .’” Commonwealth v. Sands, 
    262 Va. 724
    , 729, 
    553 S.E.2d 733
    , 736 (2001) (omission in original) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary
    399 (7th ed. 1999)). “There must be . . . some act menacing present peril . . . [and] the act . . .
    must be of such a character as to afford a reasonable ground for believing there is a design . . . to
    do some serious bodily harm, and imminent danger of carrying such design into immediate
    execution.” 
    Id. (alterations in
    original) (quoting Byrd v. Commonwealth, 
    89 Va. 536
    , 539, 16
    -6-
    S.E. 727, 729 (1893)). “The ‘bare fear’ of serious bodily injury, or even death, however
    well-grounded, will not justify the taking of human life.” 
    Id. “There must
    [also] be some overt
    act indicative of imminent danger at the time.” 
    Id. (alteration in
    original) (quoting Vlastaris v.
    Commonwealth, 
    164 Va. 647
    , 652, 
    178 S.E. 775
    , 776 (1935)). “The requirement of an overt act
    indicative of imminent danger ensures that the most extreme recourse, the killing of another
    human being, will be used only in situations of necessity.” 
    Id. at 731,
    553 S.E.2d at 737.
    “Whether the danger is reasonably apparent is judged from the viewpoint of the
    defendant at the time of the incident.” 
    Hines, 292 Va. at 679
    , 791 S.E.2d at 565. “Justifiable
    homicide in self-defense occurs where a person, without any fault on his part in provoking or
    bringing on the difficulty, kills another under reasonable apprehension of death or great bodily
    harm to himself.” Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 
    217 Va. 971
    , 975, 
    234 S.E.2d 286
    , 290 (1977)
    (quoting Bailey v. Commonwealth, 
    200 Va. 92
    , 96, 
    104 S.E.2d 28
    , 31 (1958)). Furthermore,
    “when a party assaults a homeowner in his own home, as in this case, the homeowner has the
    right to use whatever force necessary to repel the aggressor.” 
    Hines, 292 Va. at 679
    , 791 S.E.2d
    at 565.
    Accordingly, the model jury instruction for self-defense, which is the instruction
    requested by Lienau, instructs jurors,
    If you believe that the defendant was without fault in provoking or
    bringing on the difficulty, and you further believe that:
    (1) he reasonably feared, under the circumstances as they
    appeared to him, that he was in imminent danger of being killed or
    that he was in imminent danger of great bodily harm;
    and
    (2) he used no more force, under the circumstances as they
    appeared to him, than was reasonably necessary to protect himself
    -7-
    from the perceived harm, then the killing was in self-defense, and
    you shall find the defendant not guilty.
    Model Jury Instrs.—Crim. No. 33.800.4
    3. The Trial Court Erred in Not Giving the Instruction
    In applying the legal principles of self-defense, we recognize that the issue before this
    Court is not whether Lienau acted in self-defense. That is for the jury alone to decide. Rather,
    the issue before us is whether there was sufficient credible evidence in the record, viewed in the
    light most favorable to Lienau, to support the defendant’s right to have the jury instructed on
    these principles. See King, 64 Va. App. at 
    587, 770 S.E.2d at 218
    . We conclude there was.
    Here, from Lienau’s viewpoint, Mohammed’s overt act of breaking into Lienau’s home
    in the dark of night could be viewed by a jury as “indicative of imminent danger at the time.”
    
    Sands, 262 Va. at 729
    , 553 S.E.2d at 736. The act appeared even more menacing, from Lienau’s
    viewpoint, because Mohammed broke in with such force that he severely damaged the
    dead-bolted front door. The violence of the break-in “afford[ed] [Lienau] a reasonable ground
    for believing there [was] a design [by Mohammed] to do some serious bodily harm, and
    imminent danger of [his] carrying such design into immediate execution.” 
    Id. Lienau’s response
    of loading one bullet into the rifle he kept for self-defense was credible evidence that he
    “reasonably feared death or serious bodily harm at the hands of his victim.” See 
    Hines, 292 Va. at 679
    , 791 S.E.2d at 565. Within seconds of seeing Mohammed, who had earlier threatened to
    kill Lienau’s tenant, Lienau pulled the trigger. This evidence of Mohammed’s overt act of
    breaking through the door, Lienau’s immediate response of loading the rifle he kept for
    self-defense, followed immediately by his confronting of the intruder constituted “more than a
    4
    The Commonwealth does not suggest that the instruction Lienau requested was an
    incorrect statement of the law or that it was duplicative of the other instructions.
    -8-
    mere scintilla” of credible evidence that Lienau had a “reasonable apprehension of death or great
    bodily harm to himself.”5 
    Yarborough, 217 Va. at 975
    , 234 S.E.2d at 290 (quoting 
    Bailey, 200 Va. at 96
    , 104 S.E.2d at 31); see Dodson v. Commonwealth, 
    159 Va. 976
    , 
    167 S.E. 260
    (1933).
    This does not mean that the jury would find Lienau had a reasonable apprehension of
    harm or that the amount of force he used was reasonable. It does mean, however, that Lienau
    was entitled to have a self-defense instruction given to the jurors to guide them in their
    deliberations. It was for the jury to determine, based on all the evidence, whether Lienau
    committed an unlawful homicide or a homicide justified by self-defense.
    The Commonwealth argues that the instruction was not warranted because Lienau never
    claimed he was afraid; he said he was “raging.” Lienau stated to the police that “with an intruder
    and the door broken in,” before he knew who the intruder was, he “just saw red.” He explained
    he “let [his] temper, [his] emotions get the better of [him].” When asked what he felt at the
    moment of confrontation, he responded, “Rage.” However, it was for the jury to determine how
    5
    The dissent concludes that Lienau’s statements describing the incident “unequivocally
    negate the finding that he perceived an imminent threat at that time.” However, Lienau did not
    testify and therefore gave no statements under oath. See Bolyard v. Commonwealth, 
    11 Va. App. 274
    , 277, 
    397 S.E.2d 894
    , 896 (1990) (affirming trial court’s refusal to give an
    accidental homicide instruction where defendant testified “he deliberately shot the victim”); see
    also Massie v. Firmstone, 
    134 Va. 450
    , 462, 
    114 S.E. 652
    , 656 (1922) (“No litigant can
    successfully ask a court or jury to believe that he has not told the truth. His statements of fact
    and the necessary inferences therefrom are binding upon him.”).
    Instead, Lienau’s account of the shooting came from hearsay statements he made to
    police while he was “distraught” and was trying to “piece together” the events that had occurred.
    Nothing prevented the jury from concluding Lienau’s statements to police were incomplete or
    inaccurate. For example, although Lienau stated during the interview that he believed
    Mohammed was on the top step and fell down the stairs after he was shot, as the dissent notes,
    the jury could believe the crime scene detective’s testimony that it was “highly, highly,
    extremely improbable” that Mohammed was standing on the top step when shot. Additionally,
    although Lienau did not state to police that Mohammed displayed a weapon, the evidence
    showed Lienau was aware the tenant kept a weapon on the second floor. In the light most
    favorable to Lienau, the jury could conclude Lienau was aware of the possibility Mohammed had
    acquired that weapon. And, of course, the jury could conclude that the trauma, stress, and
    emotion of the event affected Lienau’s recollection.
    -9-
    the events reasonably appeared to Lienau and what weight to give Lienau’s statements to police.
    Epps v. Commonwealth, 
    66 Va. App. 393
    , 403-04, 
    785 S.E.2d 792
    , 797 (2016) (“The credibility
    of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters solely for the fact finder who
    has the opportunity to see and hear that evidence as it is presented.” (quoting Sandoval v.
    Commonwealth, 
    20 Va. App. 133
    , 138, 
    455 S.E.2d 730
    , 732 (1995)). Although Lienau never
    used the word “fear” to describe his reaction to finding the broken door and, subsequently, the
    intruder, this does not preclude the jury from so finding. It was the factfinder’s job to determine
    what Lienau meant by “rage” and whether he also acted in reasonable fear of imminent danger.
    In summary, the jury did not have to credit Lienau’s statements to police, nor his theories
    of defense. There was evidence to support the Commonwealth’s theory that Lienau committed
    an unlawful homicide. However, credible evidence also supported Lienau’s theory that he was
    reacting to a “frightening and self-defense situation.” “Where the conflicting evidence tends to
    sustain either the prosecution’s or defense’s theory of the case, the trial judge must instruct the
    jury as to both theories.” King, 64 Va. App. at 
    587, 770 S.E.2d at 218
    . Accordingly, the trial
    court erred by refusing the requested self-defense instruction to guide the jury in its
    deliberations.
    4. The Doctrine of Harmless Error6
    Concluding that the trial court erred, however, does not end our analysis. “Code
    § 8.01-678 makes ‘harmless-error review required in all cases.’” Commonwealth v. White, 
    293 Va. 411
    , 420, 
    799 S.E.2d 494
    , 498 (2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Swann, 
    290 Va. 194
    , 200,
    
    776 S.E.2d 265
    , 269 (2015)). This Court will not reverse a trial court for errors “that were
    harmless to the ultimate result.” Carter v. Commonwealth, 
    293 Va. 537
    , 544, 
    800 S.E.2d 498
    ,
    6
    Subsequent to oral argument, this Court asked the parties for supplemental briefing
    addressing whether an error by the trial court in not giving the proposed instruction would
    nonetheless be harmless in view of the jury’s involuntary manslaughter conviction.
    - 10 -
    502 (2017) (quoting Shifflett v. Commonwealth, 
    289 Va. 10
    , 12, 
    766 S.E.2d 906
    , 908 (2015)). It
    is “‘the duty of a reviewing court to consider the trial record as a whole and to ignore errors that
    are harmless’ lest they ‘retreat from their responsibility, becoming instead “impregnable citadels
    of technicality.”’” 
    White, 293 Va. at 420
    , 799 S.E.2d at 498 (quoting United States v. Hasting,
    
    461 U.S. 499
    , 509 (1983)). Because we are reviewing the effect the error may have had on “the
    ultimate result,” we focus on Lienau’s conviction of involuntary manslaughter, not on the charge
    of murder, for which he was initially charged but ultimately acquitted. See 
    Carter, 293 Va. at 544
    , 800 S.E.2d at 502.
    The test for determining if a non-constitutional error is harmless is as follows:
    If, when all is said and done, the conviction is sure that the error
    did not influence the jury, or had but slight effect, the verdict and
    the judgment should stand . . . . But if one cannot say, with fair
    assurance, after pondering all that happened without stripping the
    erroneous action from the whole, that the judgment was not
    substantially swayed by the error, it is impossible to conclude that
    substantial rights were not affected . . . . If so, or if one is left in
    grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.
    Clay v. Commonwealth, 
    262 Va. 253
    , 260, 
    546 S.E.2d 728
    , 731-32 (2001) (quoting Kotteakos v.
    United States, 
    328 U.S. 750
    , 764-65 (1946)). “Non-constitutional error is harmless if other
    evidence of guilt is so ‘overwhelming’ and the error so insignificant by comparison that we can
    conclude the error ‘failed to have any “substantial influence” on the verdict.’” Bell v.
    Commonwealth, 
    47 Va. App. 126
    , 140 n.4, 
    622 S.E.2d 751
    , 757 n.4 (2005) (quoting United
    States v. Lane, 
    474 U.S. 438
    , 450 (1986)). “Thus, where the reviewing court is able to determine
    that the trial court’s error in failing to instruct the jury could not have affected the verdict, that
    error is harmless.” Turner v. Commonwealth, 
    23 Va. App. 270
    , 276, 
    476 S.E.2d 504
    , 507
    (1996). “By contrast, where it is impossible to determine from the verdict whether the jury
    would have necessarily rejected a [defense] on which it was not instructed, error in refusing to
    instruct on that [defense] is not harmless.” 
    Id. - 11
    -
    The question before us, then, is whether we can conclude, in light of the jury’s acquittal
    of Lienau of murder and his conviction of involuntary manslaughter, that the trial court’s failure
    to instruct the jury regarding self-defense “could not have affected [that] verdict.” 
    Id. In other
    words, whether the law of self-defense could provide a legal justification for the offense of
    involuntary manslaughter.
    “Ordinarily the law of self-defense is not applicable in a case of a killing resulting from
    an act which was accidental and unintentional, particularly where the facts of the case are not
    such as would make such law applicable.” Braxton v. Commonwealth, 
    195 Va. 275
    , 277-78, 
    77 S.E.2d 840
    , 841 (1953).
    The defense that a killing was accidental presents a different issue
    from a claim that a killing was done in self-defense . . . . In
    making [a self-defense] plea a defendant implicitly admits the
    killing was intentional and assumes the burden of introducing
    evidence of justification or excuse that raises a reasonable doubt in
    the minds of the jurors.
    
    McGhee, 219 Va. at 562
    , 248 S.E.2d at 810. For example, where an accidental discharge of a
    firearm occurs during negligent handling of a firearm, the law of self-defense is not applicable.
    However, where the facts of the case are such as would make such law applicable,
    “[h]omicide is excusable on the ground of accident if it appears that the defendant was acting
    lawfully in self-defense and the victim was shot by accident through the unintentional discharge
    of a gun.” 40 C.J.S. Homicide § 180 (2014) (quoting State v. Goodson, 
    440 S.E.2d 370
    , 372
    (S.C. 1994)).
    As we have said, in proper cases the assaulted party has the right to
    meet force with force; and if, in a proper defense, death results to
    the assailant, the killing may be excusable without a belief on the
    part of the assaulted party that it was necessary for his own safety.
    In such cases the defense is purposely made, but the killing is not
    purposely done. It is simply the result of the defense.
    - 12 -
    Valentine v. Commonwealth, 
    187 Va. 946
    , 954, 
    48 S.E.2d 264
    , 268 (1948) (quoting Runyan v.
    State, 
    57 Ind. 80
    (1877)).
    Accused is entitled to an acquittal where he was lawfully acting in
    self-defense and the death of his assailant resulted from accident or
    misadventure, as where in falling he struck or overturned an object
    and thereby received injuries resulting in his death, or where in a
    struggle over the possession of a weapon it was accidentally
    discharged.
    
    Id. at 953,
    48 S.E.2d at 268 (quoting 40 C.J.S., Homicide § 112c [current § 180] (1948)).
    Accordingly, “[t]he mere fact that the defendant did not, at the time of the killing, believe
    such killing was necessary does not divest him of the right to set up self-defense if the killing
    was not intended by him, but was incidental to his excusable defense of himself when
    assaulted.”7 
    Id. (quoting Wharton’s
    Crim. Law Vol. 1, p. 851 (12th ed.)); Nebraska v. Drew, 
    344 N.W.2d 923
    , 926 (Neb. 1984) (“[S]elf-defense is available to the accused who accidentally kills
    his assailant while properly exerting force to assure his own safety.”); New Mexico v. Gallegos,
    
    22 P.3d 689
    , 692 (N.M. Ct. App. 2001) (“Homicide is justifiable if the killer acted reasonably in
    self-defense.”). Thus, an accused would be “entitled to an acquittal if the death of [victim]
    resulted from an accident or misadventure which occurred while the defendant was in the act of
    defending or preparing to defend himself against an unprovoked assault.” Farrow v.
    Commonwealth, 
    197 Va. 353
    , 363, 
    89 S.E.2d 312
    , 318 (1955).
    In arguing that any error has been rendered harmless by the verdict, the Commonwealth
    correctly states that ordinarily in making a self-defense plea, a “defendant implicitly admits the
    7
    The dissent only discusses self-defense as it applies to an intentional homicide and
    presumes, contrary to the jury’s verdict, that Lienau deliberately fired the rifle. Thus, the dissent
    considers that “the appellant’s putative act of self-defense was not the loading of his rifle—it was
    the firing of the bullet that struck Mohammed.” Infra 18. However, Farrow v. Commonwealth,
    
    197 Va. 353
    , 363, 
    89 S.E.2d 312
    , 318 (1955) (emphasis added), makes it clear that in the case of
    an accidental killing, which the jury found to have occurred here, a defendant may claim
    self-defense if the killing occurred “while the defendant was in the act of defending or preparing
    to defend himself against an unprovoked assault.”
    - 13 -
    killing was intentional and assumes the burden of introducing evidence of justification or excuse
    that raises a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors.” 
    Sands, 262 Va. at 729
    , 553 S.E.2d at
    736 (quoting 
    McGhee, 219 Va. at 562
    , 248 S.E.2d at 810). Despite this generalization, however,
    “the evidence and inferences deducible therefrom may be such at times as to justify the
    submission of whether or not the killing was in self-defense, as well as whether or not it was
    accidental. In such case, if either inference may be reasonably drawn, accused is entitled to have
    both issues submitted to the jury.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 
    196 Va. 10
    , 15, 
    82 S.E.2d 482
    , 485
    (1954). “Since there was evidence that the killing was in self-defense as well as accidental, the
    defendant was entitled to have both issues submitted to the jury.” 
    Farrow, 197 Va. at 363
    , 89
    S.E.2d at 318; see also King, 64 Va. App. at 
    587, 770 S.E.2d at 218
    (“If a proffered instruction
    finds any support in credible evidence, . . . its refusal is reversible error.” (quoting 
    McClung, 215 Va. at 657
    , 212 S.E.2d at 293).
    While the jury here was instructed on the defense of accident and the unintentional
    offense of involuntary manslaughter, it was not given the opportunity to determine if Lienau was
    acting lawfully in self-defense when the shooting occurred. Lienau was “entitled to an acquittal
    [if] he was lawfully acting in self-defense and the death of his assailant resulted from accident.”
    Valentine, 187 Va. at 
    953, 48 S.E.2d at 268
    . Again, we need not conclude whether the evidence
    was sufficient to show Lienau was acting lawfully in self-defense. We conclude only that there
    was credible evidence in the record that entitled Lienau to the jury instruction and that failure to
    give the instruction was not harmless because “portions of the evidence were in controversy, and
    . . . [the jury] could have found appellant not guilty [of involuntary manslaughter] if properly
    instructed on justifiable self-defense.” 
    Bell, 66 Va. App. at 489
    , 788 S.E.2d at 277.
    Accordingly, we cannot say that the error would not have affected the ultimate verdict.
    - 14 -
    B. LIENAU’S SUFFICIENCY ARGUMENT IS WITHOUT MERIT
    Lienau argues the trial court erred in denying his renewed motion to strike the evidence
    on the basis that the “Commonwealth’s evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
    [Mohammed’s] death was not accidental. Therefore, the evidence was insufficient to find
    Mr. Lienau guilty of involuntary manslaughter.” Lienau specifically referenced in his argument
    to the trial court a model jury instruction, which was later given to the jury, which stated, “Where
    a defense is that the death of [Mohammed] was an accident, Thomas Lienau is not required to
    prove this fact. The burden is on the Commonwealth to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
    the death was not accidental.” Our response to this argument is simple; although the trial court
    declined to find that the Commonwealth failed to meet its burden, the jury did. The jury
    acquitted Lienau of murder and voluntary manslaughter, the two offenses requiring proof of an
    intentional killing, and convicted him instead of involuntary manslaughter, which only requires
    proof of an accidental killing. See Noakes v. Commonwealth, 
    280 Va. 338
    , 345, 
    699 S.E.2d 284
    , 288 (2010) (“[The common law crime of involuntary manslaughter is] ‘the killing of one
    accidentally, contrary to the intention of the parties, in the prosecution of some unlawful, but not
    felonious, act; or in the improper performance of a lawful act.’”). Thus, to the extent that Lienau
    argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove the shooting was intentional, the jury agreed
    and convicted him of involuntary manslaughter. Because the argument has been effectively
    rendered moot by the verdict, we reject Lienau’s argument that the trial court erred in denying
    the motion to strike.8
    8
    Lienau’s only sufficiency argument on appeal regards the sufficiency of the evidence to
    prove the shooting was not an accident. He did not argue to the trial court that the evidence was
    insufficient to prove Lienau’s actions were criminally negligent, as required for a conviction of
    the lesser-included offense of involuntary manslaughter. That sufficiency argument is not before
    us, and we do not consider it. See also Commonwealth v. Bass, 
    292 Va. 19
    , 32, 
    786 S.E.2d 165
    ,
    172 (2016) (“It is a venerable principle of double jeopardy jurisprudence that the successful
    - 15 -
    C. EXCLUDED EVIDENCE AND CROSS-EXAMINATION DURING SENTENCING
    Finally, in light of our decision, we need not address Lienau’s last assignment of error.
    Lienau argues that the trial court erred in limiting his cross-examination of sentencing witnesses
    and by excluding specific evidence during sentencing. He argues that, as a result, his inability to
    adequately impeach the Commonwealth’s witnesses led to a higher sentence. “Because the case
    will be remanded and the evidence well may be presented differently upon a new trial, we will
    not give an advisory opinion regarding whether [the] evidence . . . would be admissible if
    proffered again.” Commonwealth v. Cary, 
    271 Va. 87
    , 102, 
    623 S.E.2d 906
    , 914 (2006).
    III. CONCLUSION
    Virginia has long recognized the castle doctrine; a homeowner has the right to “meet
    force with force” when an intruder breaks into his or her home. 
    Valentine, 187 Va. at 954
    , 48
    S.E.2d at 268. If while lawfully preparing to defend himself in his home, the homeowner
    accidentally kills the intruder, he still may be entitled to acquittal on the grounds of self-defense.
    
    Id. “In such
    cases the defense is purposely made, but the killing is not purposely done. It is
    simply the result of the defense.” 
    Id. It was
    the jury’s task to determine if this was such a case.
    Because there was credible evidence to support Lienau’s theory of self-defense, the trial court
    erred in refusing the requested instruction. We therefore reverse his conviction of involuntary
    manslaughter and remand for a new trial on that offense, if the Commonwealth is so inclined.
    Reversed and remanded.
    appeal of a judgment of conviction, on any ground other than the insufficiency of the evidence to
    support the verdict, poses no bar to further prosecution on the same charge.” (quoting Montana v.
    Hall, 
    481 U.S. 400
    , 402 (1987))).
    - 16 -
    Malveaux, J., concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part.
    I concur in the majority opinion that appellant’s sufficiency argument is without merit.
    However, I respectfully dissent from the majority holding that the trial court erred in refusing
    appellant’s proffered jury instruction. While the law of self-defense in Virginia has a long and
    estimable history, the right to self-defense, as the majority acknowledges, is not unbounded. Our
    case law still requires that for a defendant justifiably to have exercised that right, and for a
    self-defense instruction to be given, there must be evidence of “some overt act indicative of
    imminent danger at the time” the defendant used force in self-defense. Commonwealth v. Sands,
    
    262 Va. 724
    , 729, 
    553 S.E.2d 733
    , 736 (2001) (quoting Vlastaris v. Commonwealth, 
    164 Va. 647
    , 652, 
    178 S.E. 775
    , 776 (1935)). Further, that imminent danger must be “reasonably
    apparent [as] judged from the viewpoint of the defendant at the time of the incident.” Hines v.
    Commonwealth, 
    292 Va. 674
    , 679, 
    791 S.E.2d 563
    , 565 (2016).
    The majority is correct in noting that Mohammed broke and entered appellant’s home
    with force and that appellant loaded his rifle upon seeing the signs of forced entry and suspecting
    that Mohammed was probably responsible. However, those developments preceded the fatal
    incident. After appellant loaded his rifle, he went to the foot of the stairs to the second floor and
    called out “something like [‘]is that you, punk,[’] or . . . [‘]mother fucker.[’]” Mohammed then
    appeared at the top of the stairs and replied, “I told you, man, I’m getting my shit.”9 At that
    point, appellant had his rifle pointed at Mohammed with the intention of scaring him. However,
    the rifle discharged.
    9
    Appellant’s neighbor had encountered Mohammed earlier that evening, while
    Mohammed was pounding on appellant’s door. He testified that Mohammed was wearing shorts
    but no shirt or shoes. The neighbor sent a text message to appellant that Mohammed “doesn’t
    have his shoes or stuff. He just wants to pick up his stuff no trouble and leave.” Appellant
    replied by text that Mohammed could return for his things the next day.
    - 17 -
    The majority concludes there was sufficient evidence to support giving a self-defense
    instruction, because Mohammed’s forceful breaking and entering of appellant’s home was
    evidence of an overt act indicative of an imminent danger to appellant. Further, there was
    evidence that this act produced in appellant a reasonable apprehension of death or great bodily
    harm, because appellant responded to the signs of a break-in by loading his rifle for self-defense.
    But appellant’s putative act of self-defense was not the loading of his rifle—it was the firing of
    the bullet that struck Mohammed. That was the “incident” at the time of which there must be
    more than a scintilla of evidence that appellant reasonably apprehended an imminent danger,
    based upon an overt act by Mohammed at that time, in order to justify a self-defense jury
    instruction and appellant’s use of force.
    As evidence of what transpired when appellant shot Mohammed, we have only
    appellant’s own statements and the forensic material gathered and testified to by police.
    Appellant never stated that Mohammed made threatening gestures or furtive movements during
    this encounter. He never stated that Mohammed displayed a weapon, or that Mohammed was
    moving toward him when he fired his rifle. The crime scene detective who investigated the
    shooting testified that he could not say whether Mohammed was stationary or in motion when he
    was shot. Appellant stated only that “[o]nce I shot [Mohammed] he fell down the stairs.” These
    facts must be viewed in the light most favorable to appellant, with cognizance that self-defense
    requires evidence of an overt act threatening imminent—i.e., immediate—death or great bodily
    harm. Based upon the facts of the shooting, I can find no scintilla of evidence of an overt act by
    Mohammed that would justify giving a self-defense instruction.
    Further, when examining the encounter through appellant’s viewpoint, I can find no
    scintilla of evidence that an imminent danger of death or great bodily harm was reasonably
    apparent to him when he fired his rifle. Appellant’s own statements to police make clear that he
    - 18 -
    did not perceive an immediate threat from Mohammed at that moment. When questioned by
    detectives, appellant did describe the contentious argument between J.R. and Mohammed and
    Mohammed’s behavior outside his front door that evening. He also told the detectives about past
    encounters with Mohammed that scared or otherwise upset him, and his belief that Mohammed
    was using drugs. However, the detectives also questioned appellant about the immediate
    circumstances at the time he shot Mohammed. When asked, “Is there anything that
    [Mohammed] did, like other than just break the door and be in the house? Was there . . . was
    there a threat? Was there an immediate threat at all from his --[,]” appellant interrupted to say,
    “No. No, that happened earlier.” The detectives responded to this statement by asking appellant,
    “So, in that moment in time --[,]” and appellant shook his head to indicate “no.” These
    statements to police, describing appellant’s view of what was apparent to him at the time he shot
    Mohammed, unequivocally negate the finding that he perceived an imminent threat at that time.
    Our case law on self-defense is clear: it is the moment at which a defendant resorts to
    force that we must look to for evidence of an overt, threatening act and a reasonable fear of death
    or great bodily harm. Hines, relied upon by the majority, illustrates this principle. In Hines, our
    Supreme Court concluded that the defendant “exercised his right to defend himself, his family,
    and his home with appropriate force” when he shot and killed a man who had been drinking, was
    belligerent, and brandished a gun in front of the defendant and his wife and sister. 
    Hines, 292 Va. at 681
    , 791 S.E.2d at 566. The defendant had retreated to retrieve his own gun, and, when he
    returned to the victim’s presence, the victim pointed his gun at the defendant. 
    Id. At that
    point,
    the defendant, “fearing for his life, shot [the victim].” 
    Id. The Court
    made clear that the moment
    at which the defendant used deadly force was the dispositive moment for their imminent danger
    analysis, because while the defendant “was concerned for the safety of his family members, his
    fear of imminent death or bodily injury from [the victim] arose when he returned to the room and
    - 19 -
    [the victim] pointed a gun at him.”10 
    Id. at 680,
    791 S.E.2d at 565-66. Thus, when the Court
    made the statement relied upon by the majority—“when a party assaults a homeowner in his own
    home . . . , the homeowner has the right to use whatever force necessary to repel the
    aggressor”—the facts of Hines make clear that the assault at issue was the victim’s act of
    pointing a gun at the defendant immediately prior to the defendant’s use of deadly force.11 Id. at
    
    679, 791 S.E.2d at 565
    .
    Sands further illustrates the requirement for an overt act indicative of imminent death or
    great bodily harm, the danger of which must be reasonably apparent to the defendant at the
    moment he acts in self-defense. In that case, the Supreme Court reversed this Court and
    reinstated the defendant’s conviction for first-degree murder of her husband. 
    Sands, 262 Va. at 725
    , 
    731, 553 S.E.2d at 734
    , 737. The defendant had long suffered abuse at her husband’s
    hands, including physical assaults and death threats in the hours leading up to the fatal shooting.
    
    Id. at 725-27,
    553 S.E.2d at 734-35. After the last assault, the defendant carried a gun into the
    bedroom where her husband was in bed, watching television. 
    Id. at 728,
    730 
    n.2, 553 S.E.2d at 735
    , 737 n.2. Her husband asked her, “What are you doing[?],” and the defendant shot him five
    times. 
    Id. at 728,
    553 S.E.2d at 735-36. The trial court refused the defendant’s jury instruction
    on self-defense, finding that there was insufficient evidence for such an instruction, and this
    10
    In enunciating the principle that we must look to the defendant’s viewpoint “at the time
    of the incident”—i.e., the moment when force was used—to determine whether there was an
    imminent and reasonably apparent danger, the Court in Hines relied upon McGhee v.
    Commonwealth, 
    219 Va. 560
    , 
    248 S.E.2d 808
    (1978). See 
    Hines, 292 Va. at 679
    , 791 S.E.2d at
    565 (citing 
    McGhee, 219 Va. at 562
    , 248 S.E.2d at 810). McGhee in turn relied upon Harper v.
    Commonwealth, 
    196 Va. 723
    , 731, 
    85 S.E.2d 249
    , 254 (1955), which makes the principle even
    more clear. (“What reasonably appeared to the accused at the time of the shooting, as creating
    the necessity for his act, is the test.” (emphasis added) (quoting Taylor v. Commonwealth, 
    185 Va. 224
    , 227-28, 
    38 S.E.2d 440
    , 441 (1946))).
    11
    Hines is factually distinguishable from the instant case in that, as noted above, there is
    no evidence of any assault by Mohammed at the moment appellant fired his rifle.
    - 20 -
    Court held that the refusal was error. 
    Id. at 728,
    553 S.E.2d at 736. In reversing this Court, the
    Supreme Court concluded that “the Court of Appeals construed the term ‘imminent’ to mean
    something less than ‘immediate.’” 
    Id. at 730,
    553 S.E.2d at 736. While it agreed that, based
    upon the long history of abuse, the defendant reasonably believed she was in danger of serious
    bodily harm or death when she shot her husband, the Court determined that “[n]evertheless, that
    reasonable belief is not dispositive of the issue . . . . The question here is whether the
    circumstances immediately surrounding the killing, specifically, the actions of the defendant’s
    husband at that time, were sufficient to create a reasonable belief of an imminent danger which
    had to be met.” 
    Id. at 730,
    553 S.E.2d at 737 (emphasis added). The Court concluded that even
    when viewed in the light most favorable to the defendant, the evidence “fail[ed] to reveal any
    overt act by [the defendant’s] husband that presented an imminent danger at the time of the
    shooting.” 
    Id. (emphasis added).
    Consequently, the defendant was not entitled to a jury
    instruction on self-defense. 
    Id. The Court
    also made clear that “[t]he requirement of an overt act
    indicative of imminent danger ensures that the most extreme recourse, the killing of another
    human being, will be used only in situations of necessity.” 
    Id. at 731,
    553 S.E.2d at 737.
    Imminent danger means nothing less than immediate danger. Immediate danger must be
    signaled by an overt act. That act must make the immediate danger so apparent to a defendant
    that he reasonably believes he must meet it with the use of force. I respectfully disagree with the
    majority that in the instant case, more than a scintilla of evidence supports finding that there was
    - 21 -
    such an act or apparent danger at the moment when appellant shot Mohammed. Consequently, I
    find no error by the trial court in refusing to give appellant’s self-defense jury instruction.12
    12
    In light of this conclusion, I would reach appellant’s third assignment of error with
    respect to excluded evidence and cross-examination at sentencing. I would find no error by the
    trial court, for the reasons advanced by the Commonwealth on brief—with one exception.
    Appellant argues, in part, that the trial court erred in denying him the opportunity to
    cross-examine Mohammed’s sister about his employment record. However, appellant never
    presented this argument to the trial court, and conceded during oral argument that he “did not
    make a specific objection” on the employment matter. Thus, that issue was not preserved for
    appellate review. See Rule 5A:18; Masika v. Commonwealth, 
    63 Va. App. 330
    , 333, 
    757 S.E.2d 571
    , 572 (2014) (“The Court of Appeals will not consider an argument on appeal that was not
    presented to the trial court.” (quoting Ohree v. Commonwealth, 
    26 Va. App. 299
    , 308, 
    494 S.E.2d 484
    , 488 (1998))).
    - 22 -